Implementation of Almada s Adaptation Strategy: a multi-level approach.

(1)

Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas municipales Bilbao | 15 September 2015

Nuno Lopes

, Sara Dionísio, Patrícia Silva & Catarina Freitas

Head of the Environmental Studies and Management Division

Sustainable Environmental Management and Planning Department

City Council of Almada, Portugal

Implementation of

Almada’s

Adaptation Strategy: a multi-level

approach.

(2)

Topics

…

...

a glimpse of Almada

...

adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for

Climate Change

...

boosting resilience through ecosystem

based adaptation

(3)

(4)

Lisboa

Almada

Tagus River

Atlantic

Ocean

Almada



Coastal southern

European city



1 of 18

municipalities in

Lisbon

Metropolitan Area



Area ~ 70 km

2 

175 000

inhabitants



35 km Waterfront

(5)

(6)

Topics

…

...

a glimpse of Almada

...

adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for

Climate Change

...

improving resilience through ecosystem

based adaptation

(7)

Almada’s starting point on adaptation…

−

South bank of Tagus river across Lisbon

► urban pressure

−

Highly populated and dense territory

−

Vulnerable coastal and riverfront areas to sea level rise, with

high tourist value

−

Abusive occupation of high value natural areas, rich

Mediterranean ecosystems at risk

−

Ageing society



Long term vision on sustainability from our political leadership



More informed community

(8)



Mitigation

Agenda



energy consumption and GHGs emissions

Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility...

low carbon city



Adaptation

Agenda

Allowing the

resilience of our natural, social and

economic systems

, providing our communities an

healthy and safe environment to live and work.

... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO

₂

will

change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)

(9)



Mitigation

Agenda



energy consumption and GHGs emissions

Energy efficiency, renewables, smart mobility...

low carbon city



Adaptation

Agenda

Means to allow the

resilience of our natural, social

and economic systems

, providing our communities an

healthy and safe environment to live and work.

... but even with drastic mitigation, accumulated CO

₂

will

change the climate until 2040’ (climatic system inertia)

(10)

ECCA, European Climate Change Adaptation Conference 2013

Hamburg

|

18 – 20 March 2013

Conferência “Roteiro Local para as Alterações Climáticas: Mobilizar, Planear e Agir” Almada, Portugal | 28 - 29 Maio 2009

Methodology

(11)

Adaptation



Downscaling Climate Evolution Scenarios



Monitoring climate change impacts

(ex:,

floods, landslides, heat waves, oceanic

overwashes)



Vulnerability Diagnosis

(coast, riverfront,

ecosystems, urban water cycle, urban services),

existing and amplified…



Modeling Urban Heat Island Effect



Design Risk Maps



Definition of adaptation goals and

measures



Integrating adaptation goals and measures

in land use planning: Urban Plans and

Master Plan of Almada

(currently under

revision)

in Almada’s Strategy

for Climate Change

(12)

Almada’s Climate Evolution

(2070-2100 scenarios)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Maior temp. máx. registada Média temp. máx. Verão Média temp. diária anual Média temp. mín. Inverno

T e m p e ra tu ra ( oC)

Anomalia das temperaturas para 2070 -2100 em Almada

2000-2006 2070 - 2100 ↑+4,25 o_C ↑+5 o_C ↑+2,5 o_C ↑+4 o_C

Variação dos modelos

0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0

Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez

Pr e c ip ita ç ã o (m m )

Evolução da precipitação mensal com alterações climáticas

2000 - 2009 2070 - 2100



Temperature

-

Annual mean:

increases

2,5 ºC

-

T

_máx

Summer , Winter:

rises

4,0

to

5,0 ºC

-

Nº of Days/year with >35 ºC:

5-10

► 20-30



Precipitation

-

55%

reduction

in Summer precipitation

-

12,5%

increase

in Winter precipitation

-

Decrease

of

15 to

55%

in

Autumn and Spring

(13)

Almada’s vulnerability to

Natural Hazards



Mass Wasting

(

rock falls, rock topple, landslides)



Sea Level Rise

(coastal erosion)



Storm Surges/overwash



Droughts



Flooding



Salinization of Coastal Aquifers



Forest Fires



Biodiversity loss



Heat waves

Mass Wasting

(14)

“Boost” resilience in land use planning



Multi-dimension, integrated and

multi-level

approach:



Detail scale

: integration of

specific adaptive solutions

(smart urban design)

in the development of

Local and

Urban Plans

(1:1.000)



Municipal scale

:

define a

global territorial adaptation

strategy

and establish

solutions + regulations

for

Almada’s

Master Plan

(1:10.000)

Improving resilience through

land use planning

(15)

F2 - New approaches to resilient

urban planning and design

3 levels of land use planning:

Master Plan

(1:10.000)



Urban Plans

(1:1.000)

+

Local Plans

(1:1.000)

Land use plans are

the most strategic

compulsory plans

that can be develop

at a local level !

(16)

Examples Adaptative Measures

(Detail scale)



Smart urban design

to improve natural cooling and the use

of solar energy in buildings



Conservative average sea-level rise limits

incorporated in

urban design



Development of

urban green corridors



Coastal dune

restoration



Promotion of

water infiltration

and the use of permeable

pavements



Protection of people and property from flood risk with the

construction of terrace defenses and retention basins



Rehabilitation of

streams with riparian vegetation (green

and blue infrastructure)

boosting resilience through land

use planning

(17)



recover of the dune

ecosystems



dune reconstitution:

minimum level 12 m



sediment trapping



erosion and slope deposits

control with native plants



urban perimeter

reconfiguration

with retreat from

the risk areas



define a new

ground level: 11 m

(landfill)



building on stilts



elevated pathways

Example: Developing Local Plan of Fonte da Telha



Coastal Adaptation Measures incorporated in the Plan

PROTECT

ACCOMMODATE

(18)

Topics

…

...

a glimpse of Almada

...

adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for

Climate Change

...

improving resilience through ecosystem

based adaptation

(19)

1º

Identify different types of hazards in Almada

2º

Evaluate how the current hazards will be amplified by

climate change impacts

3º

Assess how GI’s environmental services can respond

and mitigate to current and future hazardous/

vulnerabilities

4º

Spatial representation of GI’s environmental services

5º

Designed ecosystem based projects to address the

hazardous/vulnerabilities

(20)

Types of

hazards in

Almada



GI’s

environmental

services



(21)

GI’s

environmental

services

(22)

Nature

conservation

Food

Aquifer

recharge

Carbon

_{sequestration}

(floods, marine

washover, land slides)

Erosion

control

Rain water

permeability

Microclimatic

regulation

)

Disease

plagues

control, seed

dispersal

(23)

Multifunctional Map of Green

Infrastructures Network

Environmental services

Multifunctionality

(nr. of services)

(24)

Example of Almada’s GI application

(25)



High vulnerability to heat waves: evaluate mortality rate increased

in Lisbon Area for the period of the

heat wave in 2013 (June 23

rd

_to

July 14

th

₎

Example of GI application

Number of heat wave days for

June-July-August 2013 (NACLIM FP7 Project)

(26)

Hazards

Heat island

Effect

Heat waves

Drought

Fires

…

Green Infrastructure

Major GI

Vegetation of conservative value

Water course (bed and banks)

Areas of highest infiltration

Cliffs (protection belts)

Soils of high ecological value

Areas at risk of erosion

Urban GI

Gardens and parks

Retention basins

Wooded areas and streets,

Vegetable gardens

…

c

Green

Infrastructure

services

Microclimatic regulation

and reduction of heat

island effects on cities

Flood mitigation during

rainfall peaks

Nutrient recycling and

groundwater supply

Erosion control

Food production

Recreation, Education,…

Example of GI application

(27)

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Adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático: Marco europeo, sectores estratégicos y políticas

(29)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Boosting territorial resilience

Example

GI

+

BI

multifunctional project



Objectives

:

Mitigation of flood/erosion hazards; enhance

biodiversity; promotion of local food production



food,



biodiversity,



runoff water;



water infiltration



Present Problem

:

Erosion events caused by flooding

during heavy rain periods; soil and infrastructure losses;

biodiversity lost; demand for vegetable gardens

(30)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Boosting territorial resilience

Example

GI

+

BI

multifunctional project

Hazards

_GI

₊

_BI

How can

GI

+

BI

and their ecosystem services respond to current

and future hazards/vulnerabilities?

Water course

Water course margins

High permeability areas

Soils of high ecological

value

Vegetation with

conservative value

Vegetable gardens

Wooded areas

Gardens and parks …

Flooding

Erosion

Soil loss

Biodiversity

loss

…

GI

+

BI

Ecosystem Services

Erosion control

Flood mitigation during

rainfall peaks

Food production

Adaptation water cycle

and other urban services

Microclimatic mitigation

and reduction of heat

island effect

Improve air and water

quality …

(31)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Solution

:

Natural stream

restoration (riparian

vegetation)

+

Retention basin

(accommodate

stormwater)

+

Vegetable garden

(32)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Fruit farm

Fruit farm

Picnic Park

Stream

Riparian vegetation

Hydraulic surface

discharger

Meadow _{Vegetable plots}

(33)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

75,00 m

3

_{1.152,55 m}

3

_{3.460,55 m}

3

Volume Water

capacity

Flooding area

Bacia de retenção Bacia de retenção Área inundável

Nível 1 Nível 2 Nível 3 Nível 4

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Water Retention

Retain basin

(34)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Boosting territorial resilience



Objectives

:

Mitigation of coastal erosion, restore

dune ecosystems and enhance biodiversity



biodiversity,



sediment loss;



sedimentary balance



Present Problem

: H

igh coast line regression;

degradated dunes; no vegetation; beach sand

nourishment required for inland protection;

biodiversity loss

(35)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Boosting territorial resilience

Hazards

_GI

₊

_BI

How can

GI

+

BI

and their ecosystem services respond to current

and future hazards/vulnerabilities?

Dune relief (beaches, sand

dunes)

Vegetation of conservative

value

Areas of highest infiltration

…

Adverse weather

conditions

(storms,

strong winds)

Storm surge

Shoreline retreat

Coastal flood

Overwash

Loss of

Biodiversity

Saline intrusion

…

GI

+

BI

Ecosystem Services

Flood mitigation during

storms

Resilience to disasters

Erosion control

Nature conservation

Genetic resources

Water availability/quality

Tourism

Cultural inheritage …

(36)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

Seoul, South Korea

|

11

th

_{April 2015}

Boosting territorial resilience

Solution

: ReDuna Project

Soft measures

(ecological restoration of coastal

sand dunes)

+

Heavy coastal protection measures

(beach sand

nourishment)

(37)

ICLEI World Congress 2015

|

Urban Nature: Provisioning Services - Water for life

(38)



ReDuna

→

Erosion control

→

Resilience to disasters

→

Nature conservation

→

Tourism

→

…

sand fences made of

dry willow branches or wicker

permanent fences to regulate the pedestrian access to the dune

elevated pathways for dune protection

plantation of native species on mobile dunes

(39)

(40)

Topics

…

...

a glimpse of Almada

...

adaptation in Almada’s Strategy for

Climate Change

...

improving resilience through ecosystem

based adaptation

(41)

Final remarks …

Conclusions



Climate Change

is a

Global phenomena

with

Local impacts:

adaptation must be addressed at a City level



Adapt Cities to climate change

, means addressing the

uncertainty of its impacts

(different nature, type, magnitude)

and

take decisions, act now



But… Cities are

extremely complex systems

(mass, energy,

momentum

flows…), difficult to manage



So,

flexibility

and

creativity

are required in any adaptation

strategy (local management with a global knowledge…)

(42)

Final remarks …

Final Remarks



Green Infrastructure as a planning tool

is an effective

way to build natural and urban resilience, with short term

benefits with a lower cost than grey infrastructure.



Private engagement should be promoted

e.g.

economic

valuation of environmental services

.



Multi-dimension provision of ecosystem services

can

tackle different hazards, with several benefits from win-win

solutions



However, ecosystem based adaptation implies

a deep

(43)

Future challenges…

Future challenges



It is important for

Cities to rely on robust

(“translated”)

data

to useful information, benchmarking studies

and

practical

solutions. (R&D)

−

more regional

data

about the economic value of

environmental services provided by ecosystems

−

evaluate the limits for adaptation (what is the tolerable

risk?)

−

more comparative studies on investement and cost

(44)

Thank you for your attention!