GUIDED NOTES —CELLS UNIT

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Name ___________________________________________________________________

GUIDED NOTES —CELLS UNIT

If you are absent for any day of notes, the PowerPoint that accompanies these notes can be found on my portal: https://sites.google.com/a/gapps.gjps.org/boronjl/

CELLS UNIT TARGETS

1. I can describe the parts of the cell theory.

2. I can list the basic parts found in every cell.

3. I can identify (in a drawing/picture/diagram) the following cell parts: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough ER), golgi apparatus, lysosome, centrioles, vacuole, flagella, cilia,

cytoplasm.

4. I can describe the function of each of the cell parts listed in target 1.

5. I can explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and give an example of each.

6. I can describe the history of our understanding of cells, including the significance of the works of Hooke, Leuwenhoek, Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow.

7. I can explain how advancements in technology have influenced our understanding of cells.

TARGET C1

I can describe the parts of the cell theory.

The Cell Theory:

1.

2.

3.

Refer to Cell Theory WS for more practice!!

TARGET C2

I can list the basic parts found in every cell.

Structures Found in ALL Cells:

1.

____

2.

Ribosomes (they have to be able to make ____________________ since proteins carry out all the _____________ of the cell)

3.

_________________________

4.

Cell membrane – NOT a cell _________!

5. ________________

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Refer to Cells Lab for more practice!!

TARGET C3 & C4

I can identify (in a drawing/picture/diagram) the following cell parts: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough ER), golgi apparatus, lysosome, centrioles, vacuole, flagella, cilia, cytoplasm.

Nucleus

The nucleus acts like the ________________ of the cell, _________________ everything that goes on in the cell.

The nucleus consists of three parts:

1. The ________________ _______________________ (which separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus)

2. The ____________________________ (which assembles _______________________) 3. The ____________________________ (which is a jelly-like substance inside the nucleus)

Chloroplasts

In ______________________ cells only (and some ____________), this is the site of

________________________________ (this is where plants take sunlight and convert it into sugar) They have a ______________ pigmentation…any plant that is green has chloroplasts.

Mitochondria

This is the site of ___________________ _______________________ (when a cell takes sugar and changes it into usable energy, or ATP)

Since it makes _______________ (usable energy), we sometimes call it the ______________________ of the cell.

Ribosomes

This is where ____________________ are made.

Some are found attached to the __________________________ reticulum (making it the rough ER)

Others are found by themselves in the _________________________ (we sometimes call them ________

ribosomes)

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Found only in ___________________ and ____________________________ cells.

It is more rigid than a cell ________________________, and helps give the cell ____________________ and support, and it helps protect the cell as well.

Cell Membrane

Also known as the __________________ membrane.

Made of a ________________ _______________________

 Polar/hydrophilic: ___________ ___________

 Nonpolar/hydrophobic: ___________ ___________

Selectively _______________________

There are __________________ embedded in it:

 Marker proteins: helps one cell ______________________ another cell type

 Receptor proteins: _________________________ and bind to specific substances

 Transport proteins: aid ________________________ of substances in and out of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

May be __________________ (no ribosomes attached) or _________________ (ribosomes attached) Helps transport ______________________ throughout the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of membranous ___________

Receives, ___________________, transports to other organelles or to the ________ __________________

(sends things out of the cell)

____________________ and ___________________________ center.

Lysosome

Sacs of _______________________ enzymes.

Break off of the ______________ apparatus Destroy ______________________

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Recycle ___________________ organelles Recycle and _________________ substances

Centrioles

Form spindle fibers during ________ ____________________ (we will learn more about these during unit 6) The spindle fibers pull apart the __________________________ in the cell.

Vacuole

A large, ________________ vacuole is found only in _________________.

Contractile vacuoles are found in ____________________ (they pump out excess water)

Food vacuoles are found in _____________________ and are much smaller than the large central vacuole of plants.

Used for ____________________

Flagella

Singular form is ____________________

A long, whip like ________________ found on the ___________________ of the cell Used for __________________ the cell/organism.

Cilia

Singular form is _____________________

Short, fine, _____________ - ___________ projections from certain cells.

Also used to _______________ the cell/organism.

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance in which all the _____________________ are suspended.

In a picture/diagram/drawing, the _____________ space is showing the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm

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Cytoskeleton

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Refer to Cell Lab for more practice!!

TARGET C5

I can explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and give an example of each.

Eukaryotic Cells

 _____________ Cells

 All ________________ and some ________________ organisms

 Have internal ________________- bound organelles (nucleus, Gogli, etc)

 Carry out many specialized _________________

 DNA is ______________ (double helix) Example: _____ organisms except

___________

Identifying Cell Pictures:

If you see DNA that is ___________________________ and not contained in a _____________________, with few other organelles, it is probably prokaryotic.

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If the cell looks complex, with a lot of organelles, it is _____________________________.

TARGET C6

I can describe the history of our understanding of cells, including the significance of the works of Hooke, Leuwenhoek, Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow.

. Robert Hooke:

 1660’s English scientist who observed a thin slice of _______________ and named the structures _______________, due to the face that they looked like cells that monks lived in.

 First to see (cork) ___________________ using a microscope.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek:

 First to see ___________________________ cells

 Used a single lens microscope to observe “__________________________” which were tiny bacteria and ___________________ swimming around in pond water

 Using handcrafted _________________________ he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibers, bacteria, sperm, and blood flow in small blood vessels.

Matthias Schleiden:

 German _______________________

 Co-founder of the _____________ _____________________

 Discovered/declared that all _______________________ are made of cells

Theodore Schwann:

 German ________________________

 Co-founder of the _____________ _____________________

 Discovered/declared that all ________________________ are made of cells

Rudolph Virchow:

 Polish/German ______________________

 Co-founder of the _____________ _____________________

 Discovered/declared “where a cell arises, there a cell must previously have ___________________”

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Refer to Cell Theory WS for more practice!!

TARGET C7

I can explain how advancements in technology have influenced our understanding of cells.

Early Microscopes:

The first microscopes had relatively poor _________________ (how clearly the microscope can ______________ and distinguish between ______small objects close together).

In 1660, Italian Marcello Malpighi was able to see ___________ __________________ in the tail of a live ____________ using a microscope.

Within the next ______________, Robert Hooke and Anton vanLeeuwenhoek saw cork cells and protists, both using _____________, _______________ microscopes. In this type of microscope, ______________ passes through one or more ____________ to produce an enlarged image of the specimen. _______________ microscopes use only one lens, whereas in _________________

microscopes, the light passes through an __________________lens and the _______________ lens.

Because of their limits in resolution, most of the ___________________ found within cells remained ________________to early scientists.

Electron Microscopes:

Light microscopes are limited in magnification to about __________X, due to the ________________

of visible light.

Electron beams have a much _______________ wavelength than that of visible light, so electron microscopes are much more powerful (up to _________________ X).

The first electron microscopes were developed in the mid ______________.

__________________ Electron Microscopes

shoot a beam of ________________ through a thin specimen ______________ stained with

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__________________ Electron Microscopes

________________ electron beams off a specimen coated with _____________ onto a fluorescent screen.

__________________ Tunneling Microscopes

use a _______________-like probe to measure voltage differences from electrons that ______

from the surface of specimens.

____________ specimens can be viewed with STM’s!