COMPUTER
NETWORKING
FUNDAMENTALS
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING
Prepared By:
DURATION
6 HOURS (3 weeks) – Lecture
CLO 1
Explain the hardware and network devices to built
LAN for a specific implementation (C2)
202.188.0.133
202.188.0.134
202.188.0.135
202.188.0.136 202.188.0.137
COMPUTER HARDWARE??
COMPUTER HARDWARE??
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
HARDWARE Input
Device
Output Device Processing
Device
Storage Device
COMPUTER SYSTEM?
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HARDWARE SOFTWARE
?
The instructions given to the computer in the form of a program
which are used for different purposes.
COMPUTER SYSTEM ??
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
an advanced electronic
device
Input Output
raw data
from the user
processes
under the control set of instructions
gives the result
saves
COMPUTER NETWORK??
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
• Network comprise 2 or MORE computers that have been
connected
• A group of device, known as a node
connected to media transmission.
The computers can be
geographically located anywhere.
Enable them to
communicate with
each other and share resources and files.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
HUB HUB HUB ROUTER REPEATERS ATM TELEKOM MALAYSIA BR IDGE BR IDGE SERVER WORKSTATION HUB HUB HUB HUB
Computer networks can be used for several purposes:
Facilitating communications. Sharing hardware.
Sharing files, data, and information. Sharing software.
people can communicate efficiently and easily via :
Email, instant messaging, chat rooms, Telephone, video telephone calls and video conferencing.
each computer on a network may access and use hardware resources on the network, such as printing a document on a shared network printer.
user may access data and
information which stored on other computers on the network.
Users connected to a network may run application programs on
remote computers.
STAND-ALONE COMPUTER
NETWORK COMPUTER
STAND-ALONE COMPUTER
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
• Connected to Printer / scanner individually
• Stored on Workstations / Pendrive / CD
• Connected to internet
• Security software installed On each computer. User keeps security software updated.
Physical security typically poor
STAND-ALONE COMPUTER
NETWORK COMPUTER
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
A single stand-alone computer can be very useful BUT it is when connected to other computers that it
becomes possible to do some of the most powerful things.
NETWORK COMPUTER
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
• Share Printer / scanner
• Stored on server . All files can be shared
• Shared internet connection
• Security software installed on
server. Client for security software installed on workstations. Server auto updates workstations.
Physical security for servers good
2 TYPES of NETWORK
P2P NETWORK
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
P2P NETWORK
are more commonly
implemented where less then ten computers are involved and where strict security is not necessary.
P2P NETWORK
each computer in the
network act as both client or server for the other
computers in the network
allowing shared access to
files/email with every other computer on the network and peripherals without the need for a central server
P2P NETWORK
all computers in the
network to use the same or a compatible program to connect to each other and access files and other
resources found on the other computer.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
Suitable for larger network
A computer network in which one
centralized
Powerful computer is a hub to
which many less powerful personal computers or
workstations are connected
Clients run programs and access
data that are stored on the server
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK Easy to setup. More difficult to set up.
Less expensive. More expensive to install. Can be implemented on a wide range of
operating systems.
A variety of operating systems can be supported on the client computers, but the server needs to run an operating system that supports networking. More time consuming to maintain the
software being used (as computers must be managed individually).
Less time consuming to maintain the software being used (as most of the maintenance is managed from the server).
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK Very low levels of security supported or
none at all. These can be very
cumbersome to set up, depending on the operating system being used.
High levels of security are supported, all of which are controlled from the server. Such measures prevent the deletion of essential system files or the changing of settings.
Ideal for networks with less than 10 computers.
No limit to the number of computers that can be supported by the network.
Does not require a server. Requires a server running a server operating system.
Demands a moderate level of skill to administer the network.
Demands that the network administrator has a high level of IT skills with a good working knowledge of a server operating system.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
2 . Client 1. Server
4. Network Interface Card 5 Network Operating System
3. Workstation 6. Node 7. Connectivity Device 8 Backbone 9. Segment 10. Topology 11. Transmission Media
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
1. Client
A computer on the network that requests
resources or services from another computer on a network
client could also act as a server. The
term client may also refer to the human user of a client workstation or to client software installed on the workstation.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
2. Server
A computer on the network that manages
shared resources
usually have more processing power, memory,
and hard disk space than clients.
run network operating software that can
manage not only data, but also users,
groups, security, and applications on the network
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
3. Workstations
All of the user computers connected to a
network are called workstations.
A typical workstation is a computer that is
configured with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
3. Workstations
Workstations do not necessarily need floppy
disk drives because files can be saved on the file server.
Almost any computer can serve as a
network workstation
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
4. Network Interface Card (NIC)
NIC provides the physical connection
between the network and the computer workstation.
Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting
into an expansion slot inside the computer.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
4. Network Interface Card (NIC)
NICs are a major factor in determining the
speed and performance of a network.
The three most common network interface
connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk connectors, and Token Ring cards.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
5. Network Operating System (NOS)
is the software that runs on a server and
enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
5. Network Operating System (NOS)
The network operating system is designed
to allow shared file and printer access
among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a
private network or to other networks.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
5. Network Operating System (NOS)
The most popular network operating systems
are :
Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, and
Novell NetWare.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
6. Node
A client, server, or other device that can
communicate over a network and that is
identified by a unique number, known as its network addressers.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
7. Connectivity device
A specialized device that allows multiple
networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchange data.
A client/server network can operate without
connectivity devices.
However, medium- and large-sized LANs
use them to extend the network and to connect with WANs.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
8. Segment
A network segment is a part of a computer
network.
The nature and extent of a segment depends
on the nature of the network and the device or devices used to interconnect end stations.
Device including routers, switches, hubs,
bridges, or multi-homed gateways
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
9. Backbone
The part of a network to which segments and
significant shared devices such as routers, switches, and servers.
A backbone is sometimes referred to as "a
network of networks," because of its role in interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or WAN.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
10. Topology
The physical layout of a computer network.
Topologies vary according to the needs of the organization and available hardware and
expertise.
Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or
star formation, and the star formation is the most common.
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT
11. Transmission media
The means through which data is transmitted
and received.
Transmission media may be physical, such as
wire or cable, or atmospheric (wireless), such as radio waves.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
WIDE AREA NETWORK METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK LOCAL AREA NETWORK
the largest network
very expensive to setup high speed
a larger network than LAN
smaller than a WAN.
connects computer users in a particular geographic area or region.
A group of computers that share a common connection
in a small area or even in the same building
an office or home network
connected by Ethernet cables
Connect devices in a building
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the computers are relatively close together.
can be constructed only with two computers and
one printer only, or can be extended in one
building to include audio and video peripherals.
LAN size is limited to a distance of several
kilometers
LANs would be within the same office, a single
building, or several buildings close together.
Common LAN topologies are bus, star and ring. LAN has a data rate of 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps.
Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).
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METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
is a network that interconnects users withcomputer resources in a geographic area or region
LARGER
than that covered by even a largeLAN
butSMALLER
than the areaCan send data, audio and video at long distances around the world.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
A computer network that spans a relatively
large geographical area.
Computers connected to a WAN are often
connected through public networks, such as the telephone system.
They can also be connected through leased
lines or satellites.
The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
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INTERNET
is a global network
that links computer networks around the world
Internet is from
„Internetworking‟
word, that meaning of communication between networks.
a network of
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INTRANET
A contained collection of computers and networks within an organizations
connecting the organization's members and/or employees to a range of computer services, resources, and information.
firewall is used to separate the Intranet from the Internet and to get permission to access the source.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Defines
the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected.
the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.
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Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.
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Bus is a passive network.
messages are usually broadcasted to every
computer
Computers in a network bus lines just listen in
to find out whether there is data that is sent.
This computer does not respond to send data to
the computer next to it.
If the computer fails, it does not give effect to
the entire network.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Advantages Disadvantages Quick, reliable in building a small
network, easy to use and understand
make a lot of network traffic is extremely slow bus. Because any computer can send signals at any time, these interfere with each other
cable to connect your computer does not need much, so prices are cheap
Each barrel connector will weaken the signal, if too many connections can result in signal is not received correctly
Easy to expand the bus. Two cables can be connected to become
longer with BNC barrel
difficult to be recovered
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
The star topology is the
most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs.
It connecting all the cables
from the computer to a central location, where everything will be
connected to a device known as a hub
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Each computer in a star
topology communicate with the central hub that sends the
message to the all computers (in a star network broadcast) or only to a certain destination
computer
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Advantages disadvantages Easier to update and add computers in the
stars without disrupting network
If the central hub fails, the network fails
Repairs of the network easily done in the center of the stars
Requires device in the center of stars for rebroadcast, or convert (switch) network traffic
A damaged computer does not necessarily affect the network
higher price because of all the cables must be pulled from the center
Can use several types of cables within the same network, with a hub that can accept different types of cables
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
circuit arrangement in which
each network device is attached along the same signal path to
other devices, forming a path in the shape of a ring.
Each device in the network
(node) handles every message that flows through the ring.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Each node in the ring has a unique
address.
Since in a ring topology there is only
one pathway between any two nodes, ring networks are generally disrupted by the failure of a single link.
Similarly in the Ring topology
message can travel in only one direction i.e clockwise or
anticlockwise.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
The redundant topologies are used
to eliminate network downtime
caused by a single point of failure.
It is used to produce
high-performance network: the network require special bandwidth for the features such as video and audio, or high performance is required when many users access the
network
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Each computer receives the signal from the
computer next to it and send these signals to the next computer
Since each computer send the signal it
receives, then the ring topology is an active network.
No terminator is required because there is no
end in this topology
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Since the data is transferred as a sequence
of the same route the possibility of the
occurrence of data collisions do not occur
Maintenance work for this system is
somewhat similar to the star topology.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Each node can be connected to the network
and can also be removed at any time without affecting the whole system directly.
But one problem is if a node fails, the whole
network system is likely to be affected.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Advantages disadvantages As each computer is given the
same to achieve the token, not a single computer can be a monopoly network
The failure of a computer will cause a network failure
not easy to repair if damaged
Increase or decrease the computer will disrupt the network
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
there is only one possible path
from one node to another node.
If any cable in that path is
broken, the nodes cannot communicate.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Advantages disadvantages As each computer is given the
same to achieve the token, not a single computer can be a monopoly network
Durable, eg failure media is not
disrupt the network when compared with other topologies
It is easy to be recovered
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
NETWORK STANDARD
There are several organizations in the United
States and Europe that produces standards for data communications and computer networks.
The role of these organizations are only
suggested standards.
NETWORK STANDARD
The organizations are:
a. American National Standards Institute(ANSI) b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) d. International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) f. Internet Society (ISOC)
g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
NETWORK STANDARD
a. American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
is a private organization that coordinates all
standards organizations in the United States.
ANSI standards are among the organizations
involved in COMPUTER AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK STANDARD
b. Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
is an organization representing many of
expenditures in the ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.
Duties and responsibilities of EIA is more
focused on ELECTRICAL STANDARD
includingEIA-232-D and EIA-499: important
interface in the delivery / receipt of information
NETWORK STANDARD
c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
is a professional organization will issue a
standard in their respective fields and this standard will be adopted by consumers.
In the computer world, better known in the
developing IEEE standard Local Area Network (LAN) which is designated as IEEE 802.
NETWORK STANDARD
d. Internatinal Standards Organization (ISO)
is a voluntary organization with membership
from several countries.
ISO to work with other organizations such as
CCITT and ANSI standards to create some
standards such as HDLC (High-level data link control)
NETWORK STANDARD
e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)
an intergovernmental organization through
which public and private organizations develop
telecommunications.
The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a
United Nations agency in 1947.
NETWORK STANDARD
e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)
It is responsible for adopting international
treaties, regulations and standards governing
telecommunications.
The standardization functions were formerly
performed by a group within the ITU called
CCITT, but after a 1992 reorganization the CCITT no longer exists as a separate entity.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
SOURCE CHANNEL DESTINATIONS
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
SOURCE CHANNEL DESTINATIONS
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
SOURCE DESTINATIONS
CHANNEL
Message sources are people or electronic devices, that
need to send a message to other individuals or devices.
the media that provides the
pathway over which the message can travel from source to
destination.
The receiver of the message
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Most networks has one feature in common:
Transmitting information by breaking the original
information into a set of message (packets)
Transmitting packets sequentially
Reassembling packet back into original
information
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
In order to make sure the original message
get transmitted correctly , computer networks used a set of rules:
Establish a link
Issue a command and command qualifier Acknowledgement of command
Dissection message
Error detection and correction Termination of transmission
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Establish a Link
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Establish a Link
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Establish a Link
Each packet is a string of bits and have to travel
along way over a bunch of different network
Typically lots of computer sending and receiving
information over the same network
The information getting sent can often get altered
during transmission
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Issues a command and Command Qualifier
The SET NETWORK command allows to control
information about network services on an Open system.
Each structure defines a particular network service and
contains the following information:
Product name Manufacturer Type of network Node name
Address(es)
Interface(s) (OpenVMS device driver)
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Issues a command and Command Qualifier
Vendor-specific data Status
Connections Counters
Start command Stop command
Path to the Point-to-Point Protocol utility (PPPD)
shareable image
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Acknowledgement of Command
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Router receiving packets from DTE A destined for DTE B
Without acknowledgment
the router forwards packets to the X.25 network and then forwards acknowledgments from the network back to DTE A.
With acknowledgment
the router can acknowledge packets received from DTE A before it has received acknowledgments from the network for the forwarded packets.
Acknowledgement of Command
Acknowledgment is transmitted between local
hops much faster and more efficiently than between end-to-end hops.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Dissection Message
Proxies are good firewalls because the entire
packet is dissected and each section can be examined for invalid data at each layer of the OSI model.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Dissection Message
a proxy can examine a packet for information
contained in everything from the packet header to the contents of the message.
Attachments can also be checked for viruses.
Messages can be searched for keywords that might indicate the source of a packet.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Error Detection and Correction
Data can be corrupted during transmission.
ERROR = Data Send ≠ Data Received
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Error Detection and Correction
2 types of ERROR
Single bit Error
In a single-bit error, only 1 bit in the data unit has changed.
Burst Error
A burst error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have
changed.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Error Detection and Correction
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total bit 1 for bits words must be ODD
8 bits words
PARITY Bit
MSB LSB
1 + 1 = 2
EVEN
+ 1 = 3
ODD
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Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total bit 1 for bits words must be EVEN
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
8 bits words
PARITY Bit
MSB LSB
1 + 1 = 2 + 0 = 2
EVEN EVEN
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Method used to detect and correct error
Need to send extra bits with data
Redundancy bits are added by sender and removed
by the receiver
Allows the receiver to detect or correct corrupted bits
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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK
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CHECKSUM
Sender Receiver Bin Dec Dec Bin 0111
7 7
0000 1011
11 11
1011 1010
12 12
1010 0000
0 0
0000 0110 6 7,11,12,0,6,9 6 0110 0000
0 9
1001 Sum 36 Sum 45
Wrapped Sum 6 Wrapped Sum 15 Checksum 9 Checksum 0
10 0100 36 10 1101 45 10 10
0110 6 1111 15 1001 9 0000 0
Error Detection VS Error Correction
Detecting Error
Looking only to see if any error occurred. Correcting Error
More difficult because need to know the exact number of
bits are corrupted and more importantly the location of the message
Number of error and size of message are also important
factors
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Termination of Transmission
each side of the connection terminating
independently.
When an endpoint wishes to stop its
half of the connection, it transmits a FIN packet, which the other end
acknowledges with an ACK.
Therefore, a typical tear-down requires
a pair of FIN and ACK segments from each TCP endpoint.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Termination of Transmission
After both FIN/ACK exchanges are
concluded, the terminating side waits for a timeout before finally closing the
connection, during which time the local port is unavailable for new connections;
this prevents confusion due to delayed
packets being delivered during subsequent connections.
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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Encoding
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING
Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host.
Each bit is encoded into a pattern of light waves or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted.
The destination host receives and decodes the signals in order to interpret the message.
Message Encapsulation
Messages are encapsulated before being sent to the
appropriate location
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Formatting
On a network messages are formatted into frames
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Formatting
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Size
Messages have size restrictions depending on the
channel used
Messages must be of a particular size
Ethernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500
bytes
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
the amount of time from the beginning until the
end of a message transmission.
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
NETWORKING Tx Msg Rx Msg Start Tx Msg End of Msg Start ACK Time wait to Tx ACK Rx ready to listen for ACK Start listening Rx Msg
Min time to wait Rx Msg
Message Timing
Access method
Determines when a message can be sent to avoid
collisions
Flow control
Determines how much information can be sent at any
given time
Response timeout
Determines what action to take if there is no response in a
reasonable time period
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
The packet transmission time in seconds can be
obtained from the packet size in bit and the bit rate
in bit/s as:
Packet transmission time = Packet size
Bit rate
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
Example:
Assuming 100 Mbit/s Ethernet and the maximum packet size of 1526 bytes. Calculate the results in Maximum packet transmission time?
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Timing
Example:
Max packet transmission = Packet size
Bit rate
= 1526*8 bit
(1 Mbit/s)
≈ 122 μs
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Patterns
a network-oriented architectural pattern
describes how two different parts of a message
passing system connect and communicate with each other.
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Message Patterns
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TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
My friend at Putrajaya want to send me a files
using my PKB e-mail. After sending the email she identify that the files that she has attached cannot get through the PKB server. In a given scenario, identify which terminologies can be relate to this communication problem in
networking .
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION
Networking equipment typically
refers to devices facilitating the use of a computer network.
includes gateways, routers,
bridges, switches, hubs, and
repeaters.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
A network interface controller
/network interface card is a
computer hardware
component that connects a
computer to a computer network.
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NIC
NIC provides the hardware interface between a
computer and a network.
A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in
the form factor of an add-in card
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Various types of NIC
PCI NIC
PCI Express NIC PCMCIA
On Board NIC Wireless NIC
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PCI NIC
Peripheral Component Interconnect is an industry
specification for connecting hardware devices to a computer's central processor.
Both Ethernet and Wi-Fi network adapters for
desktop and notebook computers commonly utilize PCI.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PCI NIC
PCI defines the electrical characteristics and signal
protocol used for two devices to communicate over a computer's central bus.
PCI network adapters and other devices exist in
several different shapes and sizes
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PCI Express NIC
It is used to connect Fast Ethernet Networks
together and it is connected to a PCI Slot located on your computer's Motherboard
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
PCMCIA/PC card
Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association is an industry organization best know for developing a standard network adapter using the PC Card form factor.
PC Card form factor was designed for thinness, and
PCMCIA is therefore especially used mostly in removable peripherals that connect to a laptop.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
On Board NIC
A LAN connection or network connection
In a desktop, NIC's, video cards, sound cards and such
can be inserted into physical slots on the motherboard but in a laptop there is no room for such a configuration. All of these things are built right in to the motherboard. Some desktops integrate these things as well but still maintain the slots as described above. So, an "onboard" or integrated NIC card would not be plugged into one of these slots.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Wireless NIC
WNIC is a network interface controller which
connects to a radio-based computer network rather than a wire-based network
A WNIC is an essential component for wireless
desktop computer.
this card uses an antenna to communicate through
microwaves.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
A HUB is a device
that provides a
central connection point for cables from workstations, servers and peripherals.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
multi slot
concentrators which can plugged a number of multi-port cards to provide additional
access as the network grows in size.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
2 Types of HUB
1. PASSIVE concentrators/hub
No voltage supply
allow the signal to pass from one computer to
another without amplify the signal.
2. ACTIVE concentrators/hub
Need voltage supply to electrically amplify the signal
as it moves from one device to another
Act like repeaters that can extend the length of a
network.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
an electronic device that
receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise,
regenerates and retransmits it
can be separate devices or
they can be incorporated into a concentrator/hub.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
it is necessary to regenerates the signal
signal
Long Distance Cable
signal
a signal loses strength as it passes along a long
distance cable
The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it
receives and rebroadcasts it at a higher power level
the signal can cover longer distances without
degradation
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
REPEATERS a device to allows segment of a large
network into two smaller to reduce the amount of traffic on a networks and make the traffic more efficient.
2nd Network
BRIDGE 1st Network
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGE BRIDGE also can filters data
traffic at a network boundary.
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGEINTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
2nd Network
can connect the 2 network.
adding new wiring scheme into an older wiring
scheme or
To up-date the network
New Network Network
BRIDGE
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGE2nd Network
1st Network
MONITORS the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGE1st Network
2nd Network
“LISTEN" to the network and automatically figure out the address of each computer on both sides of the bridge.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGE1st Network
2nd Network
“INSPECT” each message and broadcast it on the other side of the network.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGE1st Network
2nd Network
MANAGE the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network (like a traffic cop at a busy intersection during rush hour.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
BRIDGE A ROUTER translates information from one network
to another
it is similar to a super
intelligent bridge.
A ROUTER select the best path to route a message,
based on the destination address and origin.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
ROUTER The ROUTER can direct traffic to prevent
head-on collisions or traffic
It is smart enough to know when to direct
traffic along back roads and shortcuts.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
ROUTER is a network point that acts as an entrance to
another network.
an internetworking system capable of joining
together two networks that use different base protocols.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
GATEWAY The computers that
control traffic within a company's network or at a local Internet service
provider (ISP) are gateway nodes.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
GATEWAY In PKB‟s, a computer server acting as a gateway
node and it also acting as a proxy server and a
firewall server.
A gateway is often associated with both a router,
which knows where to direct a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch,
which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE
GATEWAY Tell the class, what is the function of
computer network hardware?
Name 2 out of 5 of the computer network
hardware that u remember.
Identify which computer network hardware
can select the best path to bring a message, based on the destination address and origin.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Sketch a simple peer to peer computer
network at your house to show connection between 4 individual user playing and
sharing web game.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Construct a diagram of the local area
network in JKE‟s Multimedia Computer Lab which include 40 connected PCs and 1
shared printer. The lab have 10 Ethernet jack. Add any network hardware to apply to the connection.
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
The network in JKE‟s Office includes 44
connected PCs, 2 shared printers and 4
telephones with their own Ethernet jack. If there are 2 more PCs and 1 wireless router need to be add in the office but with no more Ethernet jack available. Design the
connection to show the new JKE‟s office
network. Add any network hardware to apply to the connection.
