T H E A R T I C L E S O F C O N F E D E R AT I O N
First attempt at a central government to unite the United States of America
States are loosely united under a Congress
Each state has ONE representative in Congress
Powers of Congress
Negotiate with other nations
Raise armies
C O N G R E S S L A C K E D C E R TA I N P O W E R …
Cannot limit trade
Cannot impose taxes
Could not force states to honor
treaties
N O RT H W E S T O R D I N A N C E O F 1 7 8 7
1st major piece of legislation passed under the new government
Ohio River Valley was now available for settlers Created a plan for selling and governing the land
Guaranteed freedom of religion and freedom from slavery in new
territories
Determined how new states would be added to the union
How new states are added to the union:
1) Territory would be surveyed and divided into 3-5 districts 2) Congress would choose a governor, secretary, and 3 judges 3) When 5,000 adult males were settled, they could elect their own legislature
TA B L E O F S TAT E B Y S TAT E A D M I S S I O N T O T H E U N I O N
Delaware Dec. 7, 1787
Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787
New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787
Georgia Jan. 2, 1788
Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788
Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788
Maryland April 28, 1788
South Carolina May 23, 1788
New Hampshire June 21, 1788
Virginia June 25, 1788
New York July 26, 1788
North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789
Rhode Island May 29, 1790
Vermont March 4, 1791
Kentucky June 1,1792 Tennessee June 1, 1796
Ohio March 1, 1803
Louisiana April 30, 1812
Indiana Dec.11, 1816
Mississippi Dec.10, 1817
Illinois Dec.3, 1818
Alabama Dec.14, 1819
Maine March 15, 1820
Missouri Aug. 10, 1821
Arkansas June 15, 1836
Michigan Jan. 26, 1837
TA B L E O F S TAT E B Y S TAT E A D M I S S I O N T O T H E U N I O N
Texas Dec.29, 1845
Iowa Dec.28, 1846
Wisconsin May 26, 1848
California Sept. 9, 1850
Minnesota May 11, 1858 Oregon Feb. 14, 1859
Kansas Jan. 29, 1861 West Virginia June 20, 1863
Nevada October 31, 1864
Nebraska March 1, 1867
Colorado Aug. 1, 1876 North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889 South Dakota Nov. 2, 1889
Montana Nov. 8, 1889
Washington Nov. 11, 1889
Idaho July 3, 1890
Wyoming July 10, 1890
Utah Jan. 4, 1896
Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907
New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912
Arizona Feb. 14, 1912
Alaska Jan. 3, 1959
SHAY’S REBELLION
Who was Daniel Shays• Captain in the Revolutionary War
• Returned to Massachusetts to start his farm and family
• Never received his bonus payment for serving in the army
The wealthier bankers and merchants along the coast of
Massachusetts decided that farmers needed to be taxed
o January, 1787
o Daniel Shays united 1,200 farmers to protest new taxes— “didn’t we just fight a war against taxes??”
o State militia came in to put down the rebellion—Congress could do nothing to stop it
ECONOMIC
DOWNFALLS
Congress cannot tax or pay back war debts
Economic problems of trade and inflation are
causing conflict among the states
May, 1787: delegates from every state (except
Rhode Island) meet in Philadelphia “for the sole purpose of revising the Articles of
CANDIDATE A
43 years old
Mother of 5 children
No formal education; self-taught
Loved to read
Married to a member of the Continental
Congress
Ran the family farm while her husband was away during the
Revolutionary War
Husband trusted her and often asked for her advice
CANDIDATE B
34 years old
African-American slave
Born in Gambia
Sold into slavery at 7
Her owners provided her with a strong
education, including the study of Latin and Greek
Converted to Christianity
After death of her masters, worked a servant
Lived most of her adult life in poverty
Published a book of poetry
CANDIDATE C
55 years old
Wealthy Virginia planter
Married; no children of his own; 2 step-children
No college education
Long military career
Demonstrated
CANDIDATE D
36 years old
Virginian
Married; no children of his own; 1 step-child
Graduate of Princeton
Left college without a profession: considered the ministry but eventually became a lawyer
Member of Continental Congress during the
Revolutionary War
Poor health kept him from military service during war
CANDIDATE E
45 years old
Lived in Rhode Island
Married; Father
Military general during the Revolutionary War
CANDIDATE F
55 years old
Pennsylvanian
Married
Lawyer; studied in London
Businessman
Spent many years traveling in Europe
Outstanding speaking ability
Opposed signing of Declaration of
Independence
Supported colonists
during the Revolutionary War, but hoped for a
compromise with England
CANDIDATE G
53 years old
Born in England, now lives in New York
Lawyer
Merchant
Served in the
Continental Congress during Revolutionary War
CANDIDATE H
32 years old
Born in the West
Indies, now lives in New York
Married
Lawyer
Military experience
during the Revolutionary War
Served as Geroge Washington’s private secretary and aide-de-camp
Wanted a strong
CANDIDATE I
81 years old
Pennsylvanian
Married;Father
Well-known in the colonies and Europe
Served in the Albany Congress prior to the French and Indian War
Signer of the Declaration of Independence
Served in the
Continental Congress
CANDIDATE J
44 years old
Pennsylvanian
Married; Father
Christian
Farmer
No formal education
Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War
CANDIDATE K
52 years old
Resident of Rhode Island
Jewish
Married; Father
Shopkeeper
No formal education
Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War
CANDIDATE A
43 years old
Mother of 5 children
No formal education; self-taught
Loved to read
Married to a member of the Continental
Congress
Ran the family farm while her husband was away during the
Revolutionary War
Husband trusted her and often asked for her advice
Concerned about women’s rights under the new government
Abigail Adam
CANDIDATE B
34 years old
African-American slave
Born in Gambia
Sold into slavery at 7
Her owners provided her with a strong
education, including the study of Latin and Greek
Converted to Christianity
After death of her masters, worked a servant
Lived most of her adult life in poverty
Published a book of poetry
First known African-American writer in America
Phyllis
CANDIDATE C
55 years old
Wealthy Virginia planter
Married; no children of his own; 2 step-children
No college education
Long military career
Demonstrated
leadership skills during the Revolutionary War
George Washingto
n:
CANDIDATE D
36 years old
Virginian
Married; no children of his own; 1 step-child
Graduate of Princeton
Left college without a profession: considered the ministry but eventually became a lawyer
Member of Continental Congress during the
Revolutionary War
Poor health kept him from military service during war
Read over 200 books on government to prepare for his task of planning and creating a government
James
CANDIDATE E
45 years old
Lived in Rhode Island
Married; Father
Military general during the Revolutionary War
Victory in the southern colonies was due largely to his leadership
Natha
niel
Greene
: NO
CANDIDATE F
55 years old
Pennsylvanian
Married
Lawyer; studied in London
Businessman
Spent many years traveling in Europe
Outstanding speaking ability
Opposed signing of Declaration of
Independence
Supported colonists
during the Revolutionary War, but hoped for a
compromise with England
Wrote the Articles of Confederation
John
CANDIDATE G
53 years old
Born in England, now lives in New York
Lawyer
Merchant
Served in the
Continental Congress during Revolutionary War
Helped finance the Revolution with his own money, often spending more money in a month than some states paid
Robert Morris:
CANDIDATE H
32 years old
Born in the West
Indies, now lives in New York
Married
Lawyer
Military experience
during the Revolutionary War
Served as Geroge Washington’s private secretary and aide-de-camp
Wanted a strong
centralized government
Alexande r
Hamilton :
CANDIDATE I
81 years old
Pennsylvanian
Married;Father
Well-known in the colonies and Europe
Served in the Albany Congress prior to the French and Indian War
Signer of the Declaration of Independence
Served in the
Continental Congress
Helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War
Benjamin Franklin:
CANDIDATE J
44 years old
Pennsylvanian
Married; Father
Christian
Farmer
No formal education
Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War
Have had difficulty paying taxes after the war
CANDIDATE K
52 years old
Resident of Rhode Island
Jewish
Married; Father
Shopkeeper
No formal education
Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War
Fearful of a strong central government Fictional:
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
What do they agree on? What do they disagree on?
1) How should states be
represented in Congress?
--LARGER STATES believed representation should be based on population (more
people=more reps)
--SMALLER STATES wanted each state to have the same amount of representatives (one state=one rep)
2)
Dividing the
government into 3
branches: legislative,
executive, judicial
2) How will slaves be
counted in the
population?
1) Stronger national
government with
C O N S T I T U T I O N A L C O N V E N T I O N
How did Delegates resolve the issue of state representation in Congress?
Connecticut Compromise
• Suggested by Roger Sherman • Solution: 2-House Legislature
• House of Representatives: representatives
based on population
• Senate: each state would have the same # of
reps (one state=2 reps)
C O N S T I T U T I O N A L C O N V E N T I O N
How will slaves be counted in the population?
Three/Fifths Compromise
• Every 5 enslaved people count as 3
people in the population
• What does this suggest about the
FRAMING A NEW GOVERNME NT
After settling the major disputes about representation,delegates focused on shaping the new government
4 defining factors of the new government:
1. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: rule by the people
• NOT a direct democracy
• Created a representative system of government in which elected officials to speak for the people
2. FEDERALISM: power is divided between the national government and the state government
FRAMI NG A NEW GOVERNMENT
3. Separation of Powers: 3-branches of government
• Legislative: law makers(house of reps and senate)
• Executive: headed by a President—implement and
enforce the laws
• Judicial: federal courts and judges—interpret federal
laws
4. Checks and Balances: prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful
• Ex: Presidential Veto: President can reject a law
“ L I T T L E S H O R T O F A M I R A C L E … ”
The delegates where thrilled and surprised with the success of the Constitutional Convention
They created a government that reflected multiple viewpoints and was a model for compromise
John Adams: The convention was “the single
R AT I F I C AT I O N O F T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N
Once the Constitution was written, it had to be approved by
2/3 of the states
• 9 states had to approve of the Constitution in order for it to become law
September 28, 1787: Congress submitted the Constitution to the states
• 1st : Delaware
• 2nd : Pennsylvania
• 3rd : New Jersey RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION
• 4th : Georgia
AMENDI NG AND RATI FI CATION
Amending: to make changes to the
Constitution
•
2/3 of both the House and Senate vote to
propose an amendment
states for
ratification.
•
3/4 of the states approve it, it becomes
part of the Constitution.
Ratification: to make something official by
R AT I F I C AT I O N O F T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N
TWO SIDES OF THE RATIFICATION DEBATE:
Federalists: supporters of the Constitution
• Supporters
• Large landowners who wanted property protection
• Artisans and merchants in coastal cities
• Farmers who Depended on trade
• Beliefs
• the constitution supported Federalism the separation of powers between a central
government and state governments
Anti-Federalists
: Opponents of the
Constitution
-Supporters
-Western famers living far from the coast
-Self-sufficient farmers—didn’t feel they
need government regulations
-Did not trust the wealthy and powerful
people on the coast
-Beliefs
-understood the need for a national
government BUT wanted to protect the
powers of the states
FEDERALIST PAPERS
Federalist supporters of the
Constitution wrote papers in an attempt to convince people to pass the Constitution
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton
and John Jay were the author of these papers
Papers were widely read and are still
T H E F I N A L S TAT E S T O R AT I F Y T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N
1791: Bill of Rights added to the Constitution
• PROBLEM: Sam Adams (leader in MA) believed the
Constitution did not protect the independent states and did not guarantee the rights of the people
• SOLUTION: Federalists promised to attach a Bill of Rights to the Constitution and agreed to support an amendment that would reserve power for the states
• OUTCOME
• Bill of Rights was addedguaranteed freedoms of speech, press, and religion; protection from search and seizure; right to trial by jury
• Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire ratify the Constitution
VIRGINIA AND NEW YORK
Nine out of 13 states had ratified the Constitution…BUT Virginia and New York were still holding out and they represented 30% of the population…Could the government work without their support?
Virginia Convention (June, 1788)
• Federalists George Washington and James Madison promote ratification
• Anti-federalists Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee argue against the Constitution
• Vote: 89-79 in favor of the Constitution
New York Convention
• 2/3 of their members are Anti-Federalists
• By the time they vote, they know that 10/13 states
have voted for the Constitution—eventually they give in
T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N I S O F F I C I A L ! ! !
By July, 1788—every state except Rhode Island and North
Carolina had ratified the Constitution
• North Carolina waited until November 1789 when the Bill of Rights was officially added
• Rhode Island waited until May 1790 to ratify the Constitution
New Congress would meet March 4, 1789 to discuss the
election of the President and
How well would this Constitution work?? They could only