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(1)calorie: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree Celcius..

(2) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Nutrition and Nutrients A. Nutrition is the process by which the body takes in and uses nutrients. B. Essential nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized by human cells..

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(7) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Proteins A. Proteins are polymers of amino acids with a wide variety of functions in cells and in the body (enzymes, hormones, antibodies, clotting factors, and so forth). B. Amino acids are also potential sources of energy..

(8) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. C. Protein Sources 1. Animal sources of protein contain complete proteins, which contain all essential amino acids. 2. Plant sources of protein are missing one or more essential amino acids making them incomplete proteins that should be consumed in combinations..

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(10) Pg. 701.

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(14) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. D. Protein Requirements 1. Protein requirements vary according to body size, metabolic rate, and nitrogen requirements. 2. For the average adult, nutritionists recommend 0.8 grams of protein per day per kilogram of body weight; pregnant and nursing women need more..

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(16) Pg. 698. Fig. 15.32.

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(18) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Carbohydrates A. Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, are organic compounds used for sources of energy in the diet..

(19) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. B. Carbohydrate Sources 1. Carbohydrates are ingested in a variety of forms: starch from grains, glycogen from meat, and disaccharide and monosaccharide sugars from fruits and vegetables. 2. During digestion, complex carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, which can be absorbed by the body..

(20) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3.. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested, but provides bulk (fiber), facilitating the movement of food through the intestine..

(21) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. C. Carbohydrate Utilization 1. The monosaccharides that are absorbed in the small intestine are fructose, galactose, and glucose; the liver converts the first two into glucose. 2. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver or is converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue..

(22) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3.. Certain body cells (neurons) need a continuous supply of glucose to survive; if glucose is scarce, amino acids may be converted to glucose..

(23) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. D. Carbohydrate Requirements 1. The need for carbohydrates varies with a person's energy requirements; the minimum requirement is unknown. 2. An estimated intake of 125-175 grams of carbohydrate is needed daily to avoid protein breakdown..

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(25) Glycolysis. Glucose. Slide number: 1. Glycolysis. High energy electrons (e–). 2 ATP. Glycolysis. Cytosol. 1 The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP and the release of high energy electrons.. Pyruvic acid. Citric Acid Cycle. 3 Each acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid to form the 6-carbon citric acid, for which the cycle is named. For each citric acid a series of reactions removes 2 carbons (generating 2 CO2’s), synthesizes 1 ATP and releases more high energy electrons. The figure shows 2 ATP, resulting directly from 2 turns of the cycle per glucose molecule that enters glycolysis.. High energy electrons (e–). Mitochondrion. 2 The 3-carbon pyruvic acids generated by glycolysis enter the mitochondria. Each loses a carbon (generating CO2) and is combined with a coenzyme to form a 2-carbon acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). More high energy electrons are released.. Acetyl CoA. Oxaloacetic acid. Citric acid. Citric acid cycle High energy electrons (e–) 2 CO2 2 ATP. Electron Transport Chain 4 The high energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy of the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high energy electrons to a series of enzymes that convert much of the remaining energy to more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The requirement of oxygen in this last step is why the overall process is called aerobic respiration.. CO2. Electron transport chain /2 O 2. 1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 32–34 ATP. 2e– and 2H+ H2O2.

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(27) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Lipids A. Lipids are organic substances that supply energy for cellular processes and build structures such as cell membranes. B. The most common dietary lipids are triglycerides..

(28) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. C. Lipid Sources 1. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and cholesterol. 2. Triglycerides are found in plant- and animal-based foods..

(29) a. b. c.. Saturated fats are found in foods of animal origin. Unsaturated fats are found in foods of plant origin. Cholesterol is found only in foods of animal origin..

(30) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. D. Lipid Utilization 1. Digestion breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. 2. The liver and adipose tissue control triglyceride metabolism which has many steps. 3. The liver can convert fatty acids from one form to another, but it cannot synthesize the essential fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet. Ex. Linoleic acid from corn, cottonseed and soy oils.

(31) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 4. 5.. The liver controls circulating lipids and cholesterol. Excessive lipids are stored in adipose tissue..

(32) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. E. Lipid Requirements 1. Human diets vary widely in their lipid content. 2. A typical diet consisting of a variety of foods usually provides adequate fats..

(33) Pg. 699.

(34) Fig. 15.31. Pg. 698.

(35) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Vitamins A. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes, and are not produced by cells in adequate amounts. 1. Vitamins are classified as fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) or watersoluble (B vitamins and vitamin C)..

(36) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. B. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 1. Fats-soluble vitamins dissolve in fats and are influenced by some of the factors that influence lipid absorption. 2. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in moderate quantities in the body and are usually not destroyed by cooking or processing foods..

(37) Pg. 708.

(38) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. C. Water-Soluble Vitamins 1. Water-soluble vitamins, including the B vitamins and vitamin C, are necessary for normal cellular metabolism in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins..

(39) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 2.. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is needed for the production of collagen, the metabolism of certain amino acids, and the conversion of folacin into folinic acid and promotes absorbtion of iron..

(40) Pg. 712. Table. 15.10.

(41) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Minerals A. Dietary minerals are derived from the soil and are essential in human metabolism. B. Characteristics of Minerals 1. Minerals are responsible for 4% of body weight, and are concentrated in the bones and teeth. 2. Minerals may be incorporated into organic molecules or inorganic compounds, while others are free ions..

(42) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3.. Minerals comprise parts of the structural materials in all body cells, where they may also be portions of enzymes; they contribute to the osmotic pressure of body fluids and play roles in conduction of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, coagulation of blood, and maintenance of pH..

(43) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. C. Major Minerals 1. Calcium and phosphorus account for 75% by weight of the minerals, and are thus called major minerals. 2. Other major minerals include potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium..

(44) Pg. 715. Table. 15.11.

(45) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. D. Trace Elements 1. Trace elements are essential nutrients needed only in minute amounts, each making up less than 0.005% of adult body weight. 2. They include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, cobalt, zinc, fluorine, selenium, and chromium..

(46) Pg. 717. Table. 15.12.

(47) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display..  Adequate Diets A. An adequate diet provides sufficient energy as well as adequate supplies of essential nutrients to support growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues. B. Malnutrition is poor nutrition that results either from a lack of essential nutrients or a failure to utilize them; malnutrition may result from undernutrition or overnutrition..

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(52) Fig. 15.33c.

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(56) Diagonal fold Men: one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line (crease of the underarm) and the nipple. Chest.

(57) Vertical or Horizontal fold Midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum. Axilla.

(58) Vertical fold Posterior midline of the upper arm Halfway between the acromion (shoulder) and olecranon processes (elbow) Arm held freely to the side of the body. Triceps.

(59) Diagonal fold 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula. Subscapular.

(60) Vertical (modern technique) 2 cm or 1" to the right side of the umbilicus Horizontal fold (traditional) 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus. Abdominal.

(61) Diagonal fold Anterior axillary line (modern technique) immediately superior to the iliac crest in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken Mid-axillary line (traditional technique) Superior to the iliac crest. Supraillium.

(62) Vertical fold Anterior midline of the thigh Midway between the proximal border of the patella (upper knee) and the inguinal crease (hip). Thigh.

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(65) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3. Table 15.9 lists the characteristics, functions, sources, and recommended daily allowances (RDA) for adults for the fat-soluble vitamins..

(66) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3.. Table 15.10 lists the characteristics, functions, sources and RDAs for adults of the water-soluble vitamins..

(67) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3. Table 15.11 lists the distribution, functions, sources, and RDAs for adults of the major minerals..

(68) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.. 3. Table 15.12 lists the distribution, functions, sources, and RDAs for adults of the minor minerals..

(69) Pg. 420.

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