Semantic Processing for Speech Understanding

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American

Journal of

Computational

Linguistics

Microfiche 34 : 34

A r t i f i c i a l Intelligence C ~ p t e

Stanford P ~ s e a r c h Institute Menlo P a r k , C a l i f o r n i a 34025

ABSTRACT

T h e s e m a n t i c c o m p o n e n t O f t h c t p e c c h u n d e r s t a n d i n g s y s t g r n

b e i n g Q ~ v e l o p c d j b l n t l y b y and S B C r u l e s o u t p h r a s e c o m b i n a t i o n 8 t h a t a r e n o t m t a n l n g f u ) ~ n d ~ r a d u e a g s e m a n t i c

i n t c r g r e t a t l o n g f o r e o m b i n & t l o n s t h a t a r e a T h e s y s t e m c o n s l s t r o f a s e m a n t i c n e t w o r k m a d s f a n d r o u % l f l @ $ t h a t i n t a r a c t w i t h i t ,

T h e net 1 s p a r t i t i o n e d i n t o a s e t o f h l o r a r e h i c a l b y o r d e r e d

s u b n e t e , f d s i l l t s t i n g t h e e n c o d i n g o f h l q h e r = ~ r d e ~ p r e d l c s t e t a n d

t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f m u l t i g l c p a r r i n g h y p o t h e s e s , C o m p o s i t i o n

€ a U t i n t t r mrnblning U t t e r a n c e e a r n p a n a n t % i n t o Phrases# c o n s u l t

n c t w q r k d Q c c t l p t l o n g o f p r o t o t y p e r i t o r t i a n a a n 3 s u r f a c e - t o - d e e p -

c a f e m s p r , O u t p u t r f r o m t h @ r @ r o u t i n e s a r e n e t w o r k f r n q m c n t s

c a n r i x t l n g o f raver.1 r u b n e t 8 t h e t I n a g g r a g a t c c a p t u r e t h e

i n t c r r o l r t i a ~ r h i p f b e t w e a n a p h t r 8 c e s s y n t a x e n d r c m a n t l c s ,

T h i ~ r @ o c a r c h war s u p p o r t e d b y t h e D e f s n s c A d v a n c e Research

P r o j e c t s A g e n c y o f t h o D c g a r t n c n t o f D e f c n r e a n d mon-f5torcd b y t h e

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O V E R V I E W

T h i s p r p c r d e s c r i b e 8 a r F t c t r o f t h e s t s i n t i c c o ~ p Q n c n t a f

t h e r p c c c h u n d a r g t a n d l n g s y s t c r c u r r e n t l y b c l n g d e v e l o p r d j o i n t l y

~y SRI and SCC, [ T o r a e a ~ p r c h e h r l v c d i s c u s s i o n o f n o n a c o u r t i c

p a r t l o n r o f t h i s s Y & t o m r t e e WeLktr e t a l , , 1 9 7 5 , ) T h e s e n a n t i c

e o Q p Q n t n t c o n r l s t r o f t w o majar p a r t r r a s e m a n t i c n e t w o r k c c d l n g a m o d e l o f t h e t r e k d o m a i n a n d & b a t k q r y o f c r m a n t i c c a ~ ~ p o s i t i a n r o u t i n e s ( S C R s ) t h a t a r t c a a r d i n a t ~ d w i t h t h e l a n g u a g ~ d e f i n i t i o n

( r o u g h l y 1 _{t h e} n g r a m m a r w

f o r

t h e e p t c c h u n d o r r t a n d l n g s y t t r m t g e e

F a x t o n a n d R a b i n t a n r 1 9 7 5 , a n d R e b l n s o n I 1 9 7 5 1 , T h i s p a p e r

c e n c t n t t r t c s e % c l u S i V e l y a n t h e i n t t r p l r y b'atwecn t h e s e t w o major

p a c t 6 d u r i n g p a r r l n g . H o w e v e r , t h e rcarntic c o m p o n e n t a l s o p l r y r

i m p o r t e n t roLcS in k n o r l a d g r m a n a g e m e n t r d i @ c o u r ~ c s n a l Y s i g r

p r r d l c t L o n , & n d q u e s t i o n r n $ n a r l n g ,

An SCR j r c a l l e d w i t h n ~ t w o s k r c p r e r e n t a t l s n s o f c o m P a m e n t s

t h a t t h e a s s a c S ~ t e d l a n g u a g e d c t l n i t i a n r u r c h a g f o u n d t s b e r y n t a c t i c a l l y c a p a b l e a t cornblnln8 t o farm e l a r g e r P h F a r @ c

U I I n g k n a r l t d g e f r o m t h e S e m a n t i c n e t , t h e SCPI a d l m i n a t c c a m b i n a t i o n s t h a t r a l t h o u g h r y n t a c t i c a l l y a c c t p t a b l a , d o not m e e t

scmantlc c r l t c r i a f o r m s r n i n g f u l u n i f i c a t i o n , F o r e o m b i n r t i a n t

t h a t a r e r e c e p t a b l r r t h e J C R I b u i l d n e t w o r k ~ t r u c t ~ r M ts

r e p r e r e n t t h e m e a n i n g o f t h r c o s p o r i t t p h r a r c , u s i n g t h e n e t w o r k

r t r u c t u r e r o t t h e c a m p o n a n t & a r b u i l d i n g b l o c l c s , Thcae n e t

a t x u c t w r e s Q F O e o n s t r u c t a d s o t h a t ( 1 ) m u l t l p l c h Y p o t h C S a S

(3)

c o n r t i t u r n t fn l a r g e r p h r r r e r m y b e oncodrd r i m u l t r n a o u r l y in one n e t r ( 2 1 c o m p t t l n g users o f r c a n a t l t u e n t may s h a r e a s i n g l e

n e t r o t k s t r u c t u r e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e c o n s t i t u e n t r and [ 3 ) t h o

a s s a c i a t i o n b e t w e e n a a e h s y n t a c t i c u n l t a t an input; and i t s

translation image Ln t h e n e t w o r k I s c x p l l c t t l y e n c o d e d f o r u s e In

d i s c o u r s e analysis,

T H E 8 E M A N T f C N E T W O R K

T h e r a m a n t i c network i e t h a p t i n c l p a l InfsIYhatisn s o u r c e PO^ SCRIP cncodlng e u c h d i v e r s e r n t l t l r r as o b j e c t s r situatlansr

ertrgorler, t a x a n o m l r a , d c f i n l t l o n r l and q u a n t l f l a d 8 t d t r m c n t ~ .

N e t w o r k s t r u c t u r e 8 i n d t c r t i n g p o r t i b l e t e l a t l o n b h l ~ s between objects r r c u a c d t o d r t t f m i n c t h e _{m o a n i n g t u l n c ~ s s} a f ghkasc c a m b i n s k i o n o r w h i l e t n e network i t s e l f s e r v e 8 a t t h e medium t a r r e c o r d i n g l n h r p r d t r t l o n a o f u t t r r a n c c f r a g m e n t 8 d u r i n g Parting,

T h e ~ t t u c t u r t o f t h i s network d i f f e r s f r ~ m t h a t o f canvrntionrl

n e t r in t h a t _nodcr and s r c t a r c ~ ~ r t l t i o n c d mta 8 t g ~ ~ ~ ~ A , T h e s e

8 p @ c @ g r D l r y l n ~ in networks t o l a r o u g h l y a n a l o g o u s t d t h a t

p l a y e d In s t r i n g s b y parenthcsarr g r o u p i n f o r n a t i o n into b u n d l e r

t h a t h e l p t o c a n d a n r e a n d o r g s n l z r t h e n e t w o r k * $ k n o w l t d g ~ ~ An i n t r o d u c t l a n t o n e t p a r t l t i o n l n g 1 s p r o v i d e d a l l a w h e t r ( H r n d r i x , 1 9 3 5 1 ,

An 1 l l u a t r a t i v r p o r t l a n o f the p e r m a n e n t k n o w l e d g e secttan

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[image:4.766.75.688.109.911.2]

(5)

p h y s l ~ a l ~ b j ~ e t a . That PHYSOBJd I 8 1 s u b l e t o f U 11 l n d i c r t l l d by t h e smart f r o m 'PHY80BJ8* t o 'U'. A subset o f PHYBOBJS i s SUBS,

the s e t of a l l

r u b m a r i n s s ,

A p a r t i c u l a r elemant 02 SUB8r as

i n d i c a t e d by the

r ~ a r e ' l r o m

* D O L P H I N @ t o 'SUBB',

is

t h e DOLPHIN.

T h e DOLPHIN i s r DartltfPant

In

_r

Q a t t l c u l a r s i t u a t i o n , HB,

t h e r l t u r t i o n

in

which t h r DOtPHfH has a beam o f i 9 f e a t . H B i s

rn

clrmtnt

o f <HAVE,BEAMBP the s e t o f a l l rlturtionr i n which a

physical o b j e c t i s chrractarizrd by a rnrarurc a t i t r b r e a d t h ,

Cartrin autgoing arc# f r o %

r

n o d s r s p r r r r n t l n p r rituatlon are

u r e d t o s p e c i f y r b t u a t l o n r t t r i b u t r r t h r o u g h d e r p

rrmrntlc

c r t c s ,

l o r

txrmPLe, t h e o u t g o i n g o b p r r c

f r o m

'HB'

r v e e t t i r s

t h e value

o f t h e w o b j w [(ObjftCt) l t t r l b u t t o t HB t o b e DOLPHLN, Hera@tttr

the

notatton

a ~ ~ o j w w i l l bt u l e d t o i n d t c h t c hthr v r j o e o t

t h e a t t r i b u t e ( Q ) Obj**

The network o f Fluure 1 h a t bran divL4e6 _{i n t o f i v e} spacer,

KSP S 4 r 85, 8 6 , and 87, Pictarirllyc each o f t h r l e 8paeCa 11

t d O r e a t n t e d by' b o x c T h e mo8t g l o b a l

informrtion

In

t h e network

i r encoded in rprca KS r t h r outerrnofit b o g , ramrtimrs e r l l Q 4 t h e w K n o w l e d q a S p a c e a ) w h i c h I n c l u d q s Such ~ n ~ t l t i r r rr n o d e 8 'IJ' and

'PHYBCJBJ6' and t h r

r-arc

connrctlng them. Thr b a x a r r r p r e r e n t i n p

#vrcrr 8 4 t h r a u g h 37 may b e thought of as h o l e 8 ln t h e box of KB,

Patrllaling t h e r r l r t i 6 n a h l p b o t w e q n an i n n ~ r and an

outer

black of

an

ALGOL program, qach o f t h r m sprees 8 ~ e c i t l e 8 a nore lac41

rrra

o f t h e net than 1 8 r p e c i t i c d b y KS. From t h e p c r r p r e t t v r o t

(6)

( r t l a t l . v e l y ) P l ~ b r l node . P H Y I O B J I F , Haravrt, from KI t h e n o d a l

and r r c t I n r i d e $5 a t e n o t &cc&##ibl@, T h e h i e r a r c h y o f S P l c a 1oealiertlon n a y b e t t p r e r r n t c d b y r p a r t i a l o r d e r i n g s u o h

rr

t h a t o f F l q u r a 2 , F r o m a n y F P I C C 251 t h e n o d e 8 a n d a r c s a r c

aCC*LISblc t h a t l i e in 6 o r f h any mace S ' a b o v e 8 i n t h t h i e r r r c h y , For r x a w p l e r from 8 3 o n t y n o d e s a n d a r c s i n 5 3 , 6 2 ,

$1, and KS &?Q & c e e r s f b l c ,

P i c t o r f r l l y l k t may ba n s c e g a a r y t o 6raw

an

arc c r o s s i n g box

baundariar

,

In s u c h e r a r s , t h e arc b e l b n g s t o t h e space

(or

spacer) In w h o s e b o x t h t , a r c Zabrl i s w r i t t e n , S p & ~ e t may

overtap, For e x a m p l e r in f i g u r e 1 r n o d e 'ED,HBe l l e r In b o t h

r p a c c 84 a n d rpaeo 8 5 , F u r t h e r , r s p a t e m a y t c r v e 4r a n o d e in s

m o r e g l o b a l S p i c e , B o t h 64 a n d S 5 b h h s v e &I n o d e s i n K S a n d a r c

connected b y s conssrsrc ( ~ a n s e q ~ r n c e ] ~

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(7)

T y p l e a l l y ,

locrllzed

r p a e Q 8 ruch ar $ 4 and 55

a r t

used t o

@ncoda h i g h e r - o r d e r " ~ r t d i c r t e ~ , ~ _such

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55

rm

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KS, L o

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t o ' * f H P t Y > ' a n d b y a

e a n r w r r c

t o

' S S P r The i n t t t ~ r t t a t i ~ n o f any t i a m a n t o f s e t c L M ~ t y . > $8 t h a t

i f

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can

b e f o u n d m a t c h l n g t h e

s t r u c t u r e

of the element

Egticer t h e n t h e

exirtence

o f r n t t t i e s m a t c h i n g t h e

r t r u c t u r c

o f

t h o r r s o c l a t e d con14 W a c @ may b e i n t e r r e d , The only S t n I ~ t U m

encoded In elomrnt Speec. $ 4 l a a nod@ P E D , # B 0 I w i t h a n @-arc t o

QcHAVE,BEAM>@, This s t r u c t u r e mateher any concrete i n s t a n c e o f

eHAVE,BEAM> ( s u c h as HB), Thus, f a t any

instance

of (WAVE.BEAM3,

entitlss matching t h r t t t u c t o r e o f 55 J n U I B t r x l r t , The S t r u ~ t u x e

o f 65 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e

element

o t cHAYE,BEAM> w i l l have a

I Q o b j , r h l c h i s an t l ~ m c n t o f PHYSOBJSI and a # @ m c a r u r t , w h l c h is

r n

element of LINEAR,MEA8URES,

The ImPlication mcQd1)4 b3 $ 4 and $5 arervclr t o delineate t h e

8 @ t G H A V E ~ B E A M ~ , Thrt I a , t h e i m ~ l i e a t l o n l n d l c a t a r a l l the

a t t r i b o t r r t d r r p e a r ~ s l o f

r

gHAVE,BEAM> riturtion and t h e i r

r @ n W r

o f 4 e ~ 1 p t r b l a v r l u ~ ~ , T h l r d ~ l l n r r t l o n may ba urrd d u r i n g

p a r r i n g t o t e a t t h e p l r u t i b i A i t y of r

given

g r o u p of r n t i t i r r

b a i n g u n i t e d in

r

(HhVE,BEhM, s i t u a t i o n 6 r r i n a p r c d l c t l v r mode,

t a r U u g @ r t & o # g l b l c r d n t a n c e p a r t l c l p r n t r , Such d e l i n e a t i o n 8 arc

m c a d r d f o r every

rltuation

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w a n t

r a t known t o t h e system, a

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THE SYSTEM IN A C T I O N

The u r s o f She SCRs and remantic network in translation may

be seen by c o n r i b e r l t l g t h e parr.Sng o f

*The paw- p l a n t a t the s u b was b u i l t b y W e s t l n g h o u s e r m

The U l t i m a t e result o f t h e translation P r o c e s s f o r t h t s utterance

i s t h e network s t r u c t u g e recorded in t h e SCRATCH $ p a c t o f F.1uure

3 , StrucEurar r e p r e 8 e n t t n g

new

i ~ p u t s arc c o n s t r u e t e d in a

scratch space

(or

&pacer) t o p r e v e n t t h e m from becoming c o n f u r e d

with t h e Sy8twnq% P e t m r ~ n t knowledge (recordrd in K 8 I r S l n c o

t h e syrtem unclerrtand8 new l ~ p u t t b y a p p a a l f n g t o P Y @ V ~ O U ~

knowledge, t h a r e

a r t

many link81 I n t h e form of c m a r c s , from t h e SCRATCH Space Into KS, (Note! Only a f r a g m e n t o f KS i t S h 6 W n i n

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the

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f l o u r a s o f t h i s p a p e r , )

FIGURE 3 PARGE TARGET STRUCTURE FOR "THE-POWER-PLANT OF THE-SUB WAS-BUILT

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T h e

interpretation

o f the

network

in

t h e S C R A T C H space I8 a8

follcwr:

N o d e

' 0 ' r e p r e r a n t 8

an

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r e t

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b u i l d i n g event8 an w n A c n a #@dgt W b u i l t a #%bj P I The agent W

of t h r b u i l d i n g event i s an element o f t h e r a t o t WESTXNGHOUSES.

The # @ o b j b u i l t

by

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is

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According t o n o d e 'H*, t h i a power p l a n t i s t h e $ @ s u b p a r t

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rare

fully, in Walker r t a l , ( 1 9 7 5 ) will b r used t a r r r a c l a t e W

w i t h t h e unique W e r t l n p h b ~ r r Cerporatlon

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space

KS, The o t h e r d e f i n i t e N P S ( " t h e sub" and Vthc

power p l a n t o t t h e r u b 9 vwill L l k e w i r a ba r @ ~ ~ l v ~ d ,

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rrrum~ t h e highly a i r n ~ l l f i a d language

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R i t 6 a> NP VP NPr, t h e - ~ o w a r * p l r n t ,

R 2 a NP a> NP PRCPP t h t a ~ ~ b r Westinghou#e

R 3 t VP r > V B PREPP VP; w a s - b u i l t

R4t PREPP 8 , WEP NP PREP1 o f r by

( N o t e $ w t h e - p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P l l n t R 18

not

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8 Y s t t m 0 Rsthcr, N O M npowrr p l a n t 9 8 f i r s t comb-tncd ~ t t h PREPP

rnof

t h e r u b w and only afterward i s "thew appended to produce t h e

(10)

In t h e trrnalatlon p r o c e r r t r p a c e r are c r e a t e d t o r e p r a r e n t

t h e ternantleg o f each g r a m m a t i c a l l y d e f i n e d c o n r t l t u e n t o f t n e t o t a l utterance, These spaces I r e shown In F i g u r e 4 w i t h he8VY

arrows indicating the space h l a r a r c h y ,

S A -3804- 1 9 ~

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A t t h e

rtrrt

o f p r o t ~ s s i n g ~

oprcr

K8

contains

k n o w l e d g a a b o u t Powst=PlantSt cHAVE,PART> r l r l a t i o n s h i p s ~ S U b m a r l n e ~ ~

<BUILD> eventst mb Westinghousa, On r p o t t l n g t h e

noun

phraae

athe-powrr-plantc, an 8CR i r c a l l e d t o s e t up a rpaee, NPI, below

KS tn t h e partial dtderlng, W i t h l n t h f r rpace, a structure i s

crested reprerenting t h e meaning o f H t h e ~ p a w e r - ~ l a n t ~ ,

8 l m i l a r l Y ~

new

space8 are b e t U P t o encad@ t h e 0 t h N Sentence cbnrtitucntr that

correspond t o

c x p l l c i t l e x L c r l a n t r l a s ,

A 8 t h e ~ h r r a r g t b u ~ s rubphrase8 into l a k p e r

units,

SCRr arc ~ ~ l l c d t o a i d i n the praters, Usinq r u l e R4, PREPPl ( M b y R ) and NP3 ( @ W e s t i n g M u ~ c ~ l are combined t o f o r m PREPPl C ''by

Wcstinuhousew). PRePPl i s allu%ccrted i t 8 g w n $pace, out

no new

rtructures are created rtthln i t .

When r y n t a e t i c considerat ions s u g g a r t r c o m b i n i n g VPk

( w w a . r - b u l ~ ~ t n ) w i t h PREPPI, the appropt. & a t e SCR it cac.icd,

C o n 8 u l t i n g a r u r f a c e ~ t o ~ d e s p * c a s t map a o s o e i a t t d w i t h t h e l e x l c a l

e n t r y f a t h e verb w b ~ l l d R , t h e 8CR dttetmknt8' that I @ b y w PREPP

f o l l o w i n g t h e v e r b often r i g n a l r the drrep rrqt ear* Iri a p l r s r l v c

conrtruction, O p e r a t i n g _under t h i r hypothesis. the 8 C R c h e c k s

the v o i c e O f VPI, PISSing t h i r t a l t r t h e SCR naxt cheek8 t h e stmantic f e a r l b i L l t y o f t h e NP o f PREPP1 s e r v i n g 4 % t n e b Q a g t in

a eBUIbD> e v e n t , To $ 0 t h i s , t h e SCR Consult8 t h e #@d@lincstlon

o f t B U 1 3 L D > i n 8pQcc KS C 1 4 ~ F l g u t e 1 ) . T h e dclinration 1 8

tncoded ra an <IMPLY> 81turtlon in t a t m a o f spacer 86 a n d S f , A 8

(12)

<BUILD% situation wurt b e an altwent of LEG&L,PERsONS, The

candldatr f o r t h e # @ a p t position i s W o f space NP3. Sinec W I#

an

alcaont o f WEbTINGHOUsES and UESTINCWOUSES i r a s u b s s t o f

LEGALcPERSONSt W in accepted, A canstruction s u c h a r w b u i l t b y t h e r y b m r t ~ n c m w o u l d have b e e n rejected.

Once VP1 and PREPPl have p a S 8 e d t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y t a ~ t ~ , a

new #pace, VP2,

fs

constructed t o encode the

rarultsnt

V P , This

new rpace link8 _node ' 0 ' of VPI w i t h node ' W * o f WP3 v i a an

a g t - ~ ~ r c , This new a r c L 8 a c c e r s l b l o o n l y

from

space VP2 ( a n d

lower spaces in t h e h i e r a r c h y ) and L a n o t r e c t ~ a i b l t from e i t h e r

VP1 ox N P 3 , Thtg _{l e a v e s} ths c o m ~ o n e n t s e n c o d e d i n V P I a n d N P 3 f r e e t o c o m b l n e in alternativtr t o V P 2 i f n e e d b e ,

continuing t h e Parse, NP2 ('tha~SUb"1 i a comblnrd W i t h VFZ

( w w a r = b u i l t by W e $ t i n g h o u r e ~ . ) t o form, s l , 6 f t e r p a r r t n g t r r t s

~ i m l h r t& t h e b e above, The o b j ~ a l c linking t h e constituent

phrart6

o f

8 1 ir aontalnad

Ln

space

S l and hence

Is

I n a c c ~ s r l b l e

f r o m

t h e spaces of t h e

conrtituentr,

N o t i c e t h a t t

construct

" t h e - ~ u b war-built b y W a S t l n g h o U s a w w h l c h is encoded bY 81 i #

r

r p u r i o u s i n t r r p r t t a t i o a o t u t t c r a h c r companent8.

UIinq

r u l e

R 4 r PREP may b e eambined w i t h N P 2 t~

f o r m

PREPPZ, Th. n.t*brk i t r u C t ~ f e 8 ~ c c 4 s s i b l a from P R E p P 2 d o

not

i n c l u d e t h e i s p u r l o u 8 S obj-arc f.rom '13" t o ' 8 ' t h a t l l s r in space

I

(13)

t o f o r m r new NP ( w t h e - p ~ w ~ r ~ p l & n t o f thr*rubw), an SCR i s

called, This SCR checks N P I t o $ 4 0 i f I t i s r e l a t i o n a l

In nature

u s I s 'bermH

in

*beam O f t h e D o l p h i n V a n d

hence

r w p r c t i n g an

argument t o b4 8 U P P l $ , & b r Since NPi f a l l 8 t h i s t a % t , t h e 8 C R

check8 t h e p r o p r r t i r r o f t h e PREP * o f w and d 2 8 c o v e t # t h a t i t may

b e used t o encode <HRVE.PART> r l t u r t l ~ n s . C a l l i n g u p a n the

dellneation of <HAVE.PART> and a ~ p r o p t i a t a #urtaea.to-dccp~care

maprt t h e ICR

detetmlnas

t h i c t o b e 4 l e g l t l m a t e interprctrt'ion

and hence b u i l d # space N P 4 w i t h a node 'W' and three arc8 a t

shownr Whlls t h e s e

new

C e n r t r u c t t 4 t 4 4 C ~ d d s l b L e from space N P l ,

t h e y ere i n r c c r r r i b l e f r o m c o n a t l t u a n t r N P 1 and PREFP2 ( a n d NP2f.

F u r t h e r m o r e # t h e y Cannot b e a c c e r r e d fram ~ p u x l s u r #Pace S i t hence t h e construction s f NP4 h a g n o t a l t e r e d t h e v i e w of t h e not

from 51.

U $ i n g

r u l e

R1, 52 i s c a n S t r u c t @ d

f r o m

NP4 and VP2, In

addition t o t h e Q b J - a t C c o n t r l n e d i n space 82 it$clft t h e v i e w o f

the net

f r o m

82 i n c l u d t r a l l t h e i n f a r m a t l a n a c C t o d i b l a

f r o m

e i t h e r t p u c e NP4 or rprca VP2 a n d

hence

is i d a n t i c a l t o t h e v i e w

from apace SCRATCH a t F i g u r c 3 . S l n c a t h e ~ a r a e m r r s r p o n @ l n g t o

space S 1 d o e 8 n o t s u c c 4 r r f u l l y account f o r the f r a g m e n t

uthe-power-plant ~f'r it 11 r b j e ~ t a d t and S 2 is accepted rr

rxpEb!rring t h a m e a n i n g o f t h e i n p u t r

[image:13.766.66.696.104.562.2]

The p a r t i a l ~ r d ~ r i n g of s p a c e r fram S 2 t o KS indlcatrd

In

Figure 4 1s idcntlcrl t o t h r t r c p r r a e n t c d

more

e l e a r l y

in

~ i q u r e

(14)

r r c o a n i ~ c d r r t h e p a r s e t r e e o f t h e i n p u t r e n t c n c e . T h e s y n t a x

o f t h e i n p u t a n d t h e a s s o e i a t l o n b e t w e e n each r y n t a c t l c u n i t a n d

i t s c o r r e s p o n d i n g rcnantlcr h a s t h t r e f o ? ~ b e e n c a p t u r e d in t h e

s t r u c t u r e s b u i l t b y t h e SCRs,

'JP I ? P E P ; '\ P 3

F I G U R E 5 SPACE H I E R A R C H Y A B O V E 52

DISCUSSION

Paxtitlaning i s a recent lnnev&tion

In r r m r n t i c

n r t w o r k r ,

Aa s h o r n l b O V @ t t h i s n e w fe&kuI's e n a b l e r n e t w o r k s t o m a i n t a i n

a l t t & n a t ~ v e h y p o t h e & e # ( a , g l t 8 1 a n d & 2 1 c o n c e r n i n g t h a u o r o f

Utterance c ~ n # t l t U @ n t r a n d e n r b l c 8 s u c h c o m p e t i n g h y p o t h a r t a t a

rharc n e t w o r k 8 u b p r t t r ( a & ? , , V P Z ) , W l t h o u t prrtitlonlnu, t h e

pack-linked nature af netwotkr c a u r a r a c o n s t i t u e n t t o b e r l t e t s d when i t 1 8 i n c o r p o r a t a d into & l a r q e r unit a n d hanca r e n d e r s i t

[image:14.766.76.687.296.945.2]

(15)

P a r t i t l e n i n p

also

a l l o w s

r r l c c t r d p o r t i o n 6 o f a n e t w o r k t o

be a r r o c l a t t d w i t h

r y n t r e t i c

u n i t s ,

s h o r i n g ' t h e

c o r r e s p o n d t n c c

b t t w t r n n e t w o r k c n t i t t t g

a n d

t h e syntactic

strocturrr

t h a t

* @ r e

used t o

c o m m u n l c a t @

t h e m , A &

d l r c u s s r d

In

t h e

s e c t i o n

on

rs6ociatlon

i6 crUcf81

in

a n a l y z l n p

the t l l l p t i e

u t t c r r n c t r

t h a t

arc

6 0

c h a r a c t e r l r t i c

o f

r p e c c h ,

R e f e r e n c e s

Dcutreh,

Barbara

C,

E s t r b l i s h l n g

C o n t e x t

in

T a r k ~ O r l e n t c d

D i s l o g r , P r t r e n t e d a t t h r T h i r t e e n t h A n n u a l H e a t i n g