INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
JOS JOS É É ANTONIO OCAMPO ANTONIO OCAMPO UNDER
UNDER - - SECRETARY SECRETARY - - GENERAL GENERAL
DESA DESA
UNITED NATIONS
UNITED NATIONS
¾
International migration is a key
component of the globalization process
¾
International migration is a positive force for development, both in
countries of origin and in countries of destination
¾
It is possible and advisable to
strengthen international cooperation on international migration
THREE
THREE CENTRAL CENTRAL MESSAGES OF MESSAGES OF THE REPORT OF THE
THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
SECRETARY - - GENERAL GENERAL
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IS A INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IS A
KEY COMPONENT OF THE
KEY COMPONENT OF THE
GLOBALIZATION PROCESS
GLOBALIZATION PROCESS
48 52 52 52
65 65
83 83
87 87
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Netherlands France USA Angola Portugal Poland Australia Ghana Argentina Brazil Cote d'Ivoire
Percentage
PERCENTAGE OF PLAYERS FROM NATIONAL PERCENTAGE OF PLAYERS FROM NATIONAL
TEAMS WHO NORMALLY PLAY IN OTHER TEAMS WHO NORMALLY PLAY IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES ( (“ “KICKER KICKER DRAIN DRAIN ” ” ) )
9 9 9 9
13 13
17
26
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Portugal Spain Mexico Italy Cote d'Ivoire Australia Germany France
Percentage
PERCENTAGE OF PLAYERS FROM NATIONAL PERCENTAGE OF PLAYERS FROM NATIONAL
TEAMS WHO ARE FOREIGN
TEAMS WHO ARE FOREIGN - - BORN BORN
( ( “ “ IMPORT OF NEEDED SKILLS IMPORT OF NEEDED SKILLS ” ” ) )
¾
Since the late 1980s: migration has been rising rapidly…
¾
…but there is a freer flow of goods and capital than of persons
¾
Barriers to the movement of low- skilled workers persist
WE ARE IN A NEW MIGRATION WE ARE IN A NEW MIGRATION
ERA ERA
61
53 14
62
North-South North-North South-South South-North
THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS THE NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS
IS ALMOST EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE IS ALMOST EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO THREE
TYPES TYPES
(Cumulated migrant stock (Cumulated migrant stock ---- Millions of persons)Millions of persons)
2.0%
2.9% 3.0%
0.2%
2.6%
0.5%
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
1960- 1975 1975- 1990 1990- 2005
More developed regions without the former USSR Less developed regions
MIGRATION TO INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES IS MIGRATION TO INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES IS MORE STEADY THAN THAT TO DEVELOPING MORE STEADY THAN THAT TO DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES COUNTRIES
((Rate of growth of the migrant stockRate of growth of the migrant stock))
MIGRANTS CONSTITUTE HIGH PROPORTIONS MIGRANTS CONSTITUTE HIGH PROPORTIONS
OF THE POPULATION IN FEW COUNTRIES OF THE POPULATION IN FEW COUNTRIES
(MIGRANTS AS PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION, 2005) (MIGRANTS AS PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION, 2005)
¾
Migration policies have become somewhat less restrictive
¾
There is great diversity of policy stances
9
Some countries allow permanent migration selected on the basis of skills or family ties
9
Many allow temporary admission often under work permits
¾
There is growing preference for temporary migration schemes
MIGRATION POLICIES
MIGRATION POLICIES
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION POLICIES HAVE INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION POLICIES HAVE
BECOME SOMEWHAT LESS RESTRICTIVE BECOME SOMEWHAT LESS RESTRICTIVE
(Percentage(Percentage ofof countries)countries)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1996 2001 2003 2005
Reduce
Maintain
No intervention Increase
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IS A INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IS A
POSITIVE FORCE FOR POSITIVE FORCE FOR DEVELOPMENT, BOTH IN DEVELOPMENT, BOTH IN
COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN AND IN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN AND IN
COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION
COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION
¾
There are some adverse but small effects on low-skilled workers
¾
Most migrants complement local workers and therefore contribute to economic
growth
¾
Growing educational levels and population ageing increase the positive effects of
migration
¾
Migration has additional positive effects on economic growth: entrepreneurship, diverse supply of services, etc.
¾
Main drawbacks: achieving the mutual
adaptation of migrants and host societies is not easy…
¾
… and irregular migration is not desirable
FOR COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION
FOR COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION
Projected population aged 15-64 with and without migration (medium variant)
500 600 700 800 900
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Millions
With migration Without migration
WITHOUT MIGRATION, THE LABOUR FORCE WITHOUT MIGRATION, THE LABOUR FORCE
WOULD DECLINE DRASTICALLY IN WOULD DECLINE DRASTICALLY IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
100
Projections of population aged 15-64 with and without international migration (medium variant)
10 20 30 40 50 60
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Millions
With migration Without migration
IN SOME COUNTRIES, THIS EFFECT WOULD IN SOME COUNTRIES, THIS EFFECT WOULD
BE CATASTROPHIC: GERMANY BE CATASTROPHIC: GERMANY
10
¾
International migrants are usually not among the poorest persons in communities o origin
¾
The development of migrant networks lower the risks of migration and may enable poorer persons to migrate
¾
Remittances increase family welfare but their macroeconomic effects are less clear-cut
¾
Many benefits stem from a close relation
between communities of origin and migrant communities abroad
¾
Return migration and circulation permit
countries of origin to reap greater benefits from migration
¾
Main costs: “brain drain”, which may not be necessarily compensated by higher incentives to acquire training in order to migrate
FOR COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
FOR COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
0 40 80 120 160 200
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Billions of dollars
REMITTANCES RECEIVED BY DEVELOPING REMITTANCES RECEIVED BY DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES
46 47
91
47
80
100
30
54
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
OCDE USA Canada EU-15 UK France Germany Australia
MIGRANTS WITH TERTIARY EDUCATION AS MIGRANTS WITH TERTIARY EDUCATION AS
PERCENTAGE OF THE INCREASE IN ALL PERCENTAGE OF THE INCREASE IN ALL MIGRANTS AGED 25 OR OVER, 1990
MIGRANTS AGED 25 OR OVER, 1990 - - 2000 2000
IT IS POSSIBLE AND ADVISABLE IT IS POSSIBLE AND ADVISABLE
TO STRENGTHEN TO STRENGTHEN
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
¾
The outcome documents of United Nations conferences and summits
¾
United Nations Conventions, with varying degree of coverage
¾
International organizations / Global Migration Group
¾
Global initiatives
¾
Regional processes
¾
Bilateral agreements
MODES OF INTERNATIONAL MODES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION REGARDING COOPERATION REGARDING
MIGRATION
MIGRATION
45 19
34
97 89
143 143
0 50 100 150 200
ILO Convention on migrant workers ILO Convention on migration in
abusive conditions
International Convention on the rights of all migrants
Protocol against trafficking in persons Protocol against smuggling of persons Convention on the status of refugees Protocol on the status of refugees
Number of countries
STATUS OF RATIFICATION OF STATUS OF RATIFICATION OF
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS RELATIVE TO INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS RELATIVE TO
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
¾
Ensure the protection of the rights of all migrants and prevent their abuse or exploitation
¾
Co-development as the framework to realize the potential of migration as a force for development:
9
Leveraging the use of remittances
9
Strengthen ties with migrant communities
¾
Global concerted approach to the formation of human capital
COMMON INTERESTS ON MIGRATION COMMON INTERESTS ON MIGRATION
AND AN AGENDA FOR AND AN AGENDA FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
¾
Mutual adaptation of migrants and host societies
¾
To combat racism and xenophobia in all their forms
¾
To channel migration through regular streams on the basis of realistic
policies to shape those flows
¾
Combat crimes of trafficking and smuggling
¾
To improve the information and evidence base.
COMMON INTERESTS ON MIGRATION COMMON INTERESTS ON MIGRATION
AND AN AGENDA FOR AND AN AGENDA FOR
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
¾
To consider all dimensions of the migration process
¾
To promote coherence in terms of migration and development policies
¾
It would have a consultative character, with voluntary participation of Member States and room for innovation
¾
