Detonators and detonation.
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(2) DETONATORS AND DETONATION. By. WARREN DAVIS CALHOUN /.T-.. Ct-iJ^RfY.
(3) •. library .U.. S.. —. "'*'''~>-~^-. --..-^. —. Naval Postgraduate School. Jfiaaapolia,. Md.. ^. ~lhj:.
(4)
(5)
(6) SKfoiuraBt AS). DttViS. vrwBK7im. C^dbOOB. «. to tbo. of I«hl^ ttolTtraltj la OntfidMy fun* thi. DtgvM of. MMtOr of SoiOBOO. 1980.
(7) Vi. ;?-'>. St. »--o'.
(8) 7bl«. tbMls. 1« accepted and appzotvd. In paiTtial fiilfjltimr of tbm rcquir—aaf. for the dagMo of. IMtar of. scienca*.
(9)
(10) 2 vlBh to tbank Intm W« 0« rtielllaet. ttm. 7^ JOB. ppwflM Oom§mi^, AlXm^^mmp r»«» '. for his help in findiag afttsri&l and his. jaw «Md«. of. as to yps s sMtmteiOB of ths astsrisl I also. BaUig for his. wish to tbsnk Dr« v^snitB v« faslp io rsstfiag b^^. thMis*.
(11) if. •Ml. 9RMI.
(12) COBnmB. TAT. ••. ik«oiT of sviiaitioQ* ^'liploslv*. BMmkii^. T'. «J»^F»*. eory. 4. ^. tlieevT. mammth $t ottoMMM. c8. TWV^Trom IMAu Tntc^mltlTc T«9t. Smd. ?»8t. LMd. nam. •. •. •. •. •. ?4. Vest. Traual T«ad 'Zo^' £^iBltttur»*»OBytr;. "• .. .^. ^.at.. '\ise Q»t«BfttOI'8. ^l««tri« D»toiMitor«. ••. HMrnj Kl»«trlo atiiMWtore (Asneliwlon. 4. :~2. ••••••••.
(13) .ra?.vi^:..;bc*-rt. *. '^1. ". irV X SOX^IMn^. ^p. t^" ^#-.
(14) m aj9tmA vhieh cmy* wbao eubj^eted to 6 suitable initial iagpulsa^ undergo nearly InstcstaDaoQa ehwriaal. dMOH^t*. •itioQ or trcnarorafttlaDy vrith ovolt:tioa of boat and. ftfnatloQ of dftooorocitlon produota* fxumtovmm. aooaa. of vhleh ar». In an ftrplosi'vo react isn» there is alnrTs a. auddan rlsa or presaure, oua to wLc i(»n:mtioD of. •ad to tbolr axpanaloo bj tba haat liberated in. j. 3. t. action* itiere. are IncXuLsaa la azploalve aui>atanoaa» a wide. iwiga of alxturea and of boMoganaoos ohaadeal aoBipo«Bid««. m. rreneral, the eyr-loaive reactlcme to. wMoh they. ^v. riae are obaractarxsea oitber by an eztreaely rapid. aoBbuation, or by a reazvangaeMKit of r!^lecnile8« whleh. ivoeeada jiraetlcally Inatcntanaoualy, Xa exploalvea for viJLch tbe react lona are rcrdd •Qndniation, oxyjen la alvaya preaant irith one or raora ooirfbuatlbla eleoeota*. fom. aa to penal t. tlia. ceed without aupport. reaatlon la true. r^e oonr^ao la supplied in euoh. oxiiatlon or ooeAnaation to pro* froia. buxttiir:,. outside aocoreaa*. ?hia type. vbieh proceeds from point to. point throu;;shout tbe axploaive, aeoelerated by tbe beat.
(15) ttat^"^-. ^. :t». -r«-*-*. $W^fk itm. -Tuv.
(16) ,. •. H ii tiu i. mad.. 2. .. ?h»M. yspuJuo^d.. cacplsti^vea ar*^ therefore. koQvn ai bazninr •xpl'^alTas, or lew erploalvaa*. tma,. l:)la<^ pofvflar aafi. thia. sr^ii^l^a rcwdar of erto'Qfi elaa-. aaa are typlattitt In ajqploflivoa for v. a fiiigaian t '. amuma ly,. tho raaotlona ara tha ra». e^ noleoulaa yiDoatflii^ praetloally inatcint*. oa^^an la saazlT alvnTa pfiaaaot, with oao&iis*. tibia al««Bfta mtffi aa earboa and h^dro^an,. ly bald In tha. ayataci in. weak bondi&r^ rediaala,. fS^toantly in tha nltro sroi;^* ilMeileal. t^. "b^XiiiT. Ts. t* c:. c. c. —. .t. ^^vual*. saost. .«•. arrasQMMBt la ooa of unatable aquill^i. -.. '. c. and. initial iaq?ulaa brfn-a aboixt e breaking down of. chwiol. bonda and &. :. -. '^. '. olaeulaa vhiab. la ao rapid that the erolution of faaatad ^aaeoua pro*. ducta la fxractloallj aicraltanaooa thrcm^boiit tba saaa* Btttbi. •j^OBlTaa apa. •iTaa*. or. HKF. astplo*. Oxj^an la not an eaaantial part of all detonaVlag. azploai^wa.. He. itncam aa r?rTClTA?T!:^. ^t. axBaplCf tba natallic asldea, or isatftl*. aalta of bydrooltrio aald,. am^. aa lead aside « «t lob. •eitain no os7^^aD» are datewatlas aganfca.. lag axploaivea*. au^. ^^oat. datonat*. aa are uaad for tha aain ebari^a in. tappadoaa» xainaa and hlr:h aacploalva projeotiles, aa vail. aa la. mmj. roram of blaatin^* require for Initiating.
(17) mmm. wSSiv:.
(18) #•# tteir MtioD th». MHk. M. 9vMm uppUwHwt. !• si¥iii. bjr. ot m 'mry i^rwig. tte d«toQft%l«e of cao^ter. la ocp»a<t with «r la elosft proodidty to. warn. U. tiplM. «lJito«P»«». tttiMll^ ilipMurt by. Umtm. a MU^tiitt 4tiiM»». vhloh «•» hm ^t^mm^UtC rMKilly by. tfcw. &ppll-. eatloo of bMtt# Tte drrliMS u»od to Initlato ootooatioo is Ijqrsvr. ita^iM ttag. «•. e«ll»d Cm^on^camm. elswnsjtSf. iKiWiiiii tbft. «Nurgo. thoro is sn. detooator. oontftiits S30t«. «idl. iiH^o. Za. Mny. iwaiate. tbo aaln. o^l^siw. tbftn. f<»!«• of cMknn^. «6i«|po. or tMMMitor,. eh»^« 1^. booatar. the dctcssmtor but. is aoftlX as oonpsir^d with tbo qaId eh&r^o* Itio. field of ezploei^'as bee ed^anoed oonslOerebly. o\«r the Teere eloee the vox^ of !tobeX« deveXopoiecft. of setter exploeivea. Aloi^ vlth the. eesMi the neeeaefiry. woe%. and developntot of c.et<»^tore and tbeir effect Iveneee*.
(19) •^e^'^. it.
(20) 4 •. In tlw ttiady •f tb». faii fl with. %^>*. ilii o tj. of ilttwMmi» yoa. probl«» of •tn^fUis • fiold of eolooeo. of oKplooivoo ^bot boo AOt boon ooaplotoly SoTesti tod*. Wmgf. ftr«. %^mflim%mf. !> «Mi. boon bPiHii^ ur. tho oxpoHnontol or ototteanotiool OTiaonee t^ tbo Uloo undor io^pootl^tl^xi*. :ft«. oti|»ros^. A fov of tho nore ln%or». ootlas OBOO, wt^m onoljvoA In part tmA oooAAaoA vith. oMMn,. «hod BomB. lis^. on tho phtnotBoe «« knov. riLS. dotonotion* gorthelot»> TjepI^oIvo. IIilto*. Thoorr (g). In orde^r* to aDoXyso tho propo^&tion of. fin. oi^Xo*. alvo ooiWy the oovo If oonaidorod oo a roourriz^ 070I0. of rolooood end troosfonaiod anox^ with f\mr pboooai £iooh8Dloal to o^lorlflOi caloriilc to obiesiQOl (tbo. pbooo in ifhioh tho. .iol. enoz^ of. tt« explosive. ootorlol is roloofod), ohoeaioal to c&lorlfle» ond oal« orlfic to ao^soniodl* rhlo eyolo can be readily undoratood. b*;. indicat-. ing how tbo oxploaiva wave is propo^tod throu. '. -. ejlisdrioal ooXubs of a hoao^nooua oxploalvo withtout tbo Xoea of oaoQC^. m»rzj to. rraosfonMLtioD of Ha^iAsloal. interrupt propagation* net^^j. ._. aXoriflc. ucrjyi.
(21) r«8l9^.
(22) • s. A. i». emX •amrgr of a I&^^cr into teat. •teafelgr. fOiL. ut.. u^ oxplMivt. «wrs7 1a. of. pftft. i« oonvexxe^ io». tbo adjoosot lAjrer by «<•#«. of ttm iflpMi of siol»eQlts». Th§ off^MlflMo of thla. •cnyortlOD it lov—«e;L^«jj;ii/ leas than &Qg> ". nt of. tlati. tbo noleouloo i0 ro«Llol and. tkojr. ''. —. oro. ^oe. siov<o». onljr p&^'t-. Ij oofiCMMd b7 tbi lATor of oxvaflalvo is tbt ooltBB*. ciMr^. tlmt ia cot cccvei-tad Int. prosfluro oa tho eonfinini.. :. .. ^. ut. i^iadlvs^ ^a.^. .3. tho iphUlo tbimrrh vliloh woi'^ it noimpltiliiil Ibwpe in 600^ rtoaon Tor .^'Xlevl22g. tbiii;. &iA fiimBWIn. of tbe layer of ejtpl&iiiva tba% ontora into tba Ilrat. of. pbaiSG. 01. t.. -. .. ft. ho cycXa ^naplos vltsb ^bo. ^ioelv^-. ^iiciii^lly. ... •ity oad portlj vith. plipjiloal.. propcti'^laa. vXzu ^&i ^iaaci*. looity of tbo Kiolec>jlca that. 1. aro iB imlrcnlai- vlbttttlri:*. .l:c. Ifisa e lactic. plociva aa^.. the gx». «iociv^ ox. aa^tylat» tbo thinocr tLe layar* aad hanoa. the. tiaaa tba ojela will msui- in a unit Isn^h of tbo. ttx». ploaiva aatorlal* itaoaioxoatioo of C&loririo. -naigy to. CkaagodOf;!. norgjt. Sona of the oaloz*lflQ ena ygy of tho layar la tisod to ovarooaa tLc. aaterlal^. iT"'-'irfH'--. abi^ aay. aua^Jd^lity oi. luq aoploaivo. vary wldaly^ and tLua relaaaa tUa.
(23) *^?5*MPT.
(24) •. •. ptt tot lal •oergy. «mpcf7 Is. mMnhm •pill/7. ^ the. us0(2 to. •. of tb« oftlorlfie. XftT^rf th» r«8t. a««il«i«to and rtlnforM th» ateedoal. tb» lA7»r of #iT>l08l^r» hj tbls. A twnnarkwn kln»tlo ma^r-ry a« la. is d«v»l». tiiti». thoivii. in rh*Mi. thrMi« flpiB«f\OfnM%loR. of ChiHt«iil ^omrrrf to Cftlorifle i^Mi^i. |te«« la Ciff^araot. fs*QB. r»inriaa«nt aooia irind. tho. fliepi. of thmm. of klnotie anaffST dsrivad oatii^lx. HwWHte. plHi9« is Odpftblo of tfeili. Mkiafe. piM««» «i4 aomxiinttt ly bo on» of. ]wp»t<tiag. •«B tevt. th» othvr* b««ftuM. —. r*y t!a» tb« pr«««dliii?. tron«roi^nt«. jphM« la a<i»lata. ts. a. mma. Th« eon fi>yioB la. all tba pot«atlJiI. Sf ralafta«d b^oor^a kiiia%ia aoar^t. vhi^. m»T». la lair«;ol7. oaloplfle enorcy* fi'aawfagBatioo of oalarlfla imt'sy to. *. oehanlaftl. A •SB9t« atat«i3»nt of this rhaao la. thait. Hwwgyt. tha largar. ^vSiMa of e»JMm than fowaad fton tha larai* of nM^SMtmt la iQ an airtniMly active ttata of noleoular TibrfttiQa. Mid. thatt tliMi# aola«ul<»a. ST aa wHitmilml mt^ry^. are than taaalfoatlQ^ tbalr aiior* Tha. ffla iaaay. eif. •onvaraioB. the 0€n¥MPaloa la vavy rapid* If haat, aoab. m. la proteoad by tha phyaioal raaia*.
(25) z^4:si:-.
(26) •. %aBC« 0^ %bm •xplo0li« to. ft. blav or l*!^ot». ^. appUod. lndii«etl7 to Meti •spIosiVM, tban sny rafrieloot. blrv or lEipact vlll tcusft detoimtion; th^t iu, it ulll initiftto th» foor-^^mso. Ads thociT. nmd. iB. pu^. «M. t. —rgy oycXo. or. «q4 M i¥» i. «iv»«. i. dftvl9«6 •Jbmj^ 1B6& and im still. to expXalQ muaj pta«waMMk of Ootoofttioo*. IB furtlMir iaw%igii»toa of tbo thsoir of. tioe^ o«i fiadto miiioui unA vmrlod orpsriaBBia mi. dlffM«B% Tfas. %•. plift««9. of. tlio. subject. stT^BlloGi^iMP vt^oonts his idsss snd trlss. pSBiPS BtaBt tlis crjstal struoturo of srploslvss tass. to do vlth dstonstlw^. ^. vlsv sjqprsssed In paper. bjr. U» ^%raB IB 1996t ststsd tfaKt hs bad s sow thsory.. '^ron. his BJ^SViMSOtS, b» folBKi tlMlt dB^OBStiOB appSBTS SllMlTa. Bt ths sad of asflseiBtloo. siul. iJKasdlately aftsr tL* aax«. tMBi ppssstirs has bseo attaiiiad by tbs e^^* that ba thomtlit tbs <HlswnttaB bss oaussd. ^Jft. statsd. }sf vsajr. hl0. pMBSore St tba but—lag «Ki rapidly iaorsaala^ psaaaura at tha and af. Ab. jMlBwa. tfaa. daflBsratioo*. bj 9MMI and. irnjiihasil. ad that tha sxpacsioa of %ba diaturbsnes. in X937» sbaa^. pMNHP^. i>Na. a SBftridca of bigb saplaaiva* suspendad frtaly^ 2b dat* SBStadf ooeurs in ttavss pbaaasi. (1) tbs initial pbass.
(27) to. rr^ r^. .Str>%. ftJfS*. "SA^M^. Sitftf. ^'^/Jf'Wfil. s\r?«M«. ^» js^-*^. «. ftff. ^flff3^.
(28) tea an AlB»«i cpbtvlMl. ik» ottrtvidgst. tte. (fi). tmmp arising. W. fl. %h» aia^a or. nraci. n fl t^mm9 laats xaitil %tM dl«». at f int aiMtXy ImAmtmm^ and D»I1«>« ik^ alMtIr. ai a a—rturtly tiiw—alMg dl«tano«« •tflB. fVQB. »—alona. gvmtmr axpan*. asi0 of tbe o^rtridrra oAtm^n asial dia*. of thb aaw, aao—>uai»d by a •boaav af solid. partielat*. als with. Ma. Tbm. «••. Ttaa. cLiri. gaaat ttwo laaa ttiair valaoit? a« thay. aava baaooaa taootb a£:alQ. (3) tha. audi. apbariaal in trnm^ laeliis v^Xaoity uatil it daTaoaiataa. :. Into a soiad aaia*. aj:p»riBta%. o^iiraa. a. gj tal. i i fcj. piataM oT v^t ooaaaa in a datuMtlau bat adda va«y Uttle to tlw knoaAadt*. ^. ^^. tbawr*. Klaatiaa af aa fatal e>^0"^^ »iA dtooiipoflitioa aaa. fHilfam kr »• giaivtfi. %. 3vaar la 1^5«. 2a slMNiad tha. WNdMOP. te rtaaipMlti gi la a«n irta>a<l aa a TrtanaMm. afeVMlRBiA chain reaotion* tfaiek tfea. Tfas. aowilmioD. v^mtitmA aas. ori^iB of daiMMtS«B Ui aalida ta QaH a aiiarle affaatv but dapmda on tha aiyatal gti^iotum,. )urimm^ ia cb*. •Mil. part to tba. i. aaopa of. wwill. tha muxf that an. piaiiaya of datooatioD«. of D»t0O»i0ii. *>. LagQT Gaal (4). ia ODO of tha aoro r^oant onaa and.
(29) .*9£-%^. >. t-.. S'vSft. TTi. H^^. •. V*^. ^M|i:. mofiii. •iT. *?*ai*. ,J=..-:*»/.
(30) « 8 «. to 09W9r. mof. of tb» Mip«cts of tto thB&rj of. U2«i atB/*. aticuptt in « •tml^rbt. '"•arl. f oxwuevi WL7 io poetulats^ a 9«mpl»%m tb#oi7«. MfttmlXy reTltvlfig this tteosr, ^t. U. Btfore. ««1X to Iwiafly. look At a fov iatorostlag Tbc^m oteut voXl knovii. lOBl and phyolool r^*nM»in that Carl uoao for. otaia. smaid. «oik to build hia thoorr «eu carl takes ajcooption to tba atateiosnt of :xi. vU*. lot thatt. ^rmj. oxploolvo reaction should bo attrlbuftad to. a praliainar^. faoatlzsg^. vbloh Is gitt4ually truMMslttod. 4is<oetl7 or indiz^otly, r&isizis. parts of tho aattar to the stiOc;« pvoasioiSy. I7 affiaaeious «t)ara. moeossiTsIr all ttm. tffi^qporature. of dooaspooltioD*. fMotion or lasohsnleal affects ara. t>j osanaiiiii. tMs. otk^. rrillHitwwr bs«iisig**« (3). aro thvaa p^nta of HerthalotU thtor? tlAt. tlao braakiJis. tbsorj trios to disprove*. Thsy arst. (a) In OTsry oasa of •yfim&iotkf tbaro anat ba a. proliainarx bsatii^, vhlob is tba seans of Initiatli^. and traasEiittiiie tho d^oastisn*^ (b) Tho ssao sioohinf odT. is involvad in dotoftstlan. caaas, liquida^ aad sollds« (0} Has valooit^ is not tboagbt to bo dotarainod. by tho pbTsioal nature of. tl:#. —torial».
(31) St?^^".
(32) 1. 10-. are outstanding dLtT9imaamm betiseen. T!tmr9. liquids and solids; fis. •. i^eat. :. ocnpared to ths sli. •na solids.. lit. caco,. ooGQsrsssibillty of. cscs. ooGprssslMlitv of Heralds. otbor diffsxvnos is tbc fact tLCw solids. bsv» rigidity of sbaps. ttid. svsd liquids t^vv an iostciit-. imeons rigidity of shaps« L^xHaplss of affsct of pfa^sieal eoocltion arc si.a«i. t^ Coatsa and Psxrot. (5) in t^sts. of ^eistin dynn^sltes,. ei^talninjT nltiK>« 'lTecT^'*o and sthrlcn© £:lyool d'r:*tit^tc,. of. rhesa aec^ples voi-o flrou after vapiotis r^rioJs. otoxHx::^*,. both in tbs «MBiflnod end t!«. aoodition, with and .r't'o. t -rliiin;. :ac^. u;. cbarset of st?«ai*ht. d|aflBdta» yat in alstoet Qv&rr oaaa^ ttia rata of datana^ tioiif. after storage » aas daflnitaly esuoh leas than that. of the orijinal sanplea*. rare is an esanple of. n^—. oally identiaal oaterlal shoving different rataa of "latonation becauae of pfaysiaal ebanga« iSsny. still oonsidsr the rate of detonation equiva*. lent to the rate of react Ion*. *%e. Hiyea (C) says:. rapidity of re«>ct*on of an explosive. ^aay. be. dstemiaed direetlyt by eicperimsntv in bi^ exrlosive>s« lliis. is texnad the rata of datooation of the axplrkfiive,. and is a Btaaure of ita briaaaoa** ?refa. Darthslot^s ooooluaian that other things being.
(33) u'i.^-j:. ^ii^O^^^^. 'Si&. ^mJsasG. f*ft*#«.. <. Wj']j^itf'.
(34) 11. •. ro«t of the vtrj ••nc. tier, tecnra to be 'jntr^c*. ere lor. •oesr^otsnda. ti?o. OQt t^ct »_. t^tel energy*. 1x5. cbBTaot eristics of. Co pror^rty. .. cjiy. It ••etss. tea axsy. tioh tot«l rr. \. -. rt. rv^. explosive ccn vc cq.t-^^uw rroperty.. r. r-.tter::. -. .. •. 'trl tr'. nc. hl^h rate of ^otanatloo does. ft. t^. ^-,;. ,. filtivltyi ftl»o low i^rltlrn tesiperftture doet not Indleftta. M-h. aenaftlTlt- tc otlcr .arl'« aeiief thAt. :t is. of cffiislstenej In 8?ves. tc. iJtdC. ?h« iftct. Iftcl'. aU. rr^tinB. of lnltl«t!r?n. ^. tri. :. th» (i«t& eoncemlss. ^-i;>h. of cpnslateney aeera to be. that no. t.. lor. ;-.2. >. lezc ics^. :•:. axpl. di::fi. *ii. -. r«rt. c. tioD h%M been develo ^. or the -rc'jnd. ?f. tMi. nev. of .etontticE", ^-ncwlc^c of ci/rt--'. pepi:ients. vorl'. '^. -. -^rr. '.h,. ... >ocb X-pay study the pc -ulcrlty. •Dd ruptxire la useful*. of the erystal lattloe. •"ji^e!rir.. IR12. revealed "v. '^pa^-g. in. cflnlte straeturei. ^rsoleoule. *^ o~^» '.. o-. eonneeted ty valenoe foroes vtrleh are dlre^. and the crystal a^y, for. ^^i^r^-r. 000 slderat ions, be. t. rti^d. ac one lar^e noleoule.. the azperl-enta of researehera on the atroogth.
(35)
(36) •. of. tfat oflry»tAl. **ilM. tla0S. 89f!. ftzxS. 12. .. th» uittir^ of rartia^, .^fft (7). t«D«il strftocth of •iDisl« cfTstals Is «l390«t ttmn tho. Iftss. ^. fbr th« eo*. rat«tf flisdsstBs. hMlve fbre«t and nsr^m* oteam before en d«TUtlon. n?oiB. vhao. Bo6k'9 lav oca b« notlo«d^». finds. Joffii. lisanffSiS In. IdO kg p«r sq*. •tttotiftl. thBit roolt. Mlt. oxTstalo beeoiao pla^tlt. hot vatsr and exhibit tt^enf^^. nri«. 'ir. t6. As ecespared to a strangtb vi .5 k^«. fbr the ordinary eoodltlen*. T5s. rA^::s8ta as s po««lbls. hjfcftt^sls ths szlstenes of rer7 stall erevioes In th©. marfaes vhleh would ornate tbs sntire losd to be sxttxtsd. 06. ft. tested. point. r>f. on tbe whole croes-sectlon,. BridgBVn (9) states that thei *!V«otTire oectETs in a bodj wbsn tbt •xtexnal ooodi^. tions. am. altered if all the atoEM. cMSBEiot. find nsar rool*. tinna, not fUr fror: the orlr-laal positions. In which. tt»y will still b« subject to MV90. liyoBi. Ii9t. force on th© c-. aewaxvl other sacTOrliiMits s<mduet#dy. fotobsr. nsg. lurvlusu. ^M toMk «M. bj. tij/iiiiaitatic. vateh. pffmuvs*. as a hard. stuwylig tiuit. a::Alnst tha direction of ths stress » tba. distortions In laoloeular arransftzsents whloh ars affeoti^s..
(37)
(38) i:^. .. til*. f&ot that •very flla^iw. tiMMaad. I. .. facta. (2o. m—ant. ttteoXutely at tha. of. aat aaaa aoBaiatest vlth tlsaorr*. to hm oat aa alaqpXa a aubjaot as at fiMt J^. aif fcala. Hi aaaa. thaora la. an liHailwl. foarca. inhir*. a«t in tba atsnotapa af tba arjatal* ablah taoia ta. Us*. tha valtDoa foreaa fvaa tbalv nocnaal divaatioOtt Itioo aad.ata i». andMNnla. or TawaMMiadt ao»-. mMHiuwiitMi iaiteataa a l aaa aaa^ af atyuatuga lao.£. of atabllity*. 1^. propartiaa of wmxxf uaaiiapai*. or^anla siabatazsoaa lollem »• ft. tfaa. Thia tbaay j ataAaa tba*. stl«M^ Uaa aC tbt. a tend tanda to lia la. Jalntos ataa to ataaa*. fiaap ftMiii. ara tiMaa. ^MnMbi ttavj* of. aMHMUls. axid. tha dlraa». f^«a a ali^ile aax^bao. ftatanaiaaft I17 tatiaiiaiirt ajwatiij^. iwr Umam boada ara fataa d a«k of tbaaa poaitiona* la aofpawft^a ba m. ^ata of afenUs. ftata itaalf tbvMili ftaiiiUty latioa of iiiiaarjiatKii. Thia ftatenaA ataala aaaaaata for tba aairjy va». laaaad bj tha. aaMtbania aamaaala. atian thaf^. bveak. 4a«it and ahoaa up aa baat whaa uaaaiuratad aa^pooida. bam*. ^a aa axaaplat ahao a aaa^paaad llba atfaaoa Tsxraa.
(39) fkrrrrr.. 5 rr-tS. V'??>rr*.
(40) .. to. mf^mfUmKttm. Vmm. 14. .. mA fntis#. tba caiorl«« ^i«ft»pad is. %tmi tb» aoitar iumftV&pati tr tbe ooBfcmtioo of tte. ^iott tbftt. •!£• 19 %!• antlaDO Mtflanle*. coniTattlan of. ^Qt otaMMlte. ««•# tB. fiivt. flti. fitBl. •qiA. ^lit. • i!gy jpoqaivod. o beodat sod in tbo. *ia. qoMBtity of tho. 4MNMHM tn -fiMBd. tho. to bOf la. to tar^wk tho. »oeam eo»o» tbe •tmmgf. liMiiliiMm ^kmm «Mt«, it lo ttMit. Hmmi. ooHor i« M«ui»td to. 9ii9ia. trntmrnmrr to. braik tbo iIcn^Io. t mt a ooi^olQ. tho BolflwiXo. or. tftio. \ir. tlM. •••qbA poir of wSflHiiM of. dRifeSA bondp OBd thftt oueh on otocde ,. be regATdod oo iona eeo uti ng o doflidto. up obfadMl onovsy*. if tbo oq^librl^ai la a. of thia IdLod la aljfeMbod in any oKy, tbo WMliBy ie oaiiJjpMw. ••. beoft ittd. ties of. tli0. TIsia* In tfao. ". rro oooa of IniinlQs* it. aarvw to iawiMi tbo total baat of * *.
(41) ,tTW^,?i,. -t. ^^J^trT. «^~. '. rr'jis*?. ^^C^Ai.'w.. fir. -.. «'it»«>i. '!&44XS.
(42) •. wan. 10. bwk. MdM. to th*. 15 •. alAgiiMiy ^la/^metmd^ rnvr nrpavk. «tat« of r9iit» vhlle oMMMn, ir. of •qulllbriuiu. '^^Mvssr. from lt« orl^(lnal i». from. rmm wiy. tmary. -91 th. %bi. azid. ttXlty. BfiT arpvoftoh. sero as a limit*. wbi^. A good. i«lc condltlcaa is. ditlm. Itnp. mmt^^. la atable vhaD kept. tnder «Bfiar« but iocplodaa mpco^mmmaiXy. &jad. different. <MMiMB*# lis ss«^. enrtrifrlWMWiliii. ot this is nitrojen Iodide ». :«. ^th. vathsr Ietj^ anfaitudhi to zmre ns m. ft. liBit^. so. M«ai3P»a to relMMe *. vl^en ^i*v«. t)ii«. ^Vjod in aoct liaitlat€9*t o^. la r2«t«bl7 a t^tt iapooptant pwimm aao-*. a«ah a^ieta*. A aadiiK. tal or part of a azTatelp auah aa. (ttaefeoxteanaa ^matrfiiii:.. «r a oiTt-. aay allow. the atfwio to attfappaasr vlth the Telaaity of. ammAt tmA. taU* with the. li.nuito(||a. of thm aaterii:! juat pvaaantad^. tl» ffaaavy of ^MMMtticn jicppMid by Lerox Cerl tmj be. MBKlnad eith aona iiulm nlMitmij. IMa Mhmvt line. •tataa. bvMklDS «f iba. tfact. datoMCtioo ia th» i^yraaa-. «!«• tasda. of a naterial, ^y a. •teoea ehiah it ty«aa«i%tad thtaagh. tlia. oaterlal at as.
(43) '. <:**••. t«d«B£KH. 4>JUia. »'... •. V. («{. 'Si.
(44) 16. •. .. «b^*. #lm9tio wmr9p a±t±l3tr to s •oxaxS. This. la 0^ MMli tot^neity mm to destroy tb# ttroettn^ of the •f*«TO i« toew (*1.«tlnotl<» ^etif««B this t T-fs. fil,. adi. «B. ui iHtgy. souad wst^, the pertie^A. '. tMs. • to MMl tfo no^NHliit, wf'ior6A9 , In iJl. in. d^tfjnatlon,. r!^. rrti'im. im^sv. typo oT tiovc. mtfon of tfm peptl-. ol9« earvi^d fomnopci qy tts vbto^ boevosa of the ool^. Imfmm •f the pfOflwi#d. m^&MH. iMriiiiid tiMi. p. ^ the •ztrvwly Mf*. OFM%. of the. MllilUllll of flM #UiMBtc. ffS'w*,. irtiieh. md. -rre^mtr^. by th#. !*•»•. f. •)rploslv©». ?!». iMRBty of « ««t«vi«l to. will aipsoA «9«i tl» #taBM#. trcnffBlt this stress. MIMM. or thm irtMial,. •^t*. opt Isms oondition fnr t^« twmsnlsslan of. Itt^. wrvs Is a ostsriKl whloh Is psrfisotly. Thtis, It. 1» S0on «. *^'. t. t^^e. sti^iirte, e?id. c?T»**'' ^'-. epTTOAoh to theso quslltlas,. break*. ^'^^. *^>'»rtftls T^^^eh. *c or flnid, tend to dsar* out. tSMtic. «si"OS snd hsrve a mimiJjnv tcndouoy with dstonetl'^n*. ff». Viflisd. mm vj,j Tyy. the. «s800lQto<^ with this hper*'^*^- wave. rolMM *«^ gMRM. ..;. anA hiat| this vMilntalaa. ths wavo as a oofrtHHfes oonprsssion instead of a ooi»*.
(45) i^-'X-^va::!. S^*?T. Mlti^it''.
(46) a. .. ion. 17. .. a Murlfaotion of tb« omUoAry BmmA. mofl. rbi sourer of suoti tsmrsw mqt. Iwlni. alr^Ady trljiint in tbo. m«i<%tp—. •<»•. •ifeMlutalsr. M^. m^rlalai. o>>ttli»l<n»r-. prlauy. a«toDct4<ig ompciwv'g b««». ay are i«r» oftteriala vhloti ax«. to this ola««». liMig. r«lM«# of. t'^i«. Worn an 4Kitslda forca is utuallj rtqolr*. oat loitlating or. e<:,. ^. aaoa— gy for tbo utilisatloii of tb» ^asmmk. •xploaivoa,. «C <wwy<md,. aMqr. Jhb inlti&tijag^ laqpuXsa ior tlda u^po. ^. *. Kaa. ckf. tfgitimtuyOp. Trie*. iaipftety. tbm breaklxis of o oryotal^ or aiw) ftUowlQg tho. tijoa,. to DoodHi. toaniiiii. '^ho. g»»o. —. <MFf». obloU la tiMpilttod and. i>^. l^ii jnnBaa. tba dlamptioa of the aatarialt la aot tba ajqploaloQ tbo dijpaot oaiaoo of tbo OKrloaiOD^ out novel j %\w. wblob golooooa tbm ooias bat«a«a tbt of. tfao. MiM, Of. aUna. adcploai^ eaapovidt tbua allooing thaa to in a mora atabXe tova, aith tha raaulta&t. WMVy*. i<aX<. ^^^ o«i bo lookacl at aa tba diatiootioo ba*. toaan tba andotbarado aod tbo azotl^araia eovpouDda* 4oibomic aoMpoiOMlo poaaoaa a lar^o part of tbair. iM tboir atruatura aadt tbarafoxo» raXaaaa thia. i^iw. aaoi^. <MtByt. dao to atruatura, inatttataoaoaaly upoe daatruotioD of tha foiau. bia Oi'iaraotarittic isakaa than affaotlva aa Inl*. tiatovo of dotoMtian^. CH tha othar tnndt tho.
(47) ^S^tfl liS. t^. f-'fs:?*. m^Tcr. fiCfS. *X^. i'f.
(48) •. "aB •. I. require tioo of. thtlr. tfaftir. •fi«i>rT. expumUMmf. of. MMrgf f«r. th# dBtttrue*. foiB saA dtrlvtt « lar^np pvtpoftiott of npOB the roMiAtMiftloo of their. liwats. In. the nore stable ooMllt1c»u. ^M. speed of the slMMVitioii. w&i,we. is controlled. tlw iikoralMl #«itttl«i of the rmttfmt la the •e. U«. rete of. •teafee*. MmmA. ie de4Mnitfae4l. Isy. bj. msm vaj. the pl^eieal ••»». rhe violence c^ the reeetioo follovin;:^ tfae eeve. i« dt^mteit almost entlvelj tipo» the et^ienieel ii«t\ir9. of the ineterial left pg ilMDt e. j. try. the wmym, or sere esDeetlx^ the. of detonation. The distortion ehicih brines silent the la«akiz)^«. earnea a portion of the. tnateriel. Aiwst< snA heeaaae of. the intense preesure tsnerated rahind ths vav^, the bask* esopA siSBiSBt. of the iMtiii is prevented,. tSBds to intrmmm the speed of the f^eit. asplslns tbe faet. ^mt. tfae. eaips. ?hia phSBoas non '^is ef-. front,. rate of detooatlen in*. NqpitfSy trith the inareaee of density, in an i!tire thus in a ssmi;tivs exploeive*. rhe. iawnsitive. Material ssist be distorted sad roved rort«rA to a ftroater ,. than the sensitive naterial, before breaklnr^ eocurs* tvo factore. mMm$. te eause higher rcte of. tion at higher denfiitlcet (a) The inereased rate of sound at hlr^her. ^nsities..
(49) 'JVijSf. .-9#l»t. ^SKJ £«kic. K<. «^v. *w«/. <«i».*A. .i.'^^^j)d.
(50) 10. •. (b). 7t* IrfHit or th« <5i»toptloo ©f th#. TarwrnvA. ummamt. of tho tmtmrlA^ doe to. lafttttrl&I* tl3*. «i«%et«». tlon of th© dttonatl-?j, fflffera fron tlmt rTodtse«d by •oixkd,. b7 beins. bsVi iiAll^Md «ftV9 it. ft. uRldlrdotiooal no^ffHMnt*. «Dtf. •nai^ for. th». fomlBhed by tbe f^nen. 1t» «ol«tal«t. tbe coat Intsat loo of tho. best li^eretad by tb«. anO.. ta^Mk^dovn or by the rd-eoofeliiBticm of ths •Iflatetc aft^r. I^oo thB«« facts, ^nrl pf9mits the follovlas fii^ flulft. for the straight lloe r«pMa«xxtli^ tim rat* of detoD*. atlont. 7 • a. rapraaantinj tha. ->. (a > a«). eosat'*-''-. X. '•b. ^ «Hi^ tha rata. of aaamd. iaereasaa vlth ineraaaed densitji a». • x«ppaa«Bt. ?. c^nctcnt by. trtileh. the eollepoo. tVe noloculo Incrccscs t'o rata throa^fc the f^rpcrlssantal aTalaatlon rs. axploalTa detooctl. flK>st. aK^I—l^<a<. b haa baao found for various. '^^ormA^ and t^• re rait a saaw to. follov the straight line predletad« **. of. e aeoaptanee. Qarl (4} aayas. of this braaldhig tbiorr* ^tw. outstanding qttel!tT of czplosiinftt la saDtltlTlty*. Ttds quality can be zjost definitely corralfttod vitk tba. rata of detooatiois and that the sensitlTity to <5etoiiation.
(51) J. y-*4V <^^,i. *.. .'4'. I?. !Sd2.. UiiA.-Si,.. i39. J. •-.-*• -'-'.f*-. aWSCU'oSRT-.
(52) •. ^. •. i« WG9J cierinit«lx (a) i'mrf^^t drystMLlt aad oth9T perfectly «lftsti«. BtorlAls ar« tte aost Jtfo^ptlbl* or MmaltliFe to drtimatlon oiA. VPep«L4,fc^#. vticb funn loa^. (b) r^tarlAla •«il«s. tht «««• with the elos^it ftd». ftn4. •oapXtz «oIo». reaitt th* initiation aad pr»pft«lEU«D of dotoaft*. tiocu (c) Gimll. n—i«t>. of iapuritiet hAiw a 8f«at oT*. fiMt a« Mnoltlvitr* (d). 'Hm niiljiliiii oi tbo aupfftoo of. ttoriulo raj. ^••idodly infliMnoo thoir oonsltiritx to <i«tonatlcs}« (•) Liquids. MMB. to ]«sist aotosotioQt. <3i». «&inl7. to tbolr look of rigid! ty« (f } Coi^oiaidt wtKj bo clastifiod ao oaeotbondo ond. •BdotliKmle and tho aanaitlTitr of tbo tvo aro radleal*. I7 difforont«. InataMllty*. Both typaa of i1i». mda. ec«npa. idwa a«rraaa. tadethaivla aatarlala are tha oolj. typaa that paaaaas tha intamal at rain*, 2ki. aanaXaaioo, thla thanay atataa that tha poaar of tha. abattarios af faot of eipXoaivas doaa not dapaad upon tha rata of datooatlon*. ^or doaa tha total. aion sfaov t^a natura af tha aj[ploaiTa«. bMt. of fir^to*. Cba ouat oTamlna. %to haat of azploaioD from ita baaie oaaaaf.
(53) ,.. tl^. rfrar;. :. %. %1. *r ad^ruoa*. ''. t^rsC:.
(54) froB. ii»«t. of fmiMi iop^ tvm. w9t. twom tb«. n. joufclaifeion. of tbt prodoots of dfitooeitlOD* Mmxf pmotHm vmj not. a(pr<»«. vlth Mv«rol of the points. broo'^ht out In this theory by OrtI*. \m true thou^^. sz»d. on* plMe9, Bsnj of. of (30tooation,. "ije. tbst Is this th<^osT. tlio. thin cSoes. »»"«5. coiX&ot is. rroblsoBS and aspects of tt^. 'tje fstct. to be gained. troti. « %o. ::. oory. this t'r^-rf. is that a person vasUMTtakix^^ fuodsswntal researob. field, has SOBS definite rointa to begin vli tfaR). either rule out parts of this theory as. bis with exp«!d:^ntal data, or aoeapt. tl-iea*. «. ^..^>.,*^^i,im. is.
(55) Jwastisfit.
(56) a»9l canted. 8tr»Dr;th. tloa. !J6fi». ftc. r. r. sUym. "or. .. .. Of. crcivlea. t.ix.-. 7. •. -3. r.. tbe coaz^es oarz*eapaodlz3s to the vurlous. 4. 0«e5. 8. 0«80. e. uoo. 7. l*6o. 8. 2»C0. 9. 8«60. 10. 3.. Imm Wan. •itber (a). ^StiAM it.wwlifd. e^^yg>^. •1117 fulxslMito. • pot68Slua ohlos«t#, (b). cier>*. OC/l'^ usti^cory. •.
(57) ^. ?.
(58) Mbslnato -. «t«, or (o) 1"^. potfts«l. WBTcrzyr falaincte.. Xbi bnvo bate cci;;oa,. .-^s. It Is ^riWhftXT ^o d*flQ0. t!. ^r (g^ end. reppOE. baa b«en rt»re». (c). '«:LJorca«. r^. • tnitlat. ^om&r. '. (strCQC^^) of • dletcaiator In ternm of tb« teat. tbit,. M. t'.a. stres^h of &. lio*. 6 det<M»to7 air. ^. r*fl. .. q#fiii»d. one that la not Inferior In Inltletlnc: poper to a. 6etoRfttor cceitalnln^ 1 ^rcs of. aereiay fuIMQAte ^vi 2. ^^tr. ft. alxtiapo of. oeot potasalisa eldorate,. are taployed for dataro!. TtfJT aoisron teats. cent. :». ^. '. '. !•. •trench* 1«. ??r?. « iron osdda Inaanaitlya powSer tast, h tlaa-oofMraasln:^. Al. «cr« to ba rallfiblc,. tMa. teat is bellev. ^t !s tss^ in ccr^G*^n. neat. apeclflofttlofii tor qatcpators^. S«. '^end. Thla. taat. Wat. la rnov% rapid en<2 glv«a gt^oA »ap«'0<Sue i«-. blllty (II), 3« Laad-flata taat ?hla taat la tha asoat rtpld and ia, therefore. prlnel pally for control t^ork*. ^. *^od. ioaawr, tha raaults &ro. hard to ooiralata aa avidanoad by tha dlffleulty that haa baan axparlanaad in ostabllahlne • eot of standard.
(59) Jl^S%. "i'^^.'StTiP. '.7. "^MST'.
(60) of atrwBgMiy b»o>ttg» tb». sl^. Mid rtfMH»>r of the bottoci of ttm tte Mitur* of eonf iJMMMik ^f is. tli*. ef. tli». lol* pro*. <fi»»owifaHr. ^atfAomlf olia—i. aad. wM^. tfa» dttiiwa»nr#. This tstt is oot vidoly uas^L, althoui^h it giiros s. fHir nsattiiv of tb» relatl aMttooo it it. hwo Ion. ft. stgwu^h of a dotoMlNVb. osrious <M^o«i f«» a d»t«oator to. than its dBoSpwbsd •feVHigtti aod on asset to. sIMMt svoetor. tev6. t). aiMMtti* svsS SMlMBOiaro avo. twttgtir^fat Jiaoir ossiiMiwd srodo.. J^ sM|1a». Ko« 6 dstooators sbov s stvoogth as detsivtasd. of ths Sbo^m tssts, squal to a. !^. 7 or. rwa. a. fe]f. !9o*. 8 dotoaator*. Tte Stf. f oos JuLi s. Mwn t Msnds. Jtt. for tlds tost is as roUoost. of TflSSdroo. oaeids. oooli wiyiza^. by ooo. par csat of iron oxidSp are oarofully prsparsd bf solgb(» lag. tfas. eoBstitviDts» aixtes» aod lopiatsily is tSBpod. MMiatei*. viifonly into 1*2/2 - 4 iaoh.
(61) "ttx-y. .'^^OOO'C^.
(62) mr* tten flrsd. la %bm. tb» dttooator «idpr te«t» «Ut«fe is in*. tiy. vmml. sMcrier In tbm «ed of tb* sartPi^t*. i«rti«ftllT in ftir«. blon<S« of. ?MML«mi. nCumm 2^. ountcutiia dtmiatiom and 80. Attvaa*. aa* (MfeMMiBid*. Lis tlHi y. tU^pa. itia. in aOdtttaB* 9o II. df the oovPMiQBillls. of tbt •MM^lfcli af. blMlflto is ta'^cr. ditaaator*. tbft. *. '. ron &9 a. oxmvallr,. aaa* praaiiapt is auvlad out witt a adiaiiffrt 4ii%aM". MP. aa^pariac»i. pmpaiti*. T»>i—ail a« it is oHifcud. a^athjg Modiitaas affi»at tba xasults. it ^0 ^^st. %a. mam. ail &ha triaia oa ttm. Ttjci. ftJQCl. mmm. >est;. 4qp». (11). rbs lMd-»plate teat* nail t€st« aad others, dll. dapand. ofi. tbo t^Ql^anha^^. dstonators flacad in. t,.reotfi px'cdrrasfi. by uisoooriaad. ^ csriclte ^ositioos rslatlvs. c. to ths aatarlal to bs acted on«. In ti^ lfta(>»Llcc. tbs dstooator is closely ^orix^uodsd by ths 2aad». ahioh it aets^ but the wlt^ ssoe. -^his. iOT. torn*. rv. salts of oon^ja^rlsoos. .. ,... ui*. i- li«.t*vc. Llflclcii&ict. u. c. test fall to ctoa that ths t«at is a. jtftei. tost,. ^. „-.
(63) >. "^iV"". 1.
(64) In 19X0, V* Ow teellls^y tfaMi «o ojp]4Miv«« cli««». Ut. or tte liVuMi or !^iiM» dovlaod * OIjpm* ai^lioa for. oo. tfa» oxftcQt. to whiob « h&rd, brittle ofttcflAl. of UBiTom grenulatleo* w^m palv«rlB*d. •r %h» dKcMittr €iMWi». nd%*kl» bcRb» vhiob. Iti*. «fta %ii«ii. ligr. a»»awit8t. «m. tlio. p«IfoilJMitioci of tlio Bond. «to. «Md. fipoB. mr atoadord. mm. fit. «m %hm. tint 90MMim or. dotonUned by. tbo harib OBd 8irtli« it tliiwuti o. 0io\H»ft.. Jl» total toontity of oona poooins. tfaroofh tlM 4o-aooh olovo. fior. rooultlag. of MBlfom. amofC.. mmkim ftm drtaartog. •ad tiM apcrot of. pia eee in a. portly flIX»d «ltu u Jlvon. qpHOtity of oroloory, olooa* Ovf (to to 40. tbo oxplooloo. wriod vltb ^etonotoro of. iilf*. dotoDntcrs of tbo oono ^fAmm Hoocluo fyoQ thl« test lodlootod that tbo aathod. tfaa voladtlTi. atvoagth of dat oaatogo , in spito o^ ^be faet. that aa it aaaaufod only tbo bgr. pligraioal. offoota paedoaod. tba datanator* it aypavad to bo aidijoot to. tlia. isoat. of. objaatiana tbat taavo liaac aavaaaod ooooorslxifi naxiy. af tha divoot itaMMda of toatlcc* rtm. Mthod of. AiaeaailMi ia tba. 9mm. Par taattaa.
(65) «. .. ». siPf?-v ^rs».:. ;i^r.^_. laofgiitit, i*f.
(66) i7. Cbiftrlo Oetonfit^rs or. ^^tm»%OTn». ordfftHePr. ^b&. i%or !• fivod In «Trronl lately th» ototar o^ • rmaa. #r. 1'. "«. giVMi of th* wUtct^T^ Mtii*. %te eovtr of tho. bcxab is. r> l:u;;voc:. After the e^plMioit^. and t!^ Gcnu "c oaptlod. OD to a Iu>80 sheet of ilazeu peper* or the. le-rs. mOimttag Ofcar-^. eetid. fcce, to'sthftr. c!iiK>BL*. or the co;. t. The eleeferlo ae>ep. si^oH, axe z^ject«^a. v.-^:^. snv lCT*^a. r.-lth. &i.^uS'. oay. hae been r^ao^d froa theei^ end the entire. of send 1« carcf^illy elfted tbraush e neat of. 8i6 es«. The send eho^ld not be rubDcd vlth the hana». as suoh treatsMot vould force through the sieve parti* Oles that wo. ili!*^. ^tbonrice Tcrsaln oo the 2le'7©». the acyetnlns ie oca^lete, tbe eeparate tlie. eaod renalnln^ in. e». eB|*led onto csAll. iwA eepumtely to a Steqr. ^ch. ealgi..... cnc:. 'ven. the. :. icocp, mad ipeighad*. haire. been cmrled out on. coes*. It serise to be tbe best test for. •HMMitalx aeaaarlQg the <litonGtor,. exkl In. recti c,. of glaaed r^v^rt trc: sfer*. rt-ftfite. terlea of tosta. Harelal detonatore. eleve. .. After. <^et(»iatlag. erfloienoy of a. h you oaanot apply directly any. t. of the theories or. <>ton£Ltioo to thia. specifio test and. ttua explain vhy it t»lves the results it does, one aeea hare «hy there have haah eo aany varied tests uaed for. detonators,. "^hia. test t\lay still is. me. of tbe aoat.
(67) tlCrJt-)^. '^>e^'^^'> 4,^. i?fV-. ^5 .iJ. fc.
(68) reliable to clv« tbt a»e«tr to bov efflolent yqiar dt%qp». At or it iQ Uoios the Job it %bi(t ie. fatte. been deeigxMd for iod. ooaplete cetoimtleo of tbt high exploelve.. Ooe of the efirly testa for ev&luatin^ effloionoy. of « detooetor vac the lead plate test and ccmelste of firing a detonator vbile auf ported in a. ertloal real*. tlc^v its baae reatinc o» the center of a lead (late iibottt. 1-1/2 In. aquare by z/XO in. trdok.. Tbe appoax^. aoe« of the lead plate after the detonator ie flrel, forolabee a plotorlal i<epveaeQtGti<»i of the exploal e. aetioQ of the detonator ehax^e*. In the center of. plate f at the point of contact with. ti^e. t^ho. ba^e of tho. detonator » tl>ere oeciirs a Cepresaioo vtdoh la ucpondont. for depth both upon the alae and quality of the tor». aJiatin^ froia. ttiio. ^ciXn^^.. tloii» aa the oar>e isay be, are. Cor-rec. 5 :..;',. •-:.. let one* :-vvr<-.-«-. mnaeroua atriatiom of. fine dotted linco.. 'esc atrlationa conatltnto tbe real. index to the quciiw/. oi. uue oetonaii^Qr aaa ^im mx^l^mXv%. %tt%ct of Ita oaapoaitlcn^. "aoh dot ed line is the re*. ault of a glanoins blov inflicted by a e ingle particle. of tbe uetonator aiiell* ttm detooatiOD of a -ood quality f ulslnate of aer».
(69) f-oJjrrfiT. ^^r?^'.
(70) CRay. rste. oliar. ^. 11 vull into iiinvn»i<mbl« ood». o^otrle rin^m, %mth el. uiMnrcm mt^ll. tum». lo. shfttt^r^d in%o. /s tfm quality of * fulalaftt#. rimi^jmnlu. of mKtmiTf detonator is IwiMrod, tbo •!«• of tb» aii^Xl. ^. "gli. *^t boooMio larns^p ^nm to « loss btya^ut aetlian. of tbo ozploci^o oborcoy tfao loftd. «^. the z«dl«l strlatiocMi <n. plate tend to v« rerlaeod by lavgo plttii^i or. aplotohee at In^c^ulao* Istorvala on tha faoa of. laa^ Plata 9 thaaa pitting. ^^ oauaad. Iff. tlio. tba Xar:a. it tba datoaator it. f^aPiii^i f)nB tba jtalonater aaaa.. of m vary lov quality, dna ta pf^taigad arpoaora to aolatvura,. a dai^otiva. £;eu/d». of fulaSnata, a faulty nix*. tata, or any other eatjaa* ao that it saay ba pvsatioally. vorthlaaa for dataMEHn^ poiiaera». ^t. will not tlilHiar. tha ahall into nuaaroxaa «aall fragsientay bat vlll nsore*. Xy rupture tha oaaias into a aeall BQiibar of Ivoad atripa* With this detormtcr, Viere. ar<*. Ilka IspraaaloDa radlatSac. fircei. only a few broatS, rlbboo*. an alsooat imperceptible. ^pspaaaico atoare tha detonator aaa in contact vith tha lead plato.. ^M* convanlaooet. -.'^'is. :r.. -•:. *. for datonatore era elassified aeoortllns tc. -n'] '"'. r--. v:rl!ty. fforent. atandarda, abioh era in ^^xm dtaal^iatad by tha first six.
(71) :2i. &i.
(72) M. QIC. VMtUty. Tftbl« I. shovs m t fclwlafd dMK: iptioo of lese rlmtat.. none. B. ood. do. do. do. c. ^ir. do. do. ocoe. large doop. Bono. do. QdM. do. MttO. do. E. 3od. traoXly. -^h. •teXlov. loo OBd 0OV)» orod ty io-» aalna of shell .t. ••% of ttnodapA 2ood plotoa ore used« vhXcb. %ho toft lodpMMit ontliMo- f99m oeveool rive oijflpMflBO. jmxn of. botli. vith itUjoioaie delooetore %x^ alao. ilYo otpoylaentol lork. with otbor InitioMiv oao». •ii^ilpot olth a set of these etandordo end o. totartotod oot of the above <aooonptlQBO« odo ebould bo •l»le to. detondzM the. qiocaity of tbo detonatora he lo.
(73)
(74) • 51. •• bela9 t—mi>ii abovt br th« soddM. Iri^^jlso. of the. dHonftter, vi wie that t«D dlaft&Mt fitter* coiev. tl» ^MilfliBMift. mA. spiiiMiittn at Mads. 1 ip>ula€>«. MPt 4iMkS98o or bvlMttiie«« and •tvtngtb*. a— wwt p i^. dMtsntd. tsfe^. tlM««. In • w<. it la Imnaaftila to laolata thaaa. tvo ftetora* Valoelty of. MMtlcm. tfaa. obnddal vasatiooa laTolir^ id a. of tba qtiiiiBeaa^ vbilo thm total roVomtD of. iMMVi tuitamtlija |i>ia<iota •teiDSttu Mnr eiiaiaiat aiglit. tfe[». l. a & funation of tt^. be citadt vhiali aaaal. folaimta or omrefar io atrtftii tut. «lki«b ara t«#3i»M. fir «a%«MUiaK nurpoaaai al»o aaar emm^mtU. WMHooad. alglift. ba. vhleh aaeeal lo qtilolaiam b«t whlob ava vaatlj. inferior to «ba lead. ftilal nata. |Ui» tMb. f«iai3iMa». In initiating Talua^. la. atatialTy a naamna of. ^CBa of tba iBtavwatiae factor* tbut cri ?t. tha affioiaiMr of « ^^>%«fia%or» as afaoan by tl^ load plAta taata« are alec. ,. nolatui*^. ,. :. otaaslija. otiorata cootant^ indentation or ghellaf ana !iarOno8a. of detonator Jtia. abellj!*. eXoiaent of qulci^Maa in fULslnata of «30x*cur7. d#tonatora doaa not vary sptntly vlth tba aiae of the.
(75) «.
(76) •. TIMWf^MVf. ^o*. frwlftti«o UolfftQPft. M^. ! «9icHt. ^ }. •. Ifit«. '. t«3t 4oe« not Inui*. «r olmr;««». i« vBlvnrMlly adidtted to be t^« ^-^^NkMit. of eiTttlMi'^^MMMvrSa. ^n alridat Irir^z^orti. -lo. eooterit le «afriei««% to iis^mir 9<?rleu8ly, tl^e. •OBO^liko Indontfttlco. «fed<;h. of th» lMu3 plAto toot 19^. MoMi finer and mmpo. t«Bdj to tRpvoTe tho ^foftlitx. ^f^^'. ^7 rondorlB:* tbo rmAlm^. isiirox« o&d. bjr. ooasln:. Oqo of tbo fev object lone advor^oodi. iiMo. toot, «a« tbo '^liof tt«t. t^. om&p&r lxi». ft'*ainot. the load. taaltty of tho toot. flAlo la npoatly affootod hf tbo liofdiiom or softaosa of tho dotonator stroll,. "^^^a. vaa pronod fulso by a aarlea. of toots vMim dlffoi'oot hardnoaa of tho dotooator aholl. Uaolf* Tho tfmqg " ^-. '. -'--. -^et (18). Tbo trauzl teat rToaruroe tho coa|)arativo ''larrtlvo. popaA of ozrloolipos whon fixed \md4>r moclerate. «>Dt«. Til. aakliis the teat, aqyal vc. orrloalT*a are er alexia,. ^. .r^,. of dirroi^nt. n bore holea of definite c:inon». aado lo leacWblc^kt of ptooorihod ofaavaoterf. t>7.
(77) *. >^.
(78) 99. wmunn of a na»dt ^iintity of «t«aalAs and vfaao %\mm coq* rinad^ ara ajq;>lo4»d hj oaaaa of almilar dstana^^m* te %hla taat, aiRiyy CMtoor ia.^||l»r wriigl. Mr •!»»•-. ter of tba azploaiiwa tdilah ava t:aii^ aoapas«a«. tlw. aaaaura of tba taat iu tba ToXisaa by vhlah tba aavlty. IB tha blaow la laaraaaad baaaaaa of tba praaaura «B»yt» ad by tte exploaloc uctlar tta dagvaa of oonfiaaoMit to atileh tha c.T;x;Ic8lva la aubjaotad by the. and tba. nmmmm. CyUadrlaal laad. and 125 33« In. t!.. wiMk iMali tils otavulni la. 200 mi^ In diaoatar. 3. «a» lA tei|^ ava uaa^.. qumtlt/ of ata»>. 4£k:. 30C. j«n^ bola aiJHi* Id dSflMMir. is u^ua atBtralXy in tha. ttp£«a*. rart. of aaoL bXook* 3ac bora Vx>le in. SMOUXOu la cubic. cf. r. y;,'. &. .<o*. v.;.. ^. .. to aacertaio Ic^. .. to ba toi to d la ploaad la tb» opoirtao. 7 alacx.r^e c^etooator. of thla obar«ie«. /vbiiut. -. tui^cd wltL. L.. .w.. aavlty In tLe. :.r.. .^. j.a. ploaad la. Um. oaotor. of dry aatxl ara pougo d into. •. tha booo kola and about tl«. tilt. vt. oublo likobaa* >. ittic. lead oyliBdar to bo «aad« 19. tl^o. le;;a •. of tba dotaaatftr cad. -.M QLmrj9 Is iire... liLiU. oa aaaauraC wltb watar aad.
(79) ^ni^f'mi^'^rmr.
(80) •. YoXia* •rf««t of. ffbe. Wl—fl oa. Mad. twtm tb#. dtto—tir. tmloa of. tfaa. ]Md. o%. Jviat. th« d^toofttor. my. Aloud m^' its •ff»^. b*lQg t^st^dp ttu». aloM. 1« ds^ov^. aaMvMtad. te. Iviag. tnu>. tkiA. MEpl^Mlvi tv^t i« hwgail in tb» .r«t^ !•. bleek. ^iThlXo. tt03e. vMd. tv» stllX. T'Tcir. teats f. 1. '. r. v. -:. .,os. to aMOUVO tbo atrtngth of ex. Oi^lOOifO tiol itts. q. glw»*' yi. eve. l^... —. ;..•.'. oru ... .'..... u. .-. ,. Mtlo-. foolMHi t««t rtar aMUMOPlag qusotlUitivoIy tbo inltlAtliis. Offlft o—y or ttMHaih. ^. <j#t. oootii u •. ^a vna w2x>u^bt. •bout bj BiMU fiim a^^^tlcvMKto and Xmpm ioin»» »Owii dnrlfie. ^^bo. ija. d«Un*. post ^loeado*. Moat of tbo toots torotoToxw propoood for boooisf**. iMg tho atyonftth of do %o—%of o. 4MiOiono7« idbaoltito. tAf. bo'TO hcui. oomo oorieoo. Go«Hpall7» ttiolr ^rolue io aooourii^ oitbor. or rolotifo loiti&tlxig offioioMor tm» boon doubt<. ol^lXo thoao fov tests thot. ««po boUoood oottjolly. to omlMlio roXntlYO tnttitlinff offieloooy oore and. loult. —<ioroo— to porfcts* It. !. o tDovn foot tbofr vmmj onpXoolvM olll dntoo*. •ko ot dlffoivat Mifeoo» doponrting upon tbn pooor or of*. fioitnoy of ttn dotonntDr uood». 4^r onoailop oiioul. o.
(81) -•*•**.**»» **€^:. m^.
(82) • 98 •. tfMaMrtfor b* %oo Xov in str^igth for tl^. the explosive vlll hKt«. ten. «^lo8iYO vm^A,. inoonplete a«t(xiation end the. rrs-iltln^ foroe of tb» •zplotioa will be cdoah lofver thin thr*:. <r^i-tit. tiiiwiw. MMM ffim.. ttiMm. T. laportane© t^«t a detocMitor. of tli». of. «t Irr-st. !59. wlniMaM Initlfttifl^ #fflei«B47 required. u. ^t. i. & ooa*. t^yr. ^loh better to use an Of^^ivtsMl. '0§0tm aiillMl^ii*. dtaaatop aod Insnre. enocrrh etranctb for the hl-rhect ox^. der detooetieo peeeible* •i^owird. efflelene/ teat for det onator. ?-. teat. wm. 7. thle end of ^ettSag • eetler. 4e¥ieed«. !ttle. and '^enerelly eeeeiytod. laitietiiiG. '-InatTre-eartridg*. ,. teat is bestu oa .be fvaidaaaotal o^xa oept. tl«t tbe ability. dettsnetor to initiate tn 'neenaitlvt*. <yt. a. >. livc. tutee tbe beat wmnnti of waMttriag ita ir,lt^nt*r- ^<^n^ flletioy*. ftf. iwjflpearc^. a wide. plcaiirea, imrf?ra« rdrttnva. ted for the InltiBl at»d(y« svedooed fa the. nf^.n. ratif?e. of. "VSK. 'The. '. '. -^ '. iron r'^^^ r?rr^. extent ol ce^oastlia. loMaeiti^ exploeive. la. Ma amge C bj tba t. welrht of eand ortMMi In « '^"arwm of Wtmht mfmi6 *^»5b. llM. iatotmw. gNfei. oart r ldae oooaiata* eeeentiolly cf. choree of a earaftilly Oflotr. tore In a anall paper ear. ~. r. &«. vXt^. haTlm an Inalde dja^ater of.
(83) <Ct5XL. -iZJil^JSi.. ,i9M&i'.
(84) tb« advuitaQttoua fMitiJVos. Ijmn. la»«n«ltl^ pcf«!ar test.. oarldft. tfftction ot. toff. A. .. 1^... iBtGit&lly. _.. ... eQru»l:Saii»atlooSt. .-. -^o-. not hex'etofcrc s^f*. -jsmA mom. lisoorpotAtad. L. rha flrat ©f. thM«. in. tl. ';r?«-lron. JO. d. .. .... oxlda alz^urot suat ba ocrcfullj cot. '^thiB oartalc linlta^ qm tha I*. it to«t*. 1« thu fact ttat the r^c^ ir. 4iin«it7 of ao iaaausitlva e^pj^^lvcy rr. iratfring. d^wit? of. u. mlzfeura lso7oa«es« lt« axploaiva pov.i',. \jj. a.-?. its aaaU cruaLiag oapaalty^ deercacas rc^Ic-. Imakias danalty vaa leapt within. Xy*. zae&*. an la««acl.tlv» ejcploaive*. ?he iMpoi^mt. a. A. cTtcnt of the dat^oa*. Itfcnt. ia p**Owuoiaj; a ^\.. t»10D In. .l«v«s. •. of t!» n. aiir«3iBfnt. scuad test anJ.. oi* t::ci. •04J;«':^. £s«a par. oubio oontiaetar*. Tba aaaood aoa aao that iaaoatitiva azploaivaa ara aapabla af all da^raaa of partial <2atoQatiQD» da» panding aa tba laitiatlng affloiazMy of tha Uatonator. uaad*.
(85) ?^%st.
(86) t«o!«iiqu0 of the ftlBplifle^S routln*. •l«t«, brl«fl7» of lostilne a B» |pwtt otenii of a. 3—oot. ivr^lroD ozlce nlsfeure into a eartftilly. at^. paper eartrlde 1/2 Inoh Inalde dicsBater and %mZ/^ Inehaa Tha rac':li5- <fetwltT Is eonatant, txA the ^^^t^^na*. loir-. ". inocrliec.. s. "^io. c aopth as to ^rouuce. suci::. c. *.'r!tlfttlon,. •o. fired In the eat^«r r^. cartridge thua aasaoi^lecl, la. 1."'^'^ ^^rawa. of •^c stondard. In a stf^al borab 5 incc^s _nalda dlaoeter.. aaad» ahlch paaaaa thr<yir^ a So* 3". acraan, OBdlda. i^erflf^asarjISs. niKi.. ubo. lih©. l-. In. ". f3*. r»%. sgi^ pol^WTlsad. loh la. nad. 3«!nd. c. a'.. by* t^t?. alua is. .. tha dataoator blank,. nn",',-?j3. T>7. ilnllarly flr-. mna. a rdnletnro ecrtr'r»'*e eo r t. sui^^-ur. ^f. "y^ir^. ttna darlvad, rcppesanta t a Inltlatlnc ©fflclcnoy of. tha detoniit")r». Thla •r^ltlctln!? efflelenffr ?s. t^^Y^n. r^.rr^^. parcKi rslativQly vitL ^i^c of a aultatXe i>8raraac«» vntoaam. t«r». 7 tha unlq^o. ator blan!-, the prlDClpla that. oi'ereitlon. of rabtractl^i of tho. rtiniet'iTr:—oartrl<3'c tlia. t'-urt:. (3atati». Innor^firTtou tha. ^iealrod aaaaurcsaent is not tLc :oroa. of tha datonator Itaolf, but tha raaultant affect of tha datooatoF In. rTvv^ ^rtir^f n. "-^^pfe*?*. op laaser 'ar*^^. <^r.
(87) (au*. ^msikaJ^. ««^««i^.
(88) «. '. cm. cf. ti':ie. rortfint pl&cG In. .:. ftre. incc tlie. :. -. ,. .. fiwe <J«toniitor« tav© bad. lold of •xplosives.. ^. "^^07. ooertonly raacm In the fox^ of copper, oopper. #. or sooetliaea aluealmia tuboa about 3/4 Inch in Cler^^'^v find. apppozlaAt«ly 1»3/S to 2 InobM in Isogth^ v.. o cloiMd end codtaina tbo prossad. end eloeed (X5)» almrc^ of Ini. la Intended to .Ija -. V.. al^U and. t:. /. .. aetaX cas. piaea of flat t;o. o«lve, «h»r«a« the. .. la. or^cra. rorbion. end of a las^th of aafety tubea^. ^f tht. n&tor la eoBsnonly oallad. by atamdng, flrat a cup tvoa a. rai^C^m. "^er annaallaSf the cup la OraK). oo^'i.«i'*. e daalrad tbiokoasa and length in a battery of slell*. drsvli^ gaebinaa* \iae. CIO. detonators. coiJvtu.iiii3^. Inner relnfoi-.. ?•. aulee^uaually oada of copper or copper alloy Into wide use, i.L. -. a^o. e©e CT'lnln^ nxfdt-jna Inc. -nlcal atren^tii 01. t:-e. uetoaawor^ tuerujy. uecr'^.tisia^. tbe aenaltlvlty to nbock and li^act; they alao laoroaaa tfaa. decree of c^mrtnoncnt end old In focuatn^ the c!otoaa». of tba datooator,. lea bava a.
(89)
(90) appMVMMt. lite. tai» ttoiHK^ flfttli fi*QB. 9l%h m bol» in th« e«ot«r of. «lii«l9. tb». BT3lt. thi ij^nitiOD chsr :•. <«ii^BA»r of tte. 9mifTi9^^ out of. U». r-ay. **. tli#' ^-^. ir;it Sating. ••»>•»«. erploslv^a In f^m9. '^hu^ of Mt tem j ful* '. i. 7h«. rulfiIaftt««ohl9i«ite sijetta^t*. In ttiper-liaro»*<5 lajer*. «lMm MPM. c. >•. 'Vequaotlj celled wc"' Ui» Mill* puappote. follo^n'. alnftte^ with the. Pam or. b« eoapuol—»t<5. Ajcrity of sMxS^m dctonatora co«tAln. MiiiiiBi. -. '. elHii^. FMr asair yeav* tt». iMEto or. of th* Mnety. tt c. ad'vmstar^es t. ft«. »o. .. '. 7^1^02^ xul«. the det^Mwtnre -**I. eoontxslcaly jt«t as efficient, end les-. if%. !fiore. •w. to attsufactuz^e end use*. 7o Increase the c. oraent. of the exploelve. ee, end hecoe to laprore the explcelve pover, beee end. VPttSBUgWMtH nauelly Thle 1e e. f«pee«ure«. ^^ ^^. '"^^aote eoati*oI •. m%iiFe. >i. ff. ere loeded into the ehelln Tsii^r. hft«erdo\i« operetl'^n Rn". In hydxvullo ppestee pleoe<*. herriestfee,. ^'^. 'n^. t^«r». ,. ^5" nounde n«p detonator '--—^'. 1»2 to e?proi«ligic^. ployed*. ^--^. ?he preeriires onst l^ con*. to pre Ten t detonatloo of ^^"•9Tipee of 3^. !r. r»eny oher^ee. to. 6,8'^'^. p»m«). Imi^ been. eubetltuted for a»rcur^. c. -.
(91)
(92) • 40. f. n— 8ui"t < t. oefit«. ftt. if 111'. uoreupy fulr^fnt^e bur h^en r»i>ert#d to dot*. an >. ftm^t H wwgo. of. '^. luao dfOtoimtoKv^. i.u/ii.. '. «lr». lor. ^. irt>»4d»<5. ft. 4»t«nat9r*. in. thft. Xy. cftlXftd. tb*. ^lian thft. ftn. •tunoM. •KploAlvo obov^ In. c. fonetton t«. Ir. l«w^r/j. «. fliDtt. portioa of tlm ffxy^l<miv%. niKteot. brici^ft virftt Ift. ty tlM pft«M0i of follovins. .^. •bo«*t leor^tL of. In. cl^cLilcfc.! »jft«ii jfor. L.^. 4iPitix« tb« explM4v<& «hi«G«» pa i fowi ^. pouoAs p»r. 1^84. virft,. tmqxmtBtt^. .. of t ^tii^ ••ours ooaafeact. mmf. brou^Ut to l iMWPc 1> i Qcao#. current. 6.. «lMiP vltb*. HilPm^ it^ U» ^liiift. portion of tho. vitb tbt U'it^o. is usually Uio ignition otiAs^o^. )wn« or. ilj**» wfc^ob. :Xft«l^a*. :ils. atnftrotioQ of bMit 4«v»lo|i» Ootonoticin of tbm pvtaiag. •bMlio,. i^Qh. •fanrge^. -'bo. ppTildiBg. ft. in turn inyart^ ctetosfttioo to iiiiMji^w^lLViiWilllii.. OQfti^iDfttlfMi. pulftoa* bfiflg ftliout. of ftJCplOOiVQ*. tXA,. fcte. bmwm. of tlm Ootoootor aboll^. of thofoftl. ftod. wohftnical. uatoofttlon of tbo aftin. la-*. oliftariift.
(93)
(94) 41. •. im W^obmblj tbm aost. Z%. .iw pMfftirtftM. filtTMii vli«. wm%. kAV6. bMO. taftvt. a. flatll. MMi. l:«. 9V»p#rtle«» ABd should hecw^ lam. Mmh tea. %tii;ar alloxi. aa tba. iMla. ^r. tean. \iaa. v»3jitlv»2y high. mii. c(»29tant In •leetrloal. «imi pi.tlv. aa brldga vli«ft». ^intr «§•« baa. %aaM eada of QOt plateiimi and 80^ iridloiv aa tba abara xa<|ulr&d jiif laiil pv^»artlaa». iaMmr vIMMm. mtitljm. It aprK>aol>> la latlMr. Inst. alXor tbat haa baan «aad. •MitXy and tbat haa blrbar tanalXa atiai^tb^ in ta baing ataaapor litf. pw. A. eo«t«. in rooant yaaiv to fUid. Otm of tha aoat. iMtaX«. la «i. rmnl^tmmm rtMiu# •• tb». »ratui« It lner«*a«tf» BiMt. MBrtaai. MrtiM. dlffleult to aMAini. b9 oorrotloa»r««l«liaK# atro.slBh,. .1. itea of eomrtruotloo In. in];>0r%i»t. «i •Jk^iivlo Omtmi^or.. MmX. .. n^. a<lii»ftap. is^t l«giht la nai^^Baii of. 8O9C. n.». A lass mtkOH. llBdlvK aad «^lh|ttaii«B». m%w9 alley la niatrapa# or ablah tha ilo. A. la ^0%. tiiiifil i. }»±9. Ufi fliwilMi and. wmitfimmm. ifwtar. of. fKiam. Q^ooiift. aCr:^. vtmA for. iron* bricLv.e. viroa. laah and a laosth of o«l2. UapHMUag on tba aiiaatal fraa whioh. it la aada».
(95)
(96) pctlii%—< •f 200 tm. 1% Bty lMf9 «. mad • t«ii«ll« tTfg>li of loOf. p«r x|mr< Inch*. '. ohem p9r foot. to 3:0^000 pooaads. A ttttKlMrd roll of auoh wii^,. «1U eoatda. la^ 1 pound,. '^. 4^. 100*000 to 20^)9000. vlgliR. fM4«. In th* elvctrle a^toafttors tb« fooy sMlta of va)0». l«f. MDtMt. ^ tm ti. tbD bridge «lr» iOKl tie laiiM<». rbt fciUjt «lr« say mim^lj. !•. .M». iOltiOD cborxe*. Mibtddaa ia. !>•. !• often. n#i— A. te. tl}«. m. bpiaje plus type.. C*. tto». Loo tffllod. bridse vir«. •7. be dipped into « ^9i99mik.^. of the igafttico €lMmo ia a solvent ao^ tbeo. to fona ea. odbeUng pellet, eo—enly called a. A eoetlns Of oitx^ooellulose often ie Applied to. boed«. the ooteide of the 9*. lieod. to provide • p90N«tlpi ekin*. Htm lotfiMMiei typ^ of ignitloo le oo^ietrooted. •0 foUooei. 'two. •ad of tbe los. stripe of oetel foll» eoldered to the. vijres, ere. eopiMiOd by e flet strip of. liMWiletiag ai^teriel, suoh as peper,. tbeir eode tx. OHiW Or. My. loto. enci. oonoeoted ckhposs. short length of trldgo wire soldored to. *1WHillg ^i». TlilWI.HWi Vm^. OM9S«oicn of. tfae. Imi or this. igvltiOB ofaer^e in. tile liqpid, follcHnd k^ dnrias to rsaoTa. tlse. a. v. Ic-. llquiuf.
(97) .. JaJjt:M..
(98) of th« Isnitiao ijIWMt Ihe eavitj t7r« of J^piltLoB. 4«. m^tjj^al±%.9tMttf^ viOiii. a» Mi%. mmmm. maiMr ««i. tfao. la. ftoM datooaftovai. ft. slnslo. ftr«. )#•« l>i«Matl7» cxM. snaXipMi to. oora*. Xtmn rcniao* e»-. T^riainis. laai' ftsMitifli. «harc^l. wrtwif I a^r Xinotion or. r. s^. ^q. itgnltiont fvtelB^, and bosa«. o«BipMDd oleotric iltlfl— tug with two. is that doMKltad by :• C*'. ooaDQsitiaM. thi>e« l-adiTldual. or sori* c« both ignition ohar^e and. maiplM of a. tod Into. Ooo raaterlaX Oec^uontly. ilo8iT» aiAtoriiils*. o^'wanctf «. tfas. «feiiRi» tarn. •d by * cqoQauqA •iHVi of two or. all throe. i-. tt:c. mevttj, th« cur^coa aBOOtlad* and. •Itotrie cjMflMtors. tai^*. •cds cf the i«g vIje^m,. of u^e maiMj^^. •MPMitlMi^ in v«t pla^tlo fom^ tlli. 9mt9ii^M a. daiMMi. _... .. cq. 410) » ooDslatiir; of a baaa. of a aiJMEPa of QOt ammury fuliiBflto and. 30:;:'. L«a chlorate and an isaitioa ooapotfitlon of tnaio. KXootrio dot oaatora are vail soalod to «aka t.
(99) ^JAfi". ^rrr-. tC^Miftr'.. r. '^r: r-. :iJ^:^. >. tfL. ^r4^^. ^.vm*.
(100) to. mmmmmmitL. £il« bilig« wire*. Th&r. %# i»i4 mac (SOOd. tiftVt. (IM «yL MlMPMagSTr. »*. bloatla^y «b«re Idflli. 4ttttiD:ral8hjjig foiiture. 1« tho loBcror oholl^ ixrocdrios. cr aiv.. u0«d In w&t blaatiag. tfa». or tte tla» of fmmmimm arr Lo. «MMv-««:^l0t:n. vmter. ^. leiiiBr». aotOMiton. —m. >. r^. ^. ^«. BttT. •p«e'al sub*. wo. he. voo(i». of anboorlDo oXoetrlc dotoooiort «i oxttm Qunitlty of vatoiw. slftli. oatorial iipii9o4*. Th» \j«uol typ* of oool uaod lo a oonpoaito one. Tfeo brl<^-"«. *1ii" ^s. giSK^*^. ^'^. iaoortod into tbo loocc. ^It r. rr.^-.^-e-.r. n,. tlirh^ly fi»d flrot. roilowod. poorlBs a. toy. Tiseoi2o cborr* of oophttltlc aotorlol around It to hard*. 0I.0II8 end haa the adtSltioimX dlaadvii. not cooplotoly satisfactory toQporotxiroa • BiBlty. mix. wltl; tljo. ooDoltlso it, fUDOtion*. oad crook. '^. *•. II. '. ua eoiiai. o?. o. l'. en azpoa«^ to oxt. crftturoa, thf>. loo OF prlsiiig ohar. ^^' -ay. t. -<>•. .. v r to fnll to. At Icar te^'T^oraturoa tho aa^^l«lt ,. tl^t. ^^'-^trr^^ct. thua proyldlix; on omtvy for aoloture vIjoq. V.y datoQOtor la expoood ot noinal taaq^oroturoa •. thla typo of aool tho aapbaltlo naterlal la prloMrlly.
(101) fi?!« f. ^. ii. .i.;;.. >i^-. -n^^^.
(102) ioaotlr. ft. nowl. •ln?l« teal hta aon* out, eootlst-. $a9 of • dotibly wiHiMi ujii>l»tt» init^r plu^.. Md. pmmitt^. lM«. Maga*. lii» u ii». % ma^Ht wibnfr steXI t« b«. mtibl». flAt. uMdf aIm. •c«l« of (rlftM or of a •alta'. BBtal, mimh as copp«r» taniMt or uTi a. t—. ». 1. .-.. iMivo. vrorosod*. A %b«iai9iMM#}«Bate4Htt2., e^itlttlas tf. ••• of. sTOthotlo owpnio pol7S»rt« auoh b» astbyl. tfao. otboo»ftet«,. etfcyl ooll-i.._« a4KiiftOS«. fiefttfttft,. lor.. tho vinyl bAlide polyuta » also hovo boon. J..^. -. .. ic d«tf>aKfior iMgr. o fuoo dotoQOtor» with a jrl. a dola;. c. :. .«^lay. fi. a« on cl^-c-. l. QloatBt» or rc«d<rr tr^Sn. iooortod betoooQ the 'jvld^e wire Ivo ebar^o*. bo vtsonliaod so. vlr« oasessblj bh^ sent,. trie Ce.. telo uotflootor vith. or. -. JOlay d^tooatora lire &t. Ito. abort iQtorvftla aftor tbo electric circiilt is closotSt tbofto iatervala rao^e ^'roa. ac. 0,3. to tbo dal. ,. '. approziaately 1. tbe detonst. \,q. tioQ of current « to ixro a series. o.. lay. .. oloetrlo detoootoro» it is poooible* rltb one. a,. i.. c. Gr^ots in rotii^x:ja. or ouooossion, at short end rooaooably roprodueiblo.
(103) ,-r^? ».
(104) of. xmlkj elootrlo detcsioton \mv9 Xym^ ibl7. %on. ymmt aedem. antts-^H^ l«r% 10. dmlmf. «f« l»BB bttlky^ bmym aov» reliablo fictos. terl8tlc«9 RA7. ^. tt«eA. uDder wttor and ar* «np» Mtslly. art tvo prl—1pi(i Ippt* of ^•2fty •leotric konit. th«M. taMiaa « v»b% for th* etOApe of 3«flaa,. tte Jbti#tr typ« are c. m oiottrie fee. ornvtoi. iamm^tmmam flK:^ thus. ifeo. vfalah ia. ymmu. atliT. to. tfao. a nt aiies. Mw. ibio. iat ^feMii»# «iii«k «ta>. tiM. Ptt0«^e of. tirib*«. iMiMr will. tiibOy It. fivM th». if. t:. ovuer,. Tho longor tbe. bo tbo. doUr. •. Igsltoo tbo pili»». ao«oi3*tor«. MLmj vmmimt to bum. doUy. diliy pasiBdt tho first rtatfitor will fire. 17». tm. powder tarns Of'O. ropidly IB OBO dotottiitcr tton in othor (StiOMftovB. •Bt. Mm. dolay poodtr boo oovood. ttat. fvqoivid fbr tbo. Mgbly iKiHint, for. it. ti^ i«atfci«i vftftaviftl«. sots lire to tbo ooloy. oppooito ood of tbo. rtao. ciav«lopMBt«. lato a swtal. %i«|&». d»tiBBtors of. Hlmili tb» hriA^ wiro iMAaM. pnimmm. of tho ootoDOfeor*. ^. v^. mm-. Mif ttd. M fnl. nif i. «}d «faM» Mttt mr9 ^malt^mnmm. ftf tli».
(105)
(106) #. DilAy •Isetrlo. dtt—JTe. pvodoMt. eoocKMiltioB that. to tQlld. of tho diotonotor*. «ltk m vmik Imy* • delay oi«. &s«a «p«i tUMitag.. vhiob would ftecal«imt« tne rcte of. viPf. of tte 4«tft7. dlMbdvonuigos^. m. pi>v€l*3^. ^^oatetS. and oftvio pnoftturo firla^. dalcy dotoBStOMi. Imlto sercrftl. Tbey ore not etnatrally •fttlafaotory ^or. v«« oator oa^sftM. h—da. of wm%mw booauso tho lent rro». m poMlblo point of ontr? for vatMP* 0<. tlBO. Host «t«Bl tt*. ii'iMtiHO M[plooiOP». i»t iofoa. flMqr. Mnae. %}. •. ^bmr^. daoiiiDf iab0 OB ttttivSMi. winfn. it lilt W. • ^otiornctovy. jutiiMi. lioo. firod,. ort boiMoro, e8er.:« of. to bona oaft tliia rmcf. fNHtais. #oioaaiiiB«. of tte dioac:ii— l«i»i of. d»v«Ioi>. U. ttso. iMitod tj!^. \^«ttl*«r dolay dottaitor*. tto. naiToood to Maiiiis o dolaj ooapooitioB. «IUab» aboa it bamod, voal(5 do oo at a vniToms, r«tr and. n. vaolxl prodaca an asotborr^c cbaalaal rcsxzt. a oam>oaition of. tba otftutloD of |pMMa« aad. I8r^. aolaotoa tiaa. raHid aoaaaaaful*. ". ftmd aad. wltl- -^r.. '. ra.^.,. la typa of dataaatoi* la laova.
(107) ^Wf^t'.. -ktiTmri'^. 2tfll«. e?m?. -^rrvstKTT.. ^Z^SO^ii- OGS^.
(108) suitable for use xgadmr WRter th«D the vented tjre* detooatort. Ths mitliae necessity for aRn. la cue. piirt. of the voiKLd for use In eneitlMr* iapifltd. tl» probles of ooDStrviol»iag dstonstoro to fmetion e&t*. iefaotorily in eztreaes of elioRte,. Tto. list. try and oover all pfaasM of detonators sad. i—f ioH» ftwa the eoniMrelal and allitsrr. stundT^lat,. The two tfasotlss oi. VDiild bs sn sndleas jol>». usi^aDB**. tiOQ covered rerraesnt both an early and a aoape reesnt. tbioryi still soes of the. aaise. pfs>3—. It is neesssary» therefore, that a. ed«. are left unsolv-. cootiansd. be oads in the thsmr of detonation in order to be. stiidgr. eer>». tain the dstonators that are dsslgnsd and bcdlt toclay. do. tfas. best job,. Fver^ hlrh crcler exploeivc. o. ilstsnatel and the nore knovled^^e «e have on the e'^i'*. eleney of the various trpmm of dstaantora* tbs aos*s oor» tain. IPS. are. V.. vt t^^. ,-,^^#. ....... .;t^;^-... fg biing obtained. tttm the ezplosive* In the developnent of. fio skill and effort. -s'. i. new ^Mspcns, all tbs ssisati* to. ilsatuii. and build the asspso. will hsve been wasted if the amall, alisoat insia?3ifioant.
(109) u&-i^. J JUO V*^M «. *^«%'. ^'£^.
(110) dHeoator* does not fimetloD mt th« proper tisi In th» iMWfpBi flMm»r«. eoeploelvM snist. oocie. effiolent detaMtors*. AXqb!?. vlth <tevelopci0nt of better. tbe de^relopMct of better, rx>r6.
(111)
(112) (1). liiTtati. IB. of .•toofttors osd ritetrie :«toiiatori«. Clartooe nail mad ^r^n^ev r, :5oa. TStywiell,. 09.. (2). ^vitl. (5). f:xplMlvm. (4). .bo I](r— U.I.. Or<:U2«nco end!. r,. -ortf^lrtt,. '^tOfilLtlCQf. of .-'mi&Xla iDstit^uta, July(£). P.#poirt8. of InvestlratlcQ,. .^p'€irtr3«it. (6). of. '^ritsaooto of. "11«7 (7). lap. •'*n^« '^>1,. iO<3. o,.. Ortot. roDs,. ":c8 of. ''Aj&. x-.ce,. \. c. •. •-. Lt«. of. l^jfiJ^.. ^i&FOy "JLTl^ •. ^rlea 29Lw, "ur*. t!.,. .. our«. •. :. prll 1^29,. ;ineQ«. ol. 2iBy««,. 1. 38, John. •. ivs-ala". 1"-. cOrawMll. .. -T;bl,. Co., ::• 59, C3« (P.*.. ^o»aRMil of A;^i>llec. (9}. "^iMMTiM of John. (1-^^). '^jftDlc. "r^lleT 9jad. Chmlstry'^, •. iciil. •. ilnoerln-. Vol. 2&, ^^. »4,. .. (U). Oursttu of. (12). lureau or I'ino?. (13). ... "bw. and r^tAUw 19C. Siyslet, 9, p. 519, Au'. T'5?SR.. )t. iD«£. aioftl P&por. 1^. c.. "'^Tetln 15,. Ca :>«Qoi;ro aoU Co., 3lAat«r'ii Kunclboo':, 11th. c^., 1942..
(113) 'TAAi"^.
(114) (14). »iM Wfiim. a« 7«,. ^oiiffitf*. in tb». •od TMtlnf; of Qit«iMitor«« CoaMOMaltti of. CIO). I'a,,. 9to«fltw«l ^mttwpeB of T^pSeal AoirlMn rmiiiynii. imiwMt or 9 1 >ir« or fiumm H«pt, of in^stir&ti^k*. (17). Th« I^MMWriAte ftod ;iet.. (18). M. Applied. ^Dos. flttll». ttlnM Bkplo«lv«fi Bttr«. of. .. .^Inifit. (81). Th» ^XK. aaa copa,. Inet. ig,. r'.c^. .. lootric. <^^onBt<MNi«. fit. tb» Durofiu of. n, re*,. .. onroe,. '. .^c. ''3Ei>l:>oi\>.Uit7. ^^«. '^o, "irst <e«. r«Q«. Initial Prlidn- ^r>8tfij3e#8 for. »ap* of. '^^ea.. MMMk H^on. 9ive«, lToc». 28, 1912,. ^. f. in«s Doll* S46, 1Q31,. lafl—Bii of i0n«l%y vf. (S). --.-. 59, 19X5, Ii>ll, ^.. (Sr). V^«. ftnd. maHiig 9t ?^lo«iTe«. VlQPSioiil. ct^nr.--. t-^. Vol* 26, 1922 , Uy ovcttfi,. lai^sti ctlon of .'Jtonetorc. Bur* of (19). 1)^«. Xirwit. Kiirt). !^lo«lv«o,. r 1G2, 1C17, Taylor,. '.%.
(115)
(116) 51. .. ,. (M). Pbotofrtphio 9%udr of D»%oiiAtloo, Ind«. (r4). rsMjuu. wuMil. of th». •JEfc^nt. iam ^te IJ9iti4tln, 'HBttlu. (85). of 0«%«MitieB la. ffioittnoy of., :uir« of. ^. c. tfat^. i.. Vol«. TMt». 'ncs. Fapey 677 » IMS*. rtArRot«rlctloa of intonation » c, Vol. ir, pp« S44-G9t. (26). n~«. lied Physios*. lOM*. fflcl^sey of mtonntoirs, Ind,. Inltiat-ns;. n.. ^h#ai». J\2M, 661-666, 1945« (27). xploalcai. '^-rnvmrn. &z3a. ^xploslon Prodoeta Proo« Hoyal. (SB). Shook. -«tv«. -ves,. froia Dato»atla:: "olli. '"^^ocloty,. Loodoi,. '. and. 165, 575-02 lOCV,. nolid rJMketloQ aod Datoaatioo* S«l« J« 5oc« 69 83* 4i, 1935*. (29). «•. Shotk Ustss. rfaa. Ocnwy,. ?r*r«. Wittunl vm of tho initiation and TropA^atioD of. Dstooatlon In rolid rxploalvaa, Proc* P^oTml Too* leDdODp A 188 » 06*116 1 10S8t Taylov, (50). Th#. Utera of DetonatloBt. 19934, Olaan,. i^roy. Tf^. and *aala, A«. Ordamatm I0i5721, 5. %. CD. "rxplo«i¥« raterl&l8"» S« n»tbilot, D. Vta BbatFand,. (SC). *Fi6h Fxploalvaa**, ^lover, 1916,. TbMk. rrats..
(117) rct'^nr.
(118) •. (»}. "EiQ^loaiiFts. 32. •. and Tbtir Tcm^r'' ,. erthelot, 1">9S,. J* flurrmy, Loodoo* (54). •Exploalvos",. 'rxshall, ^» «ld. .. Tondon, (55). •^Ifaoonts of OxtSnimce'*, Tt. rol. "^cyM 19S3, John ^. (5G). ll«y ir. ,. *n-^ n-.yslca of. .. •. ivistAla", 1928.. r^Crmw^nil. :}©<*.
(119)
(120)
(121) MSB mm 24 AP'5t. '. /. ~-. '.
(122) i8:J3i. Thesis CI88 The C18. Calhoun. '^^^5.
(123)
(124)
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