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T H E A R T I C L E S O F C O N F E D E R AT I O N

First attempt at a central government to unite the United States of America

States are loosely united under a Congress

Each state has ONE representative in Congress

Powers of Congress

 Negotiate with other nations

 Raise armies

(3)

C O N G R E S S L A C K E D C E R TA I N P O W E R …

Cannot limit trade

Cannot impose taxes

Could not force states to honor

treaties

(4)

N O RT H W E S T O R D I N A N C E O F 1 7 8 7

1st major piece of legislation passed under the new government

Ohio River Valley was now available for settlersCreated a plan for selling and governing the land

Guaranteed freedom of religion and freedom from slavery in new

territories

Determined how new states would be added to the union

How new states are added to the union:

1) Territory would be surveyed and divided into 3-5 districts 2) Congress would choose a governor, secretary, and 3 judges 3) When 5,000 adult males were settled, they could elect their own legislature

(5)

TA B L E O F S TAT E B Y S TAT E A D M I S S I O N T O T H E U N I O N

Delaware Dec. 7, 1787

Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787

New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787

Georgia Jan. 2, 1788

Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788

Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788

Maryland April 28, 1788

South Carolina May 23, 1788

New Hampshire June 21, 1788

Virginia June 25, 1788

New York July 26, 1788

North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789

Rhode Island May 29, 1790

Vermont March 4, 1791

Kentucky June 1,1792 Tennessee June 1, 1796

Ohio March 1, 1803

Louisiana April 30, 1812

Indiana Dec.11, 1816

Mississippi Dec.10, 1817

Illinois Dec.3, 1818

Alabama Dec.14, 1819

Maine March 15, 1820

Missouri Aug. 10, 1821

Arkansas June 15, 1836

Michigan Jan. 26, 1837

(6)

TA B L E O F S TAT E B Y S TAT E A D M I S S I O N T O T H E U N I O N

Texas Dec.29, 1845

Iowa Dec.28, 1846

Wisconsin May 26, 1848

California Sept. 9, 1850

Minnesota May 11, 1858 Oregon Feb. 14, 1859

Kansas Jan. 29, 1861 West Virginia June 20, 1863

Nevada October 31, 1864

Nebraska March 1, 1867

Colorado Aug. 1, 1876 North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889 South Dakota Nov. 2, 1889

Montana Nov. 8, 1889

Washington Nov. 11, 1889

Idaho July 3, 1890

Wyoming July 10, 1890

Utah Jan. 4, 1896

Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907

New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912

Arizona Feb. 14, 1912

Alaska Jan. 3, 1959

(7)

SHAY’S REBELLION

Who was Daniel Shays

• Captain in the Revolutionary War

• Returned to Massachusetts to start his farm and family

• Never received his bonus payment for serving in the army

The wealthier bankers and merchants along the coast of

Massachusetts decided that farmers needed to be taxed

o January, 1787

o Daniel Shays united 1,200 farmers to protest new taxes— “didn’t we just fight a war against taxes??”

o State militia came in to put down the rebellion—Congress could do nothing to stop it

(8)

ECONOMIC

DOWNFALLS

Congress cannot tax or pay back war debts

Economic problems of trade and inflation are

causing conflict among the states

May, 1787: delegates from every state (except

Rhode Island) meet in Philadelphia “for the sole purpose of revising the Articles of

(9)

CANDIDATE A

43 years old

Mother of 5 children

No formal education; self-taught

Loved to read

Married to a member of the Continental

Congress

Ran the family farm while her husband was away during the

Revolutionary War

Husband trusted her and often asked for her advice

(10)

CANDIDATE B

34 years old

African-American slave

Born in Gambia

Sold into slavery at 7

Her owners provided her with a strong

education, including the study of Latin and Greek

Converted to Christianity

After death of her masters, worked a servant

Lived most of her adult life in poverty

Published a book of poetry

(11)

CANDIDATE C

55 years old

Wealthy Virginia planter

Married; no children of his own; 2 step-children

No college education

Long military career

Demonstrated

(12)

CANDIDATE D

36 years old

Virginian

Married; no children of his own; 1 step-child

Graduate of Princeton

Left college without a profession: considered the ministry but eventually became a lawyer

Member of Continental Congress during the

Revolutionary War

Poor health kept him from military service during war

(13)

CANDIDATE E

45 years old

Lived in Rhode Island

Married; Father

Military general during the Revolutionary War

(14)

CANDIDATE F

 55 years old

Pennsylvanian

Married

Lawyer; studied in London

Businessman

Spent many years traveling in Europe

Outstanding speaking ability

Opposed signing of Declaration of

Independence

Supported colonists

during the Revolutionary War, but hoped for a

compromise with England

(15)

CANDIDATE G

53 years old

Born in England, now lives in New York

Lawyer

Merchant

Served in the

Continental Congress during Revolutionary War

(16)

CANDIDATE H

32 years old

Born in the West

Indies, now lives in New York

Married

Lawyer

Military experience

during the Revolutionary War

Served as Geroge Washington’s private secretary and aide-de-camp

Wanted a strong

(17)

CANDIDATE I

81 years old

Pennsylvanian

Married;Father

Well-known in the colonies and Europe

Served in the Albany Congress prior to the French and Indian War

Signer of the Declaration of Independence

Served in the

Continental Congress

(18)

CANDIDATE J

44 years old

Pennsylvanian

Married; Father

Christian

Farmer

No formal education

Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War

(19)

CANDIDATE K

52 years old

Resident of Rhode Island

Jewish

Married; Father

Shopkeeper

No formal education

Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War

(20)

CANDIDATE A

43 years old

Mother of 5 children

No formal education; self-taught

Loved to read

Married to a member of the Continental

Congress

Ran the family farm while her husband was away during the

Revolutionary War

Husband trusted her and often asked for her advice

Concerned about women’s rights under the new government

Abigail Adam

(21)

CANDIDATE B

34 years old

African-American slave

Born in Gambia

Sold into slavery at 7

Her owners provided her with a strong

education, including the study of Latin and Greek

Converted to Christianity

After death of her masters, worked a servant

Lived most of her adult life in poverty

Published a book of poetry

First known African-American writer in America

Phyllis

(22)

CANDIDATE C

55 years old

Wealthy Virginia planter

Married; no children of his own; 2 step-children

No college education

Long military career

Demonstrated

leadership skills during the Revolutionary War

George Washingto

n:

(23)

CANDIDATE D

36 years old

Virginian

Married; no children of his own; 1 step-child

Graduate of Princeton

Left college without a profession: considered the ministry but eventually became a lawyer

Member of Continental Congress during the

Revolutionary War

Poor health kept him from military service during war

Read over 200 books on government to prepare for his task of planning and creating a government

James

(24)

CANDIDATE E

45 years old

Lived in Rhode Island

Married; Father

Military general during the Revolutionary War

Victory in the southern colonies was due largely to his leadership

Natha

niel

Greene

: NO

(25)

CANDIDATE F

 55 years old

Pennsylvanian

Married

Lawyer; studied in London

Businessman

Spent many years traveling in Europe

Outstanding speaking ability

Opposed signing of Declaration of

Independence

Supported colonists

during the Revolutionary War, but hoped for a

compromise with England

Wrote the Articles of Confederation

John

(26)

CANDIDATE G

53 years old

Born in England, now lives in New York

Lawyer

Merchant

Served in the

Continental Congress during Revolutionary War

Helped finance the Revolution with his own money, often spending more money in a month than some states paid

Robert Morris:

(27)

CANDIDATE H

32 years old

Born in the West

Indies, now lives in New York

Married

Lawyer

Military experience

during the Revolutionary War

Served as Geroge Washington’s private secretary and aide-de-camp

Wanted a strong

centralized government

Alexande r

Hamilton :

(28)

CANDIDATE I

81 years old

Pennsylvanian

Married;Father

Well-known in the colonies and Europe

Served in the Albany Congress prior to the French and Indian War

Signer of the Declaration of Independence

Served in the

Continental Congress

Helped to negotiate the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War

Benjamin Franklin:

(29)

CANDIDATE J

44 years old

Pennsylvanian

Married; Father

Christian

Farmer

No formal education

Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War

Have had difficulty paying taxes after the war

(30)

CANDIDATE K

52 years old

Resident of Rhode Island

Jewish

Married; Father

Shopkeeper

No formal education

Volunteered to serve in the Revolutionary War

Fearful of a strong central government Fictional:

(31)

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

What do they agree on? What do they disagree on?

1) How should states be

represented in Congress?

--LARGER STATES believed representation should be based on population (more

people=more reps)

--SMALLER STATES wanted each state to have the same amount of representatives (one state=one rep)

2)

Dividing the

government into 3

branches: legislative,

executive, judicial

2) How will slaves be

counted in the

population?

1) Stronger national

government with

(32)

C O N S T I T U T I O N A L C O N V E N T I O N

How did Delegates resolve the issue of state representation in Congress?

Connecticut Compromise

Suggested by Roger ShermanSolution: 2-House Legislature

House of Representatives: representatives

based on population

Senate: each state would have the same # of

reps (one state=2 reps)

(33)

C O N S T I T U T I O N A L C O N V E N T I O N

How will slaves be counted in the population?

Three/Fifths Compromise

Every 5 enslaved people count as 3

people in the population

What does this suggest about the

(34)

FRAMING A NEW GOVERNME NT

After settling the major disputes about representation,

delegates focused on shaping the new government

4 defining factors of the new government:

1. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: rule by the people

NOT a direct democracy

• Created a representative system of government in which elected officials to speak for the people

2. FEDERALISM: power is divided between the national government and the state government

(35)

FRAMI NG A NEW GOVERNMENT

3. Separation of Powers: 3-branches of government

Legislative: law makers(house of reps and senate)

Executive: headed by a President—implement and

enforce the laws

Judicial: federal courts and judges—interpret federal

laws

4. Checks and Balances: prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful

Ex: Presidential Veto: President can reject a law

(36)

“ L I T T L E S H O R T O F A M I R A C L E … ”

The delegates where thrilled and surprised with the success of the Constitutional Convention

They created a government that reflected multiple viewpoints and was a model for compromise

John Adams: The convention was “the single

(37)

R AT I F I C AT I O N O F T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N

Once the Constitution was written, it had to be approved by

2/3 of the states

9 states had to approve of the Constitution in order for it to become law

September 28, 1787: Congress submitted the Constitution to the states

1st : Delaware

2nd : Pennsylvania

3rd : New Jersey RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION

4th : Georgia

(38)

AMENDI NG AND RATI FI CATION

Amending: to make changes to the

Constitution

2/3 of both the House and Senate vote to

propose an amendment

states for

ratification.

3/4 of the states approve it, it becomes

part of the Constitution.

Ratification: to make something official by

(39)

R AT I F I C AT I O N O F T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N

TWO SIDES OF THE RATIFICATION DEBATE:

Federalists: supporters of the Constitution

Supporters

• Large landowners who wanted property protection

• Artisans and merchants in coastal cities

• Farmers who Depended on trade

Beliefs

• the constitution supported Federalism the separation of powers between a central

government and state governments

(40)

Anti-Federalists

: Opponents of the

Constitution

-Supporters

-Western famers living far from the coast

-Self-sufficient farmers—didn’t feel they

need government regulations

-Did not trust the wealthy and powerful

people on the coast

-Beliefs

-understood the need for a national

government BUT wanted to protect the

powers of the states

(41)

FEDERALIST PAPERS

Federalist supporters of the

Constitution wrote papers in an attempt to convince people to pass the Constitution

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

and John Jay were the author of these papers

Papers were widely read and are still

(42)

T H E F I N A L S TAT E S T O R AT I F Y T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N

1791: Bill of Rights added to the Constitution

PROBLEM: Sam Adams (leader in MA) believed the

Constitution did not protect the independent states and did not guarantee the rights of the people

SOLUTION: Federalists promised to attach a Bill of Rights to the Constitution and agreed to support an amendment that would reserve power for the states

• OUTCOME

Bill of Rights was addedguaranteed freedoms of speech, press, and religion; protection from search and seizure; right to trial by jury

Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire ratify the Constitution

(43)

VIRGINIA AND NEW YORK

Nine out of 13 states had ratified the Constitution…BUT Virginia and New York were still holding out and they represented 30% of the population…Could the government work without their support?

Virginia Convention (June, 1788)

Federalists George Washington and James Madison promote ratification

Anti-federalists Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee argue against the Constitution

Vote: 89-79 in favor of the Constitution

New York Convention

2/3 of their members are Anti-Federalists

By the time they vote, they know that 10/13 states

have voted for the Constitution—eventually they give in

(44)

T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N I S O F F I C I A L ! ! !

By July, 1788—every state except Rhode Island and North

Carolina had ratified the Constitution

• North Carolina waited until November 1789 when the Bill of Rights was officially added

• Rhode Island waited until May 1790 to ratify the Constitution

New Congress would meet March 4, 1789 to discuss the

election of the President and

How well would this Constitution work?? They could only

Delaware Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts Maryland South Carolina New Hampshire Virginia New York North Carolina Rhode Island Iowa California Minnesota Kansas Nevada Nebraska Colorado Montana Idaho Arizona Alaska Hawaii

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