Unit 11 Continued civil war.ppt

(1)

THE CIVIL WAR THE CIVIL WAR

(2)

THE “UNITED” STATES

Blue Blue represents represents free states free states Red States Red States represent the represent the Confederacy Confederacy Yellow States Yellow States were part of the were part of the

(3)

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL

WAR

•

Slavery

•

Spark

which

ignited

the War

(4)

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL

WAR

• _Sectional_Sectional

Differences

• _Economic_Economic

• _{North –}_{North –}

Industrial

Industrial • _{South –}_{South –}

Agricultural

Agricultural • _Tariffs_Tariffs

• _Social_Social

• _{North – Urban}_{North – Urban} • _{South – Rural}_{South – Rural}

• _Political_Political

• North – _{North –}

Federalism

• South – States _{South – States}

Rights

(5)

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL

WAR

•

Political Failure of 1850’s

•

Too many Parties / Too many

issues

(6)

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL

WAR

•

Election of 1860

• _{Lincoln wins the}_{Lincoln wins the}

electoral college

but does not have

the majority in

terms of the

popular vote

• _Republican_Republican

viewed as hostile

to South

(7)

ADVANTAGES OF NORTH &

SOUTH

• _North_North

• Population_Population

• _{North -20 million}_{North -20 million}

• _{South – 9 million (3 million slaves)}_{South – 9 million (3 million slaves)}

• Industrial resources_{Industrial resources}

• _{Easy re-supply (guns)}_{Easy re-supply (guns)}

• _{Financial resources}_{Financial resources}

• Wealthier_Wealthier

(8)

SOUTH

• _Agriculture_Agriculture

• _{Diversified crops}_{Diversified crops}

• _{South –no diversity}_{South –no diversity}

• _{Infrastructure}_{Infrastructure}

• _{More advanced}_{More advanced}

• _{Established govt.}_{Established govt.}

• _{Established military}_{Established military}

• NAVYNAVY

(9)

ADVANTAGES OF NORTH &

SOUTH

• _South_South

• _Geography_Geography

• _{Home Field}_{Home Field}

advantage

• _Military_Military

Leadership

• _{More talented}_{More talented}

• Unity of Population_{Unity of Population} • South – behind _{South – behind}

cause

• North – some _{North – some}

indifferent

• _{World’s reliance on}_{World’s reliance on}

Cotton

(10)

WAR STRATEGIES

• _North_North

• “_“Anaconda Plan”_{Anaconda Plan”}

• Naval blockade of South_{Naval blockade of South}

• Prevent imports / _{Prevent imports /}

exports

• War of exhaustion_{War of exhaustion}

• Drain resources then crush_{Drain resources then crush}

• North initially enters War overconfident_{North initially enters War overconfident}

(11)

WAR STRATEGIES

• South_South

• “_“Defensive War of Defensive War of Attrition

Attrition””

• No Unity in North_{No Unity in North} • Outlast North’s _{Outlast North’s}

will to fight

• North must force _{North must force}

South back into the

Union

(12)

THE SIDES

(13)

NEW STYLE OF

WARFARE

• _{End of European}_{End of European}

Warfare

• _{Begin era of modern}_{Begin era of modern}

warfare

• _{Cover /}_{Cover /}

concealment

• _{Steam , Steel &}_{Steam , Steel &}

Trenches

• _{Railroads /}_{Railroads /}

shovels / rifles /

steamships

(14)

(15)

THE FIRST BULL RUN

• _{Manassas Va.}_{Manassas Va.}

• July 21, 1861_{July 21, 1861}

• _{Inexperienced Troops}_{Inexperienced Troops}

• _{Both sides}_{Both sides}

• Northern Gen. Irvin _{Northern Gen. Irvin}

McDowell

McDowell could could seize Richmond &

seize Richmond &

end the war quickly

• _{Northern Spectators}_{Northern Spectators}

(16)

THE FIRST BULL RUN

•

Early Northern

success

•

Gen. “Stonewall”

Jackson

•

Holds

Confederate

position

(17)

THE FIRST BULL RUN

•

Leads to

Confederate

Victory

•

Union troops

flee to

Washington

D.C.

(18)

THE FIRST BULL RUN

•

Impact of 1

stst

Bull

Run

•

Union realization

•

Not a quick war

•

Discipline /

Training

needed

(19)

THE FIRST BULL RUN

• _{New Eastern}_{New Eastern}

Commanding

General

• _{Gen. George “Little}_{Gen. George “Little}

Mac” McClellan

• _{“Drill, Drill, Drill”}_“_{Drill, Drill, Drill”}

• _Confederate_Confederate

confidence

• _{Impresses Foreign}_{Impresses Foreign}

powers

(20)

THE WAR IN THE WEST

• _{Union General}_{Union General}

• _{Ulysses S. Grant}_{Ulysses S. Grant}

• “_“Unconditional surrender Unconditional surrender Grant”

Grant”

• Sides seek control of Rivers_{Sides seek control of Rivers}

• Battles of Fort Henry & _{Battles of Fort Henry &}

Fort Donnelson Feb. 1862

(21)

THE WAR IN THE WEST

• _{Battle of Shiloh}_{Battle of Shiloh} (4/1862)

(4/1862)

• _{Union Control of}_{Union Control of}

Mississippi River to Mississippi River to

Memphis Memphis

• _{Grant attacked by}_{Grant attacked by}

Albert S. Johnston Albert S. Johnston

• _Awaiting_Awaiting

(22)

THE WAR IN THE WEST

• _{Gen. Don Buell}_{Gen. Don Buell}

arrives the next

day to reinforce

Grant

• _{Pushes back}_{Pushes back}

Confederates

•

Union

victory

(23)

THE WAR IN THE WEST

• _{Large casualties}_{Large casualties}

• Union – 13,000_{Union – 13,000} • _{Confed. – 11,000}_{Confed. – 11,000}

• _{Lincoln urged to replace Grant}_{Lincoln urged to replace Grant}

• Refuses_Refuses

(24)

SHILOH DEATHS

(25)

NAVAL WARFARE

• _{Union Naval Blockade}_{Union Naval Blockade}

• _Effective_Effective

• _{Battle of Ironsides}_{Battle of Ironsides}

• _{March 1862}_{March 1862} • _Virginia._Virginia.

• _{Was U.S.S.}_{Was U.S.S.}

Merrimac (Confed) Merrimac (Confed)

vs. Monitor vs. Monitor

(26)

NAVAL WARFARE

• Chesapeake Bay_{Chesapeake Bay}

• _{Merrimac initial success}_{Merrimac initial success} • _{Monitor arrives 2}_{Monitor arrives 2}ndnd Day_Day

• Battle a draw_{Battle a draw}

(27)

NAVAL WARFARE

(28)

NAVAL WARFARE

• _{Capture of New Orleans}_{Capture of New Orleans}

• _{April 1862}_{April 1862}

• _{Capt. David Farragut}_{Capt. David Farragut}

• _{Steams past Confed. Artillery positions}_{Steams past Confed. Artillery positions}

• _{Union holds Louisiana for rest of War}_{Union holds Louisiana for rest of War}

• _{South cannot support its troops in the}_{South cannot support its troops in the}

West with supplies brought in from the

Gulf of Mexico

(29)

MCCLELLAN’S PENINSULA

CAMPAIGN

• Lincoln’s plea to McClellan_{Lincoln’s plea to McClellan}

• “_“You must act”You must act”

• Plan to take Richmond Va._{Plan to take Richmond Va.}

• _{Moves up York River}_{Moves up York River}

• _{Stops short of Richmond}_{Stops short of Richmond}

• Awaits reinforcements_{Awaits reinforcements}

• Stonewall’s deception_{Stonewall’s deception}

• _{Moves toward}_{Moves toward}

Washington

• Prevents help for _{Prevents help for}

McClellan

(30)

PENINSULA

CAMPAIGN

• _{Seven Day’s Battles}_{Seven Day’s Battles}

• Series of Battles _{Series of Battles}

• _{No clear victor}_{No clear victor}

• _{McClellan pulls back to James River}_{McClellan pulls back to James River}

• Believes outnumbered_{Believes outnumbered}

• _{Trapped by Gen.}_{Trapped by Gen.}_{Robert E. Lee}_{Robert E. Lee} • _{Forced to retreat to Washington}_{Forced to retreat to Washington}

(31)

MCCLELLAN’S PENINSULA

CAMPAIGN

•

McClellan

replaced by

Gen. John

Pope

(32)

ROBERT E. LEE & THE 7

(33)

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

•

England

•

Divided public opinion

•

Upper Class / Govt.

•

Pro South

•

Lower Class

•

Pro North (slavery issue)

•

Official Policy

•

Remain neutral

(34)

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• _{Trent Affair (1861)}_{Trent Affair (1861)}

• _{H.M.S. Trent}_{H.M.S. Trent}

• _Captured_Captured

Confederate

Ambassadors

• _{North releases}_{North releases}

w/ apology

(35)

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• _France_France

• _{Pro South}_{Pro South}

• _{Sells Confederate Bonds}_{Sells Confederate Bonds} • _{Weaken Monroe Doctrine}_{Weaken Monroe Doctrine}

• _{Maximilian Affair}_{Maximilian Affair}

• _{1862 – 1867}_{1862 – 1867}

(36)

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

•

Russia

•

Pro North

•

Balance

Britain

power

(37)

LEE’S OFFENSIVE

• ₂₂ndnd Battle of Bull Run_{Battle of Bull Run}

• _{Aug. 29, 1862}_{Aug. 29, 1862}

• _{Lee Attacks Pope}_{Lee Attacks Pope}

• _{Union forced back to Washington}_{Union forced back to Washington} • _{McClellan replaces Pope}_{McClellan replaces Pope}

• _{Troops resent Lincoln}_{Troops resent Lincoln}

• _{Enlistments fall / desertions}_{Enlistments fall / desertions}

(38)

THE BLOODIEST

DAY

(39)

THE BLOODIEST DAY

LEE’S OFFENSIVE

•

Antietam

•

Sept. 17, 1862

•

Lee attacks

Maryland

•

Sharpsburg

•

Hopes for

European

recognition

(40)

LEE’S

OFFENSIVE

• _{McClellan obtains}_{McClellan obtains}

Lee’s plans

• _{Delays action}_{Delays action}

• _{Lee outnumbered}_{Lee outnumbered}

• _{87,000 to 80,000}_{87,000 to 80,000} • _{Forces split}_{Forces split}

• _{McClellan attacks}_{McClellan attacks}

• _{After Confeds.}_{After Confeds.}

Unite

(41)

LEE’S OFFENSIVE

• _{Lee retreats to}_{Lee retreats to}

Virginia

• _{Considered a}_{Considered a}

draw

• _{Heavy losses on}_{Heavy losses on}

both sides

• _{Bloodiest day in}_{Bloodiest day in}

American

History

(42)

LEE’S OFFENSIVE

•

McClellan

replaced

•

Gen. Ambrose

Burnside

(43)

THE DEAD OF

ANTIETAM

(44)

EMANCIPATION

PROCLAMATION

• _Reasons:_Reasons:

• _{Change issue of}_{Change issue of}

War to Slavery

• _“_“_{People not}_{People not}

willing to die for

politics”

• _Discourage_Discourage

European European recognition of recognition of Confederacy Confederacy

• _{End Slavery in U.S.}_{End Slavery in U.S.} • _{Encourage Slaves}_{Encourage Slaves}

to flee to North

(45)

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• _{Preliminary Emancipation}_{Preliminary Emancipation}

• _{Sept. 23, 1862}_{Sept. 23, 1862}

• _{After Antietam}_{After Antietam}

• _States_States

• _{As of Jan 1, 1863}_{As of Jan 1, 1863} • _{Slaves will be free}_{Slaves will be free}

• _{Only in rebellious States}_{Only in rebellious States}

• _{Slavery maintained}_{Slavery maintained}

(46)

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• _Result_Result

• Lincoln “Great _{Lincoln “Great}

Emancipator”

Emancipator” • Reality- no _{Reality- no}

slaves freed

• _{Adds moral cause}_{Adds moral cause}

to War

• _{Keeps Europe}_{Keeps Europe}

neutral

(47)

EMANCIPATION

PROCLAMATION

• _{Creation of Black}_{Creation of Black}

Regiments

(48)

(49)

ON THE HOME FRONT

• _{Building an Army}_{Building an Army}

• _North_North

• Initially volunteer_{Initially volunteer} • _{Cash Bounties}_{Cash Bounties}

• _{Bounty jumping}_{Bounty jumping}

• Draft Law ~Spring 1863_{Draft Law ~Spring 1863} • Conscription_Conscription

• _{May switch}_{May switch}

• _{Buy way out $300}_{Buy way out $300}

• _{NY Draft Riots}_{NY Draft Riots}

July 1863

• _{2 million in}_{2 million in}

Army at height

(50)

ON THE HOME FRONT

•

South

•

Initially volunteer

•

Draft Law April

1862

•

Exemptions

•

Slave

overseers

•

Replacements

hired

(51)

ON THE HOME FRONT

•

Financing the War

•

North

•

Excise

Taxes & Income taxes

(first time)

•

Greenbacks

(52)

ON THE HOME FRONT

•

North (continued)

•

National Banking Act 1863

(53)

ON THE HOME FRONT

•

South – (difficult)

•

Excise Taxes

(54)

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

• _{Abraham Lincoln}_{Abraham Lincoln}

• _{Expanded Presidential}_{Expanded Presidential}

powers

• _{Martial Law}_{Martial Law}

• _{Suspended Habeas}_{Suspended Habeas}

Corpus

• _{Superseded Congress}_{Superseded Congress}

• _Goal:_Goal:

(55)

•

Copperheads

•

Peace

seeking

Democrats

•

Southern

sympathies

(56)

•

Jefferson Davis

•

Lacked

leadership

skills

•

Decisions

always

questioned

(57)

THE END OF THE

NORTH?

• _{Fredericksburg}_{Fredericksburg}

• 12/13/1862_12/13/1862

• _{Burnside attacks Lee}_{Burnside attacks Lee}

• Fails _Fails

• Union casualities _{Union casualities}

• _13,000_13,000

• Burnside replaced _{Burnside replaced}

• _{At own request}_{At own request}

• Replaced by_{Replaced by} Gen. Joseph Gen. Joseph Hooker

(58)

THE END OF THE NORTH?

• _{Chancellorsville}_{Chancellorsville}

• _4/27/1863_4/27/1863

• _{Hooker outflanks Lee}_{Hooker outflanks Lee}

• _{Fredericksburg}_{Fredericksburg}

• _{Lee attacks at Chancellorsville}_{Lee attacks at Chancellorsville} • _{Hooker forced to retreat}_{Hooker forced to retreat}

• _{Stonewall Jackson killed}_{Stonewall Jackson killed}

(59)

TURNING POINT IN THE

WAR

•

Siege of Vicksburg

•

Control of entire

Mississippi River

•

6 week siege by

Grant

•

May 1 – July 4, 1863

•

Completes split of

South

(60)

WAR

•

Battle of Gettysburg

•

July 1 – 3, 1863

•

Lee Invades North

•

Psychological Blow

•

Relive Vicksburg

•

Gain European

support

(61)

WAR

•

Day 1 (July 1

stst

)

•

Lincoln Names

Gen. George

Meade

as

Commander

•

Accidental

meeting

(62)

TURNING POINT IN THE

WAR

•

Lee forces Union southeast of Town

•

Union reinforcements arrive

•

Better defensive position

•

High ground

•

Day 2 (July 2

nd)nd)

•

Union (90,000 Troops)

(63)

WAR

• _{Day 3 (July 3)}_{Day 3 (July 3)}

• Lee needs victory_{Lee needs victory} • _{Pickett’s Charge}_{Pickett’s Charge}

• _{13,000 man assault at Union center}_{13,000 man assault at Union center} • Fails_Fails

(64)

WAR

•

Casualties:

•

North –

23,000

•

South –

28,000

( Half of Lee’s

Army

(65)

WAR

•

Virginia (Battered)

•

Meade fails to follow & attack

•

Lincoln furious

(66)

WAR

• _{Results of Gettysburg}_{Results of Gettysburg}

• _{South loses initiative}_{South loses initiative}

• _{Low Troop strength}_{Low Troop strength}

• _{North builds War}_{North builds War}

machine

• _{Change in tactics}_{Change in tactics}

• TURNING POINT OF TURNING POINT OF

THE WAR!!!!!!

(67)

(68)

THE END OF THE WAR

• _{March 9, 1864}_{March 9, 1864}

• Grant named Lt. General_{Grant named Lt. General}

• _{Commander of all Union Armies}_{Commander of all Union Armies}

• _{Grant’s plan for War}_{Grant’s plan for War}

• Multiple Union attacks_{Multiple Union attacks}

• _“_“_{Total War”}_{Total War”}

• _{Destroy Southern infrastructure}_{Destroy Southern infrastructure}

• _{Public & private}_{Public & private}

(69)

THE END OF THE WAR

•

At any cost

•

Financial & lives lost

•

“

Can lose more men than they

do”

(70)

THE END OF THE WAR

• _{Drive for Richmond}_{Drive for Richmond}

• _{Grant’s Wilderness Campaign}_{Grant’s Wilderness Campaign}_{(May / June}_{(May / June}

1864)

• _{40 Days of Battles}_{40 Days of Battles}

• _{Enormous losses on both sides}_{Enormous losses on both sides}

(71)

THE END OF THE WAR

• _{Lee’s forces eroded to}_{Lee’s forces eroded to}

31,000

• _{Forced to Petersburg}_{Forced to Petersburg} Va.

Va.

• _Trapped_Trapped

• _{Siege of Petersburg}_{Siege of Petersburg}

• _{June 1864 - April 1865}_{June 1864 - April 1865} • _{Key to Richmond}_{Key to Richmond}

control

(72)

THE END OF THE WAR

•

Election of 1864

•

Lincoln v.

McClellan

•

Lincoln wins

•

Strong troop

support

(73)

THE END OF THE WAR

• _{Sherman’s March to the}_{Sherman’s March to the}

Sea Sea

• _{William Tecumseh}_{William Tecumseh}

Sherman Sherman

• _{Sept. 1864 Takes Atlanta}_{Sept. 1864 Takes Atlanta} • _{Burns to the ground}_{Burns to the ground}

• _{Nov. 1864 Begins march}_{Nov. 1864 Begins march}

to Savannah to Savannah

• _{Loses communication}_{Loses communication} • _{Massive destruction of}_{Massive destruction of}

(74)

THE END OF THE WAR

•

Dec. 1864

controls

Savannah

•

Moves North

toward North

Carolina

(75)

THE END OF THE WAR

• _{Lee Surrenders}_{Lee Surrenders}

• _{April 2, 1865}_{April 2, 1865}

Petersburg falls to GrantPetersburg falls to Grant

• _{April 3, 1865}_{April 3, 1865}

Richmond falls to Grant Richmond falls to Grant

• _{Lee’s Army attempts escape}_{Lee’s Army attempts escape}

(76)

THE END

• _{Appomattox Court House}_{Appomattox Court House}

• April 9, 1865_{April 9, 1865}

• _{Lee surrenders to Grant}_{Lee surrenders to Grant} • Respect on both sides_{Respect on both sides}

• _{Confed. Allowed to}_{Confed. Allowed to}

keep

• Swords / Horses_{Swords / Horses}

• _{All Confeds. Surrender by}_{All Confeds. Surrender by}

May 1865