Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ninth Edition
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by
Barbara Heard,
Atlantic Cape Community College
C H A P T E R
The Human Body: An
Orientation:
Part B
1
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy
– Study of structure
• Subdivisions:
– Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, systemic, and surface anatomy)
– Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology) – Developmental (e.g., embryology)
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• To study anatomy
– Mastery of anatomical terminology – Observation
– Manipulation – Palpation
– Auscultation
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Physiology
– Study of the function of the body
– Subdivisions based on organ systems
(e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
– Often focuses on cellular and molecular level
• Body's abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• To study physiology
– Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular)
– Study of basic physical principles (e.g.,
electrical currents, pressure, and movement) – Study of basic chemical principles
Principle of Complementarity
• Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
– Function always reflects structure
– What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Anatomical Position
• Standard anatomical body position
– Body erect
– Feet slightly apart
– Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body
• Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position
• Right and left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer
Cephalic Orbital Frontal Nasal Mental Oral Cervical Thoracic
Sternal Axillary Mammary Abdominal
Umbilical Pelvic
Inguinal (groin)
Pubic (genital)
Hallux Digital Metatarsal Tarsal (ankle) Pedal (foot)
Fibular or peroneal Crural (leg)
Patellar
Femoral (thigh) Coxal (hip) Lower limb
Digital Palmar Pollex
Manus (hand) Carpal (wrist)Antebrachial(forearm) Brachial (arm)Acromial Upper limb
Antecubital
Anterior/Ventral Thorax
Abdomen Back (Dorsum)
Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)
Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)
Regional Terms
• Two major divisions of body
– Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
– Appendicular
• Limbs
• Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions
Cephalic Orbital Frontal Nasal Mental Oral Cervical Thoracic
Sternal Axillary Mammary Abdominal
Umbilical Pelvic
Inguinal (groin)
Pubic (genital)
Hallux Digital Metatarsal Tarsal (ankle) Pedal (foot)
Fibular or peroneal Crural (leg)
Patellar
Femoral (thigh) Coxal (hip) Lower limb
Digital Palmar Pollex
Manus (hand) Carpal (wrist)Antebrachial(forearm) Brachial (arm)Acromial Upper limb
Antecubital
Anterior/Ventral Thorax
Abdomen Back (Dorsum)
Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Plantar Calcaneal Pedal (foot)
Fibular or peronealSural (calf) Femoral (thigh) Lower limb
Digital Metacarpal Manus (hand)
(forearm) AntebrachialOlecranal Brachial (arm)Acromial Upper limb
Popliteal
Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
Gluteal Sacral Lumbar Vertebral Scapular Cervical Back (dorsal) Cephalic
OticOccipital (back of head)
Back (Dorsum)
Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Anatomical Variability
• Humans differ externally and internally
– 90% of all structures present in body match description in textbook
– Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place – Small muscle may be missing
• Extreme variations inconsistent with life
Body Planes and Sections
• Body plane
– Flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study
• Sections
– Cuts or sections made along a body plane
Body Planes
• Three most common
– Lie at right angles to each other – Sagittal plane
– Frontal (coronal) plane
– Transverse (horizontal) plane
Sagittal Plane
• Sagittal plane
– Divides body vertically into right and left parts – Produces a sagittal section if cut along this
plane
– Midsagittal (median) plane
• Lies on midline
– Parasagittal plane
• Not on midline
Body Planes
• Frontal (coronal) plane
– Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
– Produces a frontal or coronal section
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
– Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts
– Produces a cross section
• Oblique section
– Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane
Frontal plane
Frontal section (through torso)
Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)
Median section (midsagittal) Transverse plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Intestines Rectum
Spleen Pancreas
Body wall Aorta
Spinal cord Liver
Arm
Heart Liver
Left and
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Body Cavities
• Two sets of internal body cavities
– Closed to environment
• Provide different degrees of protection to organs
• Dorsal body cavity
• Ventral body cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity
• Protects nervous system
• Two subdivisions:
– Cranial cavity
• Encases brain
– Vertebral cavity
• Encases spinal cord
Cranial cavity (contains brain)
Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)
Dorsal body cavity
Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs)
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Lateral view
Abdomino- pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive viscera)
Anterior view
Ventral body cavity
(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Ventral Body Cavity
• Houses internal organs (viscera)
• Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
• Thoracic cavity subdivisions
– Two pleural cavities
• Each surrounds a lung
– Mediastinum
• Contains pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
– Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
Ventral Body Cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
– Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
– Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Cranial cavity (contains brain)
Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord)
Dorsal body cavity
Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs)
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Superior mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Lateral view
Abdomino- pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive viscera)
Anterior view
Ventral body cavity
(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity
• Serous membrane or serosa
– Thin, double-layered membranes
• Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
• Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
– Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
• Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane
Serous Membranes
• Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated
• Each has parietal and visceral layers
• Pericardium
– Heart
• Pleurae
– Lungs
• Peritoneum
– Abdominopelvic cavity
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers.
Heart
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium
The serosae associated with the heart.
Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
• Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Abdominopelvic Regions
• Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
Right hypochondriac
region
Epigastric region
Right lumbar
region
Umbilical region
Left hypochondriac
region
Left lumbar
region
Right iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric (pubic)
region
Left iliac (inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum
Appendix
Diaphragm Spleen Stomach
Transverse colon of large intestine
Descending colon of large intestine
Initial part of sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Other Body Cavities
• Exposed to environment
– Oral and digestive cavities – Nasal cavity
– Orbital cavities
– Middle ear cavities
• Not exposed to environment
– Synovial cavities
