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1. Correct Answer: a,b,c, Concept: Constantine (Effects)

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Advanced Placement World History

Unit 5: Medieval Europe

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1. Correct Answer: a,b,c, Concept: Constantine (Effects)

a) Constantine was the Roman emperor who moved the capital city to the eastern town of

Byzantium (renamed Constantinople). He was the first to order the toleration of Christians. He is also known for calling the Council of Nicaea to decide for all Roman Christians whether Jesus should be considered to be God.

b) Lecture, POI (6.4), Bulliet Ch. 5

2. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Constantinople (Causes)

a) As the Germanic tribes ravaged the Western Roman Empire in the late 200s and early 300s CE, the Emperor Constantine decided to move the capital to the eastern side, which was wealthy due to its location astride the trade routes of the Mediterranean, Red and Black Seas. The Greek city of Byzantium, sitting alongside the crucial Bosporous Strait that connected the Mediterranean with the Black Sea, was also quite defensible given that it was at the end of a peninsula. Wall defenses and waterways for bringing in supplies as well as defending against attack made Constantinople a strong position.

b) Lecture, POI (6.4), Bulliet Ch. 5

3. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Justinian (Effects)

a) Justinian was a Byzantine emperor of the sixth century who wanted to rebuild the old Roman Empire through warfare and construction projects. His unpopular high taxes, wars and lowborn wife were factors against him and almost cost him his rule during the Nika Revolts. Still, his codification of Roman laws was important, as was his push for caesaropapism. Lastly, his reign saw one plague that was followed by more disease in the next century…

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (11.1), Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.242, briefly)

4. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Byzantine government, caesaropapism (Definition)

a) The Byzantine practice of caesaropapism meant that the Caesar was the head of the Christian church. The reasoning was that God appointed the Caesar to protect the public. There was no more significant way to protect the citizens than to prevent religious civil war and to prevent heretical teachings from endangering souls. Therefore, the Caesar had the right and the duty to make sure the Christian Church was unified and teaching the correct interpretations.

b) Lecture, POI (11.1)

5. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Byzantine gender (Effects)

a) Byzantine notions of women were fairly traditional. The leadership was expected to be male, and the approval of leadership came from the male heads of the families. After Theodora, restrictions on women grew to the point of Byzantine women having no right to own property and being expected to “protect themselves” from others through veiling their own faces, a practice that probably came from the Sassanid Persians.

b) Lecture, POI (11.1), Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.243)

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6. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Byzantine theme system (Causes)

a) Making sure the military was loyal to the state and not just to the specific generals was a constant problem for most empires. One Byzantine approach to this issue was the theme system, in which soldiers were rewarded for their military service in a specific military district, with the right to farm government lands and keep the profits. This land use was only for the duration of their service, and the children of the soldiers did not “inherit” the land.

b) Lecture

7. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy (Comparison)

a) As the Roman Empire declined, Western European and Eastern European Christian traditions began to diverge as they lost consistent communication with each other. Both traditions saw Jesus as the savior and divine, both had church hierarchies, and both had a consistent version of the Bible. However, the Eastern Church was far more dominated by a strong government and had doubts concerning the acceptability of icons to focus prayers (were they graven images?). The Western Church increasingly emphasized the idea that the Bishop of Rome (pope) was the one true head of all Christianity, an idea which the Eastern Church completely rejected.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (11.1, p301) Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.241, 263)

8. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Kiev and Novgorod (Causes)

a) As the fur and slave routes expanded along rivers such as the Dnieper and the Volga, trade cities were established by the Rus people, who were either Viking Varangians or Slavs. These cities eventually dominated routes from northern and eastern portions of Europe to Constantinople and Central Asia.

b) Lecture, POI (11.2), Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.254-257)

9. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Viking (Causes)

a) As population growth and poor weather hurt Viking populations, these Scandinavian farmers began to raid in north and east Europe in the 500s and 600s, selling furs and slaves to the Byzantines. Crucial to the Viking ability to travel in shallow rivers and deeper oceans was the broad-bottomed longship.

b) Lecture, POI (13.2), only mentioned in Bulliet Ch. 9 (pp. 245 and 254)

10. Correct Answer: a, Concept: Christian monasteries (Effects)

a) Christian monasteries were communities of self-supporting monks trying to focus on their devotion to God. These became the only places of learning for Western Europeans during the medieval time period.

b) Lecture, POI (13.1) Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.253-254)

11. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Western European subsistence agriculture (Causes)

a) As government protection of roads and trade cities weakened in Western Europe with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, long-distance trade became very dangerous. To make a living, therefore, the vast majority of Western Europeans focused on farming enough to feed themselves. This was known as subsistence farming.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet (Life in the Middle Age), POI (13.2), Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.245-247)

12. Correct Answer: c, Concept: Feudalism, fief (Definition)

a) As the Western Roman Empire collapsed, local landholders needed to build their own defenses. They turned to decentralized feudalism, in which a piece of land and the serfs to work it (known as a fief) was given to a vassal knight in exchange for his military service.

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13. Correct Answer: b, Concept: knights/vassals (Causes)

a) As the Western Roman Empire collapsed, local landholders needed to build their own defenses. They needed effective soldiers, and the knights emerged when Central Asian technologies diffused to Europe. The technology of the saddle and stirrup meant that those who could own afford to own a horse would have a significant fighting advantage, and these knights would therefore be the logical choice for the fighting forces.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (13.2) , Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.245-247)

14. Correct Answer: a, Concept: manor (definition)

a) This is the term for the lord’s home on the estate during Western Europe’s Middle Ages in the period of decentralized feudalism.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet (Life in the Middle Age), POI (13.2) , Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.245-247)

15. Correct Answer: b, Concept: Roman Catholic Church (Definition)

a) The Western European side of Christianity eventually became the Roman Catholic Church. Its clergy (church officials) ranked from the highest level of Pope to archbishop, bishop, and finally priests, monks, and nuns. The clergy dedicated themselves to service to God, vowing to be chaste, obedient to their superiors, and without wealth. They were seen as being the ones to perform sacraments. Sacraments were ceremonies intended to draw participants closer to God, including baptism, confession and penance, and communion, among others.

b) Lecture, Unit Packet, POI (13.4) , Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.249-252)

16. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Roman Catholic Church power (Causes)

a) As the medieval period continued, the Roman Catholic Church gained in power. It had the right to 10% of all people earned (the tithe) and the right to force people to turn the profit over. As the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Pope claimed the right to defend all of

Christianity. This extended to the power to excommunicate people (which would guarantee them hell) and place areas with political leaders under the “interdict”, which meant none would receive sacraments until the leaders were replaced.

b) Lecture, POI (13.4) , Bulliet Ch. 9 (p.249-252)

17. Correct Answer: d, Concept: Western European belief system, gender (Effects)

a) The later Middle Ages saw continuities and changes in Western European attitudes concerning gender. Male-dominated patriarchal systems continued, but Christian attitudes affected the warrior code. Originally, courage and loyalty to the lord were the dominant attitudes, but the Christian-inspired code of chivalry included the idea that knights ought to protect those who could not protect themselves (i.e. the poor and the women), should be honorable and should be generous.

b) Lecture, POI (13.3)

References

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