Effect of Injection Timing on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Soya Ethyl Ester Blends

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EFFECT OF INJECTION TIMING ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH SOYA ETHYL

ESTER BLENDS

R. Prakash

1

_{, V. Vignesh}

2

_{, S. Mathew Stephen}

3,

_{S. Manikandan}

4

1, 2, 3, 4

_{Assistant Professor , Department Of Mechanical Engineering , Sri Shakthi Institute Of Engineering And}

Technology, Coimbatore , India

---*---Abstract -**

Fuel injection parameters assume an essential

part in diesel engine execution for getting appropriate combustion. The performance and emission of diesel engine rely on upon numerous parameters .The point of the work is to tentatively research the impact of injection timing on the performance and emission characteristics of the compression ignition engines worked with soya ethyl ester mixed with mineral diesel. This paper discusses the results of investigation carried out on a sing le cylinder , four stroke , direct injection diesel engine. Injection timing considered for the analysis were 0 º, 6 º,12 º,18 º,24 ºBTDC. All tests with various fuels were conducted at 1500 rpm with fluctuating load conditions on the engine. Similar measures of Brake warm efficiency (BTE), Specific fuel consumption (SFC), Mechanical efficiency, Carbon monoxide emission(CO), Hydrocarbon emanation (HC) and Oxides of nitrogen(NOx) has been presented and discussed. Engine performance regarding brake thermal efficiency and lower emission with various mixes of biodiesel (B10, B20,B30, B40) were observed. The performance qualities of soya ethyl ester mixes were observed to be nearer to diesel and the emission parameters of the engine is enhanced essentially. From the experimental investigation it is discovered that increase in injection timing from 0 º to 12 º leads to significant increase in brake thermal efficiency with decrease in specific fuel consumption. The outcome of emission characteristics, such as , CO diminishes with increase in injection timing upto 12 º and correspondingly NOx discharge and HC emission additionally diminishes with increase in injection timing for soya ethyl ester blend. The decrease in emission characteristics and specific fuel consumption and increase in brake thermal efficiency made the soya ethyl ester an appropriate option fuel for diesel engine helps in reducing the air pollution.

Key Words: Fuel Parameters, Injection timing, Performance,

Emission, Efficiency, VCR Engine.

INTRODUCTION

The world's two vitality emergencies in the years 1973 and 1978, quick exhaustion of petroleum derivative stores, exponential climb in raw petroleum costs because of worldwide political turmoil and expanding worry on worldwide ecological assurance standards, and so forth., restored the significance of vegetable oil or biodiesel use in

diesel motors. From that point forward genuine endeavors have been made to supplant or substitute diesel fuel by option fills. Among different option fills the biodiesel has been distinguished as adaptable fuel for diesel motors applications. In any nation at present biodiesel is produced using distinctive assortment of sustain stocks that are accessible and cultivable locally. The ecological and monetary concerns (Kyoto Protocol) have additionally incited resurgence in the utilization of biodiesel all through the world. In 1991, the European Community (EC), proposed a 90% duty decrease for the utilization of biofuels, including biodiesel. Numerous nations around the globe have passed enactments obliging diesel to contain a base rate of biofuels. The best record is held by the Czech Republic, which demands 100% biofuel use for transportation. Today numerous nations including India overall deliver and utilize biodiesel. Since India does not deliver enough palatable oil for its culinary needs, a Planning Commission council on improvement of biofuel, which presented its report in 2003, noticed that biodiesels in this nation must be produced using non-consumable oil seeds. More than 75 non-eatable encourage stocks have been distinguished in India, whose fuel qualities were observed to be inside the particular of biodiesel standard of USA, Germany and European Standard Organization.

Prof. Hiregouda et al has made an exploratory examination on the impact injector spouts and models made, for example, blades for fuel shower on execution of a diesel motor. It is watched that 4 gaps 10 blades spout con Charturation is given great outcome when contrasted with different plans in better execution, Better BSFC and Brake Thermal Efficiency and even fine shower can be acquired. It might be proposed that by expanding the quantity of balances we may accomplish preferred outcomes over 10 blades, as the breakdown of fuel to fine beads is more with expanded balances and simple escape because of lessened width of balance to balance crevice.

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that at 220 bar higher brake warm effectiveness and lower brake particular fuel utilization were acquired the rate of change was greatest of 3%. In this way, expanding injection weight and number of gaps gave impressive impact on motor execution.

In spite of the fact that Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja Curcas), Neem, Rubber, Rice Bran, Castor and Soya ethly ester Curcas have been contemplated tentatively, the last one has been thought to guarantee decision for generation of financially doable biodiesel for India. The impact is even unfavorable infrequently when the motor is attempted with some option energizes, for example, soya ethyl ester biodiesel because of its physico-substance properties.

In the present work the impact of static injection timing, on execution, ignition and discharge qualities of diesel motor powered with diesel and soya ethyl ester biodiesel has been contemplated. The info parameters differed amid the investigations are load torque, motor speed and static injection timing. The yield parameters investigated are brake particular fuel utilization (BSFC), brake warm effectiveness (BTE), barrel weight, crest chamber weight (Pmax), net warmth discharge rate (HRR), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydro-carbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO) and smoke thickness. The impacts of variety of info parameters on the above yield parameters have been contemplated and thought about amongst diesel and Soya ethly ester biodiesel operation. At last ideal injection timing is resolved for greatest execution and least discharges of Soya ethly ester biodiesel motor

2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

An experimental investigation is made to evaluate the thermal performance and emission constituents of a variable compression ratio compression ignition engine fuelled with Diesel oil and soya ethyl ester. The experimental test rig is suitably developed to conduct various test runs under different working conditions to evaluate the thermal performance and emission constituents of a diesel run engine in comparison with that of varioys blends of soya ethyl ester biodiesel.

The experimental test rig consists of a variable compression ratio compression ignition engine, eddy current dynamometer as loading system, fuel supply system for Diesel oil supply, water cooling system, lubrication system and various sensors and instruments integrated with computerized data acquisition system for online measurement of load, air and fuel flow rate, instantaneous cylinder pressure, injection pressure, position of crank angle, exhaust emissions. Table 2.1 gives the technical specifications of different components used in the test rig. The setup enables the evaluation of thermal performance and emission constituents of the VCR engine. The thermal performance parameters include brake power, brake mean effective pressure, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and specific fuel consumption. Commercially

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available labview based Engine. Performance Analysis software package-En evaluation.

Fig 2.1 : Experimental Test Ring

The exhaust emissions of the engine are analysed using an exhaust gas analyser. The constituents of the exhaust gas measured are CO (% and ppm), CO2 (%), O2 (%), HC (ppm), NOx (ppm) and SOx (ppm).

Table 2.1.1: Engine Specification

Type Kirloskar ,single cylinder four

stroke engine

Number of cylinder One

Rated power 3.7 kW @ 1500 rpm

Bore and Stroke 87.5mm & 110mm

Combustion Principle

Compression Iginition

Cubic Capacity 0.661 liters

Compression Ratio 17.5:1 (Modified to work @ 12 to 18)

Software Enginesoft LV1

Exhaust gas analyzer AVL 444, Five Gas Analyzer

2.1 Method of variation of injection timing:

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quantity of shims under the fuel injection pump body. In the prescribed fuel injection timing of appraised esteem (i.e. 345CAD) (6 º BTDC) there were three shims. Additional shims with 0.6 mm thickness were added to get impeded injection timing while shims with 0.45 mm thickness were expelled to get propelled injection timing. For every mix of shims the injection timing was checked utilizing the spill strategy physically.

2.2 Preparation of soya oil ethyl ester

The raw material (i.e. soya oil) was collected from different resources. The used soya oil was filtered to remove food residues and solid precipitate by using double layer of cheese cloth in a funnel. In order to avoid soap formation due to water the filtered soya oil was dried at 60 °C for 10 min using a microwave oven. To the preheated mixture of soya oil and ethanol, KOH was added. The amount of potassium hydroxide needed was 7.7 g per liter by titration with soya oil. 200 ml of ethanol is used against 1000 ml of waste soya oil (molar ratio 6:1). This solution was stirred at 600 rpm for 15 min and glycerin was allowed to settle for 24 h. The ester layer was separated from the glycerol layer in a separating funnel. In the separating funnel, this layer was washed with hot water, until the washings were neutral. This ester was dried and filtered. The steps followed to produce waste soya ethyl ester . Transesterification process outputs were 80% of ethyl ester, 12% of glycerin, and 8% of recovered methanol. Waste fried oil methanol ester from the transesterification of soya oil satisfies the important fuel properties as per the ASTM specification of biodiesel.

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2.2.1 Oil Specification

Table 2.2.1: Biodiesel Specification

Specific Gravity 0.87 to 0.89

Kinematic Viscosity@ 40º C 3.7 to 5.8

Cetane Number 46 to 70

Higher Heating Value btu/lb)

16928 to 17996

Cloud Point(º C) -11 to 16

Pour Point(º C) -15 to 13

Lower Heating value(btu/lb)

15700 to 16735

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiments are performed on the diesel engine by varying fuel injection timing to arrive at optimum configuration. The results are discussed below.

3.1 Effect on Brake Thermal Efficiency

Brake thermal efficiency is one the important parameter that indicates the performance characteristics of an engine. Chart 3.1 denotes the comparison between the injection timing and BTE , it is clear from the Charture 3.1 the BTE tends to vary with change in injection timing. Brake thermal efficiency is found to increase from 0 º to 12 º that shows that 28.65% for 12 º injection timing for B20 blends and 25.19% for standard diesel fuel and it is and tends to decrease on increase in injection timing.

Chart 3.1: Injection Timing Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency

3.2 Effect on Mechanical Efficiency

Mechanical efficiency of an engine indicates the measure of the effectiveness of an engine. Chart.3.2 shows the comparison between mechanical efficiency and injection timing for various blends. It is clear from the Chart.3.2 that mechanical efficiency increases with increase in the injection timing upto 12 º in case of diesel and biodiesel blends it show that the efficiency is 48.64% for Diesel fuel and 53.43% for B20 blend at 12 º BTDC injection timing and similarly it is noted that mechanical efficiency increases from 0 º BTDC to 12 º BTDC injection timing and tends to decrease further on increase in injection timing.

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Chart 3.2: Injection Timing Vs Mechanical Efficiency

3.2 Effect on Specific Fuel Consumption

Specific fuel consumption is used to compare the engines with fuel efficiency. It is mainly used to determine which engine consumes least amount of fuel for producing high power. Chart.3.3 represents the comparison of injection timing with various blends of biodiesel and the specific fuel consumption. From the Chart.3.3 its is shown that the SFC tends to decrease with increase in injection timing . It is clear that SFC at 12 º injection is considerable lesser that other injection timing. It is also found that SFC of Standard Diesel is 0.42 KJ/kW.hr and where as at 12 º BTDC for B20 blend it seems to be 0.25KJ/kW.hr. It is found that increase in injection timing over 12 º tends to increase the specific fuel consumption.

From this it can be said clearly that SFC is found to be lesser at 12 ºinjection timing for B20 blend when it is compared to other blends.

Chart 3.3: Injection Timing Vs Specific Fuel Consumption

3.4. Effect on Carbon Monoxide Emission

Effect of injector nozzle holes and injection timing with the biodiesel on CO emission as shown in Chart 3.4 respectively. As we know that CO emission is nothing but behavior of incomplete combustion due to rich air-fuel

mixture. Thus, due to increase in injection timing upto 12 º the CO emission for all tests was found to be decreased. In addition, CO emission was found to be 0.02 ppm for diesel at 12 º injection timing and 0.08 ppm at 0 º injection timing , whereas in case of biodiesel it is found to be minimum at 12 ºIT with a value of 0.01 ppm for B20 blend. However at higher injection timing, CO emissions are less upto 12 º injection timing which is due to improved atomization and proper combustion.

Chart 3.4: Injection Timing Vs Carbon Monoxide Emission

3.5 Effect on Hydrocarbon Emission

Effect of injection timing on HC emission as shown in Chart 3.5. We know that, HC emission is caused due to low velocity of fuel which is not sufficient to penetrate air spray and induced improper air-fuel mixing or lower equivalence ratio (Ø). Also, more emission is found due to lack of fuel atomization or vaporization. As seen in Chart 3.5, for various blends HC emission was decreased with increase in injection timing. However at 0 ºand 12 º injection timing HC emissions is found to be 14.4 ppm and 10.3 ppm for B20 blend respectively. Incase of standard diesel the HC emission 14 for 12 º injection timing which is reduced due to improved atomization and proper combustion.

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3.6 Effect on Oxides of Nitrogen Emission

Effect of injection timing and biodiesel blends on NOx emission as shown in Chart 3.6 respectively. NOx emission is result of oxidation of nitrogen at peak combustion temperature. At any operation the increase in injection timing, NOx emission was found to be decreasing due to faster combustion and higher temperatures reached in the cycle as shown in the Chart 3.6. It is found from the

Chart 3.6 the NOx emission for standard diesel at 12 ºinjection timing is 18 ppm and similarly for B20 blend it

is also to be 16 ppm , while it is found to be higher for other blends and injection timing.

Chart 3.6: Injection Timing Vs Oxides of Nitrogen Emission

4. CONCLUSION

Injection timing is one of the important parameter during combustion of the fuel in a compression ignition engine. Consequently the ignition delay period is shorter. In this study, the effect of injection timing on the improvement in performance and reduction of exhaust emissions was investigated in a single cylinder diesel engine using soya ethyl biodiesel blends. The conclusions of this work based on the results of this study are as follows:

1 .Increase in the injection timing increases brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for all the blends upto 12 º it reads 49.13% which is slightly higher than that of standard diesel. Similarly in case of specific fuel consumption (SFC) the injection timing at 12 º sounds good as it reads 0.30 which is considerably less for Diesel fuel at same compression ratio.

2.With increase in the injection timing upto 12 º BTDC the emission parameters such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon(HC) and oxides of nitrogen(NOx) is observed to get reduced. It is found that for diesel fuel at 12 º , HC emission and NOx and CO emission are noted as 0.03 ppm , 14 ppm and 11 ppm respectively where as for B20 blend it is noted as 0.01 ppm , 11 ppm and 9 ppm . From the results and discussion it could be concluded that the injection timing upto 12 º enhances the performance characteristics and

reduces the emission which could further help in controlling the environmental pollution.

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Effect of Injection Timing on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Soya Ethyl Ester Blends