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ISSN 2078-4724

© IDOSI Publications, 2012

DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjss.2012.6.4.1153

Corresponding Author: Mohamed Abdel Salam Abu Rayya, Department of Sports Psychology,

Sources of Psychological Stress for

Football Coaches at Premier League Clubs

Mohamed Abdel Salam Abu Rayya Department of Sports Psychology,

Faculty of Physical Education, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt

Abstract: The research aims to identify the sources of stress to the football coaches of premier league clubs. The researcher used the descriptive style survey for appropriateness nature of the research, the research sample was of 30 coaches of football for some premier league clubs (a and b).There has been a designed form to identify the sources of stress to the football coaches of premier league clubs. The results of this study showed that the sources of stress to the coaches football clubs, the Egyptian premier league is the psychological stress associated with support, reinforcement, the masses, competitions, results and Load training. Researcher recommended to do more studies related to the study on the psychological stress of the various sports activities, collective and individual and to build a measure of the psychological stress of football coaches of Egypt.

Key words: Psychological stress % Football coaches % Premier league clubs

INTRODUCTION feeling tired physically and mentally when going to the The modern era in which we live is now known as the plan training and less of enthusiasm in practical era of psychological stress for the speed of performance applications with the players [3]. Stress can be of individuals as a result of technological changes divided into two types; one of the stresses is with a brought about by the amazing developments in various negative impact on the lives of sports coach and the other fields. As a result of this stress, some individual may feel with a positive effect that a sports coach pays to put more disorders because of the legacy of wounds and effort to try to succeed in his work to reach the best psychological view of the vulnerability of the individual situation of psychological comfort [4]. Stress can be for many of the positions of failure and frustration in interpreted as representing psychological stress state of achieving his desires and the satisfaction of his needs imbalance between environmental demands and potential and as a result get excited and the pain of what requires of the individual to respond [5]. It is through the him to, which leads to the occurrence of human under presentation of the above and given the important role of stress [1]. The sports activity is full of multiple types of psychological stress and their negative impact on the emotional experiences that have a significant impact on performance and the work of coach sports and on the human behavior and at the same time requires that the psychological aspects and personal to him has made individual who works in the sports field has the ability to many researchers in several studies on the knowledge of control his emotions and subject to his control. In this sources of psychological stress facing the coach sports regard, the profession of athletic training is more closely [6-14]. Because the activity of football is public activism related to the various types of stress linked to sports and media first in many countries of the world, the coach including the factors that is characterized by employees are the most vulnerable to psychological emotions such as anxiety, tension and physiological stress, which have a direct impact on the increasing arousal and psychological, which may cause fatigue in the burden of physical, psychological and mental and thus forces and energies of the coach [2]. Psychological stress may affect the level of completion of the coach and that affects the behavior of the coach is explained as because of the different and multiple sources of stress felt club and becoming less motivated to make the effort to

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researcher doing a scientific study to identify sources of First: Reviewing and inventory of theoretical frameworks stress to the football coaches premier league clubs. associated with the sources of stress related to In light of the above research problem, the researcher tried psychology in general and sports psychology in to answer the following question: Can you identify the particular.

sources of stress to the football coaches of premier league

clubs during the construction of factorial? Does it allow Second: Determining the themes proposed for the sources for the classification of these sources to a set of key of stress to the football coaches, taking advantage of factors to guide the measurement? theoretical studies as well as standards and lists of Aim: The research aims to identify the sources of stress proposal to the axes of stress on coaches in Egyptian to the football coaches of premier league clubs. football general league.

Hypotheses: The words of the proposed sources of stress Statistical Treatment: The researcher used SPSS in the scale can be collected in the form factors. software to calculate mean, standard deviation, MATERIALS AND METHODS coefficient, multi correlation coefficient and factor Researcher used the descriptive style survey of the

nature of its relevance research. The research sample RESULTS AND DISCUSSION was of 30 coaches of football for some premier league

clubs (a and b) Results are presented in Tables 1-5. Researcher in the

Data Collection Tools: In light of the objectives of the orthogonal factors mainly based on the following research, the researcher followed the following steps: conditions:

psychological stress which are already prepared a

median, skewness, (t) test, Person’s correlation analysis.

interpretation of the factors from the style of recycling

Table 1: Intermediary correlations matrix between the dimensions

Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 1.000 2 -0.468 1.000 3 -0,240 0,394 1,000 4 -0,498 0,512 0,354 1,000 5 0,046 0,172 0,228 0,183 1,000 6 -0,130 -0,216 0,159 -0,078 -0,098 1,000 7 0,175 0,035 -0,017 -0,160 -0.550 -0,401 1,000 8 -0,320 0,314 0,111 0,153 0,147 0,009 -0,261 1,000 9 0,087 0,016 0,429 -0,005 0,374 -0,102 0,249 -0,112 1,000 10 -0,163 0,221 0,611 0,119 0,412 0,018 -0,090 0,147 0,342 1,000 11 -0,140 0,304 0,609 0,130 0,250 -0,128 0,253 -0,037 0,277 0,567 1,000 12 -0,060 0,369 0,408 0,457 -0,034 0,114 -0,004 -0,150 -0,064 0,053 0,432 1,000 13 0,020 0,126 -0,272 -0,255 -0,054 0,020 -0,035 -0,136 -0,032 0,142 -0,020 -0,196 1,000 14 -0,363 0,369 0,005 0,144 -0,101 -0,103 0,179 0,313 -0,278 0,010 0,178 0,267 0,259 1,000 15 -0,077 0,429 0,437 0,314 0,220 -0,393 0,361 0,149 0,338 0,285 0,380 0,074 -0,245 -0,012 1,000 16 0,087 0,217 0,110 0,027 0,054 0,009 0,024 0,103 -0,068 -0,085 0,183 0,282 0,063 -0,020 0,147 1,000 17 -0,247 0,428 0,169 0,338 0,138 - 0,098 0,319 -0,275 0,321 -0,007 0,440 0,388 0,167 -0,035 0,168 0,193 1,000 18 0,140 0,209 0,008 -0,226 0,136 - 0,308 0,536 -0,111 0,119 0,243 0,216 0,034 0,145 0,158 0,051 -0,110 0,177 1,000 19 -0,076 0,119 -0,136 -0,362 0,157 - 0,052 -0,404 0,155 -0,226 0,188 -0,075 -0,184 0,393 0,244 -0,164 -0,089 -0,337 0,067 1,000 20 0,197 0,144 0,380 0,220 0,167 - 0,178 0,344 -0,136 0,242 0,331 0,337 0,275 -0,093 0,220 0,500 0,089 0,054 0,079 -0,150 1,000 21 -0,089 0,107 0,281 0,057 -0,130 - 0,332 0,426 0,212 0,000 0,101 0,262 0,225 -0,284 0,218 0,435 0,279 0,103 0,255 -0,268 0,233 1,000 22 -0,047 0,103 -0,314 -0,309 0,023 0,058 0,111 0,093 -0,085 -0,089 -0,064 -0,196 0,318 0,203 -0,250 0,256 -0,171 0,137 0,187 -0,153 -0,052 1,000 23 -0,050 0,109 0,104 0,116 0,096 0,061 -0,204 0,451 0,181 0,244 -0,010 -0,021 0,210 -0,027 -0,127 0,194 -0,067 0,021 0,020 0,032 0,000 0,301 1,000 24 -0,212 0,059 0,124 0,009 -0,144 0,010 0,064 0,268 0,077 0,273 0,257 -0,036 0,144 0,368 -0,010 -0,033 0,008 0,196 -0,017 0,028 0,190 -0,058 0,044 1,000

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Table 2: Factors matrix for variables before perpendicular circulation Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Common 1 0.054 0.060 -0.357 -0.004 0.162 -0.078 -0.148 0.024 0.773 2 -0.007 0.100 0.300 0.137 0.047 -0.004 -0.127 0.038 0.834 3 0.241 -0.118 -0.026 -0.107 0.107 -0.018 0.084 -0.016 0.830 4 -0.42 -0.023 0.311 -0.125 0.006 0.047 -0.113 -0.046 0.798 5 0.202 0.056 0.057 0.079 -0.107 -0.040 -0.303 0.060 0.624 6 0.063 -0.379 -0.105 -0.013 0.138 0.931 0.168 0.047 0.708 7 -0.068 0.274 -0.086 0.016 -0.020 0.181 0.114 0.006 0.871 8 -0.002 0.055 0.147 -0.151 -0.153 -0.185 0.096 0.278 0.833 9 0.213 0.000 -0.046 -0.017 -0.223 0.274 -0.022 0.095 0.747 10 0.332 -0.076 -0.062 0.063 -0.040 -0.089 0.098 -0.012 0.838 11 0.186 -0.024 -0.038 0.092 0.166 0.055 0.099 -0.033 0.725 12 -0.011 -0.116 0.002 0.017 0.430 0.002 -0.006 -0.073 0.794 13 0.220 -0.033 0.018 0.380 .0027 0.061 0.007 -0.018 0.681 14 -0.74 0.092 0.113 0.135 0.152 -0.204 0.210 -0.074 0.775 15 0.079 0.245 0.077 -0.142 -0.036 -0.111 -0.143 -0.032 0.760 16 -0.073 0.001 -0.058 0.012 0.346 0.026 -0.141 0.351 0.714 17 -0.041 -0.012 0.185 0.143 0.008 0.418 -0.049 -0.026 0.878 18 0.052 0.177 -0.056 0.183 -0.070 0.091 0.127 -0.010 0.589 19 0.099 0.019 0.023 0.255 0.027 -0.355 -0.128 -0.103 0.822 20 0.411 0.106 -0.145 -0.045 0.232 -0.182 -0.060 -0.078 0.611 21 -0.62 0.197 -0.065 -0.191 0.098 -0.049 0.200 0.130 0.742 22 -0.079 0.048 -0.049 0.196 0.583 0.048 -0.028 0.353 0.693 23 0.065 -0.074 -0.024 -0.049 -0.052 0.071 0.016 0.450 0.674 24 0.067 -0.056 -0.010 -0.004 -0.106 0.055 0.484 -0.003 0.695 Underlying 1.308 1.423 1.572 1.769 2.165 2.433 4.588 2.750 18.008 root Percentage 5.448% 5.929% 6.552% 7.373% 9.021% 10.136% 19.118% 11.459% 75.036%

Table 3: Factors matrix for variables after perpendicular circulation

Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0.006 0.148 0.807 .005 0.009 0.001 0.003 2.99 2 0.232 0.262 0.753 0.216 0.272 0.002 0.143 0.006 3 0.746 0.071 0.209 0.314 0.317 0.062 0.006 0.140 4 0.115 0.042 0.750 0.367 0.219 0.124 0.061 0.137 5 0.575 0.107 0.131 0.113 0.147 0.023 0.137 0.459 6 0.021 0.799 0.114 0.023 0.137 0.063 0.071 0.166 7 0.032 0.764 0.218 0.023 0.093 0.420 0.062 0.219 8 0.007 0.031 0.409 0.213 0.212 0.455 0.557 0.230 9 0.619 0.132 0.092 0.083 0.255 0.495 0.105 0.093 10 0.877 0.023 0.062 0.111 0.011 0.127 0.053 0.182 11 0.626 0.181 0.147 0.106 0.421 0.209 0.031 0.212 12 0.113 0.092 0.243 0.092 0.815 0.150 0.130 0.031 13 0.011 0.063 0.012 0.819 0.023 0.022 0.022 0.062 14 0.012 0.246 0.376 0.318 0.306 0.360 0.012 0.487 15 0.414 0.601 0.237 0.365 0.008 0.023 0.043 0.152 16 0.071 0.063 0.102 0.003 0.588 0.093 0.564 0.179 17 0.108 0.129 0.396 0.174 0.238 0.769 0.103 0.074 18 0.192 0.516 0.132 0.403 0.053 0.184 0.013 0.216 19 0.118 0.082 0.042 0.585 0.199 0.654 0.032 0.114 20 0.457 0.372 0.131 0.168 0.436 0.110 0.126 0.041 21 0.023 0.566 0.082 0.380 0.297 0.013 0.194 0.387 22 0.218 0.073 0.107 0.497 0.011 0.031 0.617 0.083 23 0.204 0.159 0.053 0.023 0.008 0.093 0.772 0.023 24 0.192 0.013 0.092 0.063 0.092 0.031 0.031 0.796

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Table 4: Final results of perpendicular circulation after omitting all saturations less than ±0.5 Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0.807 2 0.753 3 0.746 4 0.750 5 0.575 6 0.799 7 0.764 8 0.557 9 0.619 10 0.877 11 0.626 12 0.815 13 0.819 14 15 16 17 0.588 0.564 18 0.769 19 0.516 20 0.585 0.654 21 22 0.566 23 0.617 24 0.772 0.796

Table 5: Dimensions of stress psychological, which represents higher saturations factor

Factors Number dimension Degree saturation

1 10 0.877

2 6 0.799

3 1 0.807

4 24 0.772

C Decide to accept the worker no less significance for saturation ± 5.

C The exclusion factor that is saturated by less than three positions.

C He has been tainted by the exclusion factor that complicated and hard to name it [15].

It is clear from Table 4 the exclusion of groups IV, V, VI and VIII. While Group I, II, III, VII were accepted, where it became clear that the dimension number one represents the highest saturation of the group I (0.877, psychological stress associated with support and reinforcement). In this regard, the coach as a person needs to get information for advice, assistance and understanding in return, is seeking an individual to get the support and reinforcement of the social causes emotional terms of looking for moral support or sympathy as that was a manifestation of the endurance-oriented emotion and this was confirmed by

previous studies [8, 13, 17, 18]. And therefore, the activity, which negatively affects the coach sports and researcher sees that support and reinforcement are of great importance for the coach, he needs to praise his effort and his work and reinforcement of literary and annually, especially in the media and in front of the players as little sinners when they make mistakes and so what was the praise has a magic effect in raising the morale of the coach and then the rest of the members of the technical staff and players. It is noteworthy that there is a relationship between evaluation and social self-esteem appear in the following equation: SA = MX × 1-P, where sa is the quantity or ready for concern resulting from the social assessment, m is the tolerance of the individual impressions or ideas that formed by the other two with him, p effectiveness of self-esteem [5]. The dimension number 6(psychological stress associated with the masses) represents the highest saturation (0.799) on the second factor that the coach is often subjected to psychological stress resulting from the masses, increasing burdens psychological during the game which affects the coach in terms of anxiety, fear and awareness of light for the same and here researcher sees that the public key role is being one of the major causes of psychological stress on coach sports in general and football coach in particular, as a popular sport in Egypt, due to the fact that their audiences frequent interfere frequent dialogue in this

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sense of always worry and fear of this public stress, That is in accordance with building measure stress on especially if it was the fans who belongs to him [16]. the football coaches done by the researcher.

The dimension number 1 (stress-related competitions and

results) represents the highest saturation (0.807) on the Recommendation: Researcher recommended doing more third factor, where prior studies [7, 17] said that studies related to the study of the psychological stress on psychological stress is located on the coach sports a the various sport activities, collective and individual. result of interest inordinate for the results competition

regardless of the levels of competition teams or players. C Building measure stress for football coaches of Here, researcher finds that governance on the football Egypt.

coach at the present time many of the clubs is the results

obtained regardless of the material resources or human, REFERENCES which owned the team or teams competition, causing

psychological stress on the coach in as seeking to win 1. Mohammed, A.A., 1991. Stress of contemporary life regardless of the technical performance which may have and psychological wounds. Journal of the Faculty of a bad impact on the team in future periods as the work Education, Ain Shams University, 8: 226. (in Arabic) may be derived from the impulse behind the results and 2. Allawi, M.H., 1997. Psychology coach and gains, but quickly drops the work of others is based on athletic training. Knowledge House, Cairo, pp: 120. scientific grounds and in the process represented by the (in Arabic)

good performance. While the dimension number 23 3. Rateb, O.K., 1997. Psychological preparation for (stress-related training during the competition Load) the training of youth, user trainers and parents. represents the highest saturation 0.722 on Factor VII. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Araby, Cairo, pp: 273. (in Arabic) Here, researcher finds that the load training for the players 4. Taglor, A.H., 1997. Perceived stress, psychological is one of the psychological stress on the coach as the burnout paths to turnover intentions among sport dates are irregular and not fixed in the sport tournament official applied sport psychology purgation and frequent interruptions lead to an imbalance in the polytechnic. Sussex England, June: pp: 2-84. form sports that may be reached by the player making the 5. Terry, W., 1998. The influence of game location on coach always thinking about how to maintain this form ablates psychological stress, 37: 99: 100.

and developing training modules to put things 6. Rateb, O.K., 1997. Combustion stress between sports standardized and this change in training loads may results training and emotional stress.Dar Al-Fikr Al-Araby, in multiple injuries affect the performance of the team and Cairo, 12: 130. (in Arabic)

the march towards achieving the goal. From the above, it 7. Zakaria, S.R., 2005. Factorial construction of the is clear that group I (stress associated with support and sources of stress to the specific needs of coaches in reinforcement) represents the highest saturation on this some sports activities selected. Master Thesis, factor, stress associated with the masses represented the Faculty of Physical Education, Tanta University, highest saturation of the second factor, stress-related pp: 141. (in Arabic)

competitions and results represent the highest saturation 8. Attia, S.I., 1996. A comparative study of the of the third factor and stress associated with Load psychological stress of some workers in the sports training during the competition is the highest saturation field.Master Thesis, Faculty of Physical Education,

of the factor VII. Tanta University, pp: 156. (in Arabic)

CONCLUSION Dar Al-Fikr Al-Araby, Cairo, pp: 51. (in Arabic) Through aims, hypotheses and procedures, players sporting activities. Master Thesis, Faculty researcher reached that the sources of stress to the of Physical Education, University of Helwan, pp: 13. football coaches the Egyptian premier league clubs are: (in Arabic)

C Stress related to support and reinforcement. competition and its relationship to both the self-C Psychological stress associated with the masses. confidence and focus attention to the players some C Stress related to competitions and results. sports activities. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Physical C Load psychological stress associated with training. Education, Tanta University, pp: 92. (in Arabic)

9. Allawi, M.H., 2002. Sports psychology coach. 10. Abdulaaty, M., 1998. Sources of burnout with some

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12. Mustafa, H.P. and I.M. Ashraf, 1995. Stress the 16. Weinbery, R.G., 1995. Foundation of sport and fencing instructors. Scientific Conference, Faculty exercise psychology .Human kinetics publisher lnc., of Physical Education, Minia University, pp: 76. Champaign, Lilinois, pp: 122.

(in Arabic) 17. Allawi, M.H., 1998. The Psychology of combustion of

13. Minshawi, R.Z., 1994. Stress professional trainers to the player and coach sports. Center for the Book physically disabled and their relationship to self- Publishing, Cairo, pp: 121. (in Arabic)

esteem. Scientific Conference "Sport for a better 18. Azza, A.S. and M.M. Al-Banna, 1999. Combustion of future", Faculty of Physical Education, Minia psychological traits and its relationship to personal University, pp: 251. (in Arabic) trainers for some sports activities. Third International 14. James, D.B., 1997. Self presentational sources of Scientific Conference for Women and Sport and competitive stress during performance. Journal of Sport Science Women and the future impact, sport & Exercise Psychology, 19: 17-35. vulnerability, Faculty of Physical Education, 15. Al-Faraj, S., 1981. Analysis in the Behavioral Alexandria University, 19 to 22 October, pp: 246.

Sciences. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Araby, Cairo, pp: 265. (in Arabic) (in Arabic)

Figure

Table 1: Intermediary correlations matrix between the dimensions
Table 2: Factors matrix for variables before perpendicular circulation Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Common 1 0.054 0.060 -0.357 -0.004 0.162 -0.078 -0.148 0.024 0.773 2 -0.007 0.100 0.300 0.137 0.047 -0.004 -0.127 0.038 0.834 3 0.241 -0.118 -0.026 -0.107 0.10
Table 4: Final results of perpendicular circulation after omitting all saturations less than ±0.5 Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0.807 2 0.753 3 0.746 4 0.750 5 0.575 6 0.799 7 0.764 8 0.557 9 0.619 10 0.877 11 0.626 12 0.815 13 0.819 14 15 16 17 0.588 0.564

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