Démarrage Express Semaine 2

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LHPU@MP

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2 2 6 6 4 4

Jnmjul` d`s r`j`tt`s p`ut ïtr` gltçarç` æ ul

k`lu jhkk` prçjgsç `l bms d` pma` d`s ohurlç`s.

R`trhuv`z j`s r`j`tt`s `t c`s k`lus d` j` cgvr`t sur

c„

mppcg Q

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ww.jhk.

Uhs r`j`tt`s Dçkmrrma`

@xpr`ss d` cm s`kmgl`

@ @ssppmmddhhl l mmu u rrhhuuaammggc c dd‗‗mmuubb``rraaggll``ss TT``rrrrggll` ` dd` ` pphhggsssshhl l ``t t ssmmuujj` ` jjggttrrhhll Vhtmth` jmi` mu jrmb` Vhtmth` jmi` mu jrmb` Vmkpc`khuss` ahurkmld Vmkpc`khuss` ahurkmld 2 2 2 2

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: : 2 2 6 6 6 6 L Lmmvvmmrrggl l dd` ` pphhuucc``tt KKççccgg--kkççcch h dd` ` bbccçç, , tthheeu u ``t t ccççaauukk``ss Tmrt` cçaîr` phgr` jhjh Tmrt` cçaîr` phgr` jhjh

Jrhustmd` mux ermkbhgs`s

V Vhhïïccçç` ` dd‗‗ççppggllmmrrdds s ``t t pphhggs s jjnnggjjnn``ss VVhht t mmu u ee``u u dd` ` vvhhccmmggcccc` ` mmuux x ttrrhhkkpp``tttt``ss 4 4 2 2 4 4

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4

Bg`l

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j`tt` d`uxgîk`

s`kmgl` d` Dçkmrrma` @xpr`ss

Dçjhuvr`z c`s k`lus qu` lhus vhus mvhls jhljhjtçs phur vhus emjgcgt`r

j`tt` d`uxgîk` s`kmgl` d` prharmkk`.

Zg vhus l‗utgcgs`z j`s k`lus qu` phur vhus glspgr`r, l‗hubcg`z pms j`s Zg vhus l‗utgcgs`z j`s k`lus qu` phur vhus glspgr`r, l‗hubcg`z pms j`s prgljgp`s ?

prgljgp`s ? •

•V`ls`z mux mcgk`lts æ _`rhVhglt™V`ls`z mux mcgk`lts æ _`rhVhglt™ jhkk` bms` d` vhs r`pms `t jhccmtghls. jhkk` bms` d` vhs r`pms `t jhccmtghls. •

•R`st`z dmls vhtr` buda`t ZkmrtVhglts®R`st`z dmls vhtr` buda`t ZkmrtVhglts® (gc gljcut vhs ZkmrtVhglts (gc gljcut vhs ZkmrtVhglts

n`bdhs). n`bdhs). •

•Ptgcgs`z vhs ZkmrtVhglts jhkk` gc vhus pcmìtPtgcgs`z vhs ZkmrtVhglts jhkk` gc vhus pcmìt, kmgs l` p`rd`z pms d` vu`, kmgs l` p`rd`z pms d` vu` vhtr` hbo`jtge.

vhtr` hbo`jtge. •

•Tçcçjnmra`z c‗mppcg QQTçcçjnmra`z c‗mppcg QQsg vhus l` c‗mv`z pms `ljhr` emgt. J‗`st vhtr`sg vhus l` c‗mv`z pms `ljhr` emgt. J‗`st vhtr` mssgstmlt 24n/24, 1o/1.

mssgstmlt 24n/24, 1o/1. Bhll` s`kmgl` !

Bhll` s`kmgl` !

Vcus d‗glehs sur c`s ZkmrtVhglts `t c`s mcgk`lts æ _`rhVhglt™ dmls vhtr` cgvr`t

Bg`lv`lu` jn`z QQ hu sur ww.jhk.

C`s p`tgts pcus qug ehlt cm dgﬆçr`lj`

Jnmla`r d‗çtmt d‗`sprgt

J`tt` s`kmgl`, `ssmy`z d` kmla`r `l pc`gl jhlsjg`lj`. J`cm sgalg﬍` J`tt` s`kmgl`, `ssmy`z d` kmla`r `l pc`gl jhlsjg`lj`. J`cm sgalg﬍`

pr`ldr` shl t`kps, s‗glstmcc`r æ tmbc` smls tçcçvgsghl, prït`r mtt`ltghl mux pr`ldr` shl t`kps, s‗glstmcc`r æ tmbc` smls tçcçvgsghl, prït`r mtt`ltghl mux mcgk`lts qu` vhus kmla`z ? c‗msp`jt d` vhtr` mssg`tt`, c‗hdùr `t cm t`xtur` mcgk`lts qu` vhus kmla`z ? c‗msp`jt d` vhtr` mssg`tt`, c‗hdùr `t cm t`xtur` d` vhs pcmts. Jhkk`lj`z pmr `ssmy`r æ ul hu dùx r`pms `t v`l`z pmrtma`r d` vhs pcmts. Jhkk`lj`z pmr `ssmy`r æ ul hu dùx r`pms `t v`l`z pmrtma`r j` qu` j`cm vhus m mpphrtç mv`j vhtr` @qugp` QQ `t c`s mutr`s k`kbr`s j` qu` j`cm vhus m mpphrtç mv`j vhtr` @qugp` QQ `t c`s mutr`s k`kbr`s dmls vhtr` studgh QQ.

dmls vhtr` studgh QQ.

Bhua`r ul p`u pcus jnmqu` ohur

J`tt` s`kmgl`, `l pcus d`s :666 pms pmr ohur qu` lhus vhus J`tt` s`kmgl`, `l pcus d`s :666 pms pmr ohur qu` lhus vhus

r`jhkkmldhls d` emgr` mu kglgkuk, `ssmy`z d` emgr` c` pc`gl d` EgtVhglts® r`jhkkmldhls d` emgr` mu kglgkuk, `ssmy`z d` emgr` c` pc`gl d` EgtVhglts® phur mtt`gldr` vhtr` hbo`jtge kïk` sg vhus l‗mv`z pms b`mujhup d` t`kps. phur mtt`gldr` vhtr` hbo`jtge kïk` sg vhus l‗mv`z pms b`mujhup d` t`kps. Vhur j`cm, jnhgsgss`z d`s mjtgvgtçs d` ehrj` hu d` jmrdgh jhkk` du vçch Vhur j`cm, jnhgsgss`z d`s mjtgvgtçs d` ehrj` hu d` jmrdgh jhkk` du vçch d‗mppmrt`k`lt vgt`ss` rmpgd`, d` cm jhurs` sur pcmj`, d`s `x`rjgj`s d` d‗mppmrt`k`lt vgt`ss` rmpgd`, d` cm jhurs` sur pcmj`, d`s `x`rjgj`s d` amglma` hu d` kusjucmtghl mv`j j` qu` vhus mv`z shus cm kmgl. R`trhuv`z amglma` hu d` kusjucmtghl mv`j j` qu` vhus mv`z shus cm kmgl. R`trhuv`z d`s vgdçhs sur QQ.jhk hlac`t Vrharmkk` `t mrtgjc`s < Bhua`r jhkk` gc d`s vgdçhs sur QQ.jhk hlac`t Vrharmkk` `t mrtgjc`s < Bhua`r jhkk` gc k` pcmgt

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0 0

Dçkmrrma` @xpr`ss,

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`kpchg

•

• J`s k`lus shlt bmsçs sur ul buda`t d` 2: ZkmrtVhglts ohurlmcg`rs.J`s k`lus shlt bmsçs sur ul buda`t d` 2: ZkmrtVhglts ohurlmcg`rs.

J`p`ldmlt, vhus jhlstmt`r`z qu‗gcs vmrg`lt `ltr` 26 `t 20 ZkmrtVhglts pmr ohur, J`p`ldmlt, vhus jhlstmt`r`z qu‗gcs vmrg`lt `ltr` 26 `t 20 ZkmrtVhglts pmr ohur, j` qug khltr` jhkk`lt c`s çjhlhkg`s d` j`rtmgl`s ohurlç`s p`uv`lt s` r`phrt`r j` qug khltr` jhkk`lt c`s çjhlhkg`s d` j`rtmgl`s ohurlç`s p`uv`lt s` r`phrt`r sur d‗mutr`s.

sur d‗mutr`s. •

• Cm jhchll` « b`shgl d` pcus ¹Cm jhchll` « b`shgl d` pcus ¹ vhus suaaîr` d`s mcgk`lts æ mohut`r hu d`svhus suaaîr` d`s mcgk`lts æ mohut`r hu d`s phrtghls pcus gkphrtmlt`s sg vhtr` buda`t ZkmrtVhglts `st supçrg`ur hu sg vhus phrtghls pcus gkphrtmlt`s sg vhtr` buda`t ZkmrtVhglts `st supçrg`ur hu sg vhus shunmgt`z utgcgs`r vhs ZkmrtVhglts n`bdhs.

shunmgt`z utgcgs`r vhs ZkmrtVhglts n`bdhs. •

• Uhus phuv`z sugvr` j`s k`lus jhkk` gcs shltUhus phuv`z sugvr` j`s k`lus jhkk` gcs shlt, jnhgsgr pmrkg c`s r`pms d`s, jnhgsgr pmrkg c`s r`pms d`s

dgﬆçr`lt`s ohurlç`s hu jugsgl`r c`s r`j`tt`s qug vhus shlt prhphsç`s. V`ls`z dgﬆçr`lt`s ohurlç`s hu jugsgl`r c`s r`j`tt`s qug vhus shlt prhphsç`s. V`ls`z sgkpc`k`lt æ lht`r hu `lr`agstr`r c`s ZkmrtVhglts d` vhs r`pms æ cm ﬍l d` vhtr` sgkpc`k`lt æ lht`r hu `lr`agstr`r c`s ZkmrtVhglts d` vhs r`pms æ cm ﬍l d` vhtr` ohurlç`

ohurlç` phur phur r`st`r r`st`r dmls vdmls vhtr` htr` buda`t buda`t ZkmrtVhglZkmrtVhglts.ts. •

• L‗nçsgt`z pms æ çjnmla`r c`s mcgk`lts æ _`rhVhglt™L‗nçsgt`z pms æ çjnmla`r c`s mcgk`lts æ _`rhVhglt™ pmr d‗mutr`s jhkk` vhus pmr d‗mutr`s jhkk` vhus

c` shunmgt`z, s`chl vhs ahùts `t cm smgshl. c` shunmgt`z, s`chl vhs ahùts `t cm smgshl. •

• C`s bhgsshls l` shlt pms prçjgsç`sC`s bhgsshls l` shlt pms prçjgsç`s dmls j`s k`lus. Jhlshkk`z =, 0 æ 2 C d` dmls j`s k`lus. Jhlshkk`z =, 0 æ 2 C d`

cgqugd` pmr ohur dhlt = C d‗`mu, shgt c‗çqugvmc`lt d` > v`rr`s. D` kïk`, jnhgsgss`z cgqugd` pmr ohur dhlt = C d‗`mu, shgt c‗çqugvmc`lt d` > v`rr`s. D` kïk`, jnhgsgss`z tnç, jmeç hu gleusghl jhkk` vhus c` shunmgt`z kmgs sg vhus mohut`z du cmgt `t du tnç, jmeç hu gleusghl jhkk` vhus c` shunmgt`z kmgs sg vhus mohut`z du cmgt `t du sujr`, jhkpt`z-c`s. @t l‗hubcg`z pms d` jhkpt`r c`s ZkmrtVhglts d` vhs bhgsshls sujr`, jhkpt`z-c`s. @t l‗hubcg`z pms d` jhkpt`r c`s ZkmrtVhglts d` vhs bhgsshls mcjhhcgsç`s, d` vhs shdms `t d` vhs ous d` erugts.

mcjhhcgsç`s, d` vhs shdms `t d` vhs ous d` erugts. •

• Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`rUhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c`s n`rb`s mrhkmtgqu`s, jhldgk`lts `t smuj`s æ c`s n`rb`s mrhkmtgqu`s, jhldgk`lts `t smuj`s æ

6 ZkmrtVhglts jhkk` vhus c` shunmgt`z, s`chl vhs ahùts. 6 ZkmrtVhglts jhkk` vhus c` shunmgt`z, s`chl vhs ahùts. •

• Uhus phuv`z smc`r `t phgvr`rUhus phuv`z smc`r `t phgvr`r æ vhtr` jhlv`lmlj`. Ahùt`z thut d` kïk` vhs æ vhtr` jhlv`lmlj`. Ahùt`z thut d` kïk` vhs

pcmts mvmlt d` smc`r pugsqu‗gc `st r`jhkkmldç d` cgkgt`r sm jhlshkkmtghl d` s`c. pcmts mvmlt d` smc`r pugsqu‗gc `st r`jhkkmldç d` cgkgt`r sm jhlshkkmtghl d` s`c. •

• Vhur c`s r`j`tt`sVhur c`s r`j`tt`s, vhus dgsphs`z d‗gldgjmtghls ?, vhus dgsphs`z d‗gldgjmtghls ? 2 2 Lhkbr` d` ZkmrtVhglts pmrLhkbr` d` ZkmrtVhglts pmr_{p`rshll` / pmrt}_{p`rshll` / pmrt} Uçaçtmrg`l Uçaçtmrg`l Zmls acut`l Zmls acut`l Zmls cmjths` Zmls cmjths`

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5

Ohur =

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` egc`t d` trugt`, c` cmgt d` jhjh, c`s phuss`s

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` egc`t d` trugt`, c` cmgt d` jhjh, c`s phuss`s d‗çpglmrds, `td‗çpglmrds, `t

c‗nugc`

c‗nugc` ₄₄ du dìl`r pmr cm du dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` d‗r`j`tt` d‗`spmdhl mu rhuamgc, pma` `spmdhl mu rhuamgc, pma` jg-jhltr`.jg-jhltr`.

Mohut`r d`s mkmld`s `﬊cç`s Mohut`r d`s mkmld`s `﬊cç`s + = JZ d` cmgt d` jhjh + = JZ d` cmgt d` jhjh + d` quglhm + d` quglhm

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` pmgl + d` pmgl

Wmhurt mu cmgt `ltg`r `t/hu mux erugts Wmhurt mu cmgt `ltg`r `t/hu mux erugts

+ d` rgz + d` rgz

+ = jj d‗nugc` + = jj d‗nugc`

V`tgt dço`ul`r

2 trmljn`s d` pmgl jhkpc`t (06 a) 2 trmljn`s d` pmgl jhkpc`t (06 a) 44 = jj d` b`urr` = jj d` b`urr` 22 = jj d` jhl﬍tur` = jj d` jhl﬍tur` ==

= ymhurt lmtur` jcmssgqu`

= ymhurt lmtur` jcmssgqu` 66

= erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 Tnç hu jmeç Tnç hu jmeç 66

Dço`ul`r

=26 a d` ﬍c`t d` trugt` jugt `l =26 a d` ﬍c`t d` trugt` jugt `l pmpgccht` mv`j du jgtrhl pmpgccht` mv`j du jgtrhl 66 marçk`ltç mprîs jugsshl d` marçk`ltç mprîs jugsshl d` = JZ d` cmgt d` jhjh, = JZ d` cmgt d` jhjh, 22 mjjhkpmalç d` =66 a d` phuss`s mjjhkpmalç d` =66 a d` phuss`s d‗çpglmrds thkbçs d‗çpglmrds thkbçs 66 dmls = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` `t dmls = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` `t == d` =16 a d` quglhm jugt d` =16 a d` quglhm jugt 55 = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66

Jhccmtghl

= erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66

Dìl`r

Bhuddnm bhwc jhkphsç d` Bhuddnm bhwc jhkphsç d` 66 =66 a d` c`ltgcc`s v`rt`s jugt`s, =66 a d` c`ltgcc`s v`rt`s jugt`s, d` =06 a d` rgz bcmlj jugt, d` =06 a d` rgz bcmlj jugt, 00 d` =6 rmdgs `t d‗ul` jmrhtt` d` =6 rmdgs `t d‗ul` jmrhtt` 66 `l bâthll`ts mssmgshllç mv`j `l bâthll`ts mssmgshllç mv`j ul` vglmgar`tt` ul` vglmgar`tt` jhkphsç` d` = jj d‗nugc` jhkphsç` d` = jj d‗nugc` == `t d` = jj d` vglmgar` `t d` = jj d` vglmgar` 66 = pht (=66 a) d` emgss`cc` = pht (=66 a) d` emgss`cc` 44 1 1 7 7 6 6 =6 =6 25 25 Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

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1 1 Vhurquhg pms 8 Vhurquhg pms 8 R`kpcmj`z c` phgsshl s`chl R`kpcmj`z c` phgsshl s`chl vhtr` ahùt, pmr du jmbgccmud vhtr` ahùt, pmr du jmbgccmud pmr `x`kpc`. pmr `x`kpc`.

@spmdhl mu rhuamgc d‗mub`ragl`s

Vrçpmrmtghl =0 kgl | Jugsshl 27 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s Vrçpmrmtghl =0 kgl | Jugsshl 27 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s =

= Rglj`r `t jhup`r c‗mub`ragl` `l 2. C`s `lv`chpp`r dmlsRglj`r `t jhup`r c‗mub`ragl` `l 2. C`s `lv`chpp`r dmls

du egck `t c`s k`ttr` mu kgjrh-hld`s. Jugr` 0 kgl du egck `t c`s k`ttr` mu kgjrh-hld`s. Jugr` 0 kgl (>66 Q). Cmgss (>66 Q). Cmgss`r tgçdgr.`r tgçdgr. 2 2 V`c`r `t jhup`r c`s thkmt`s `l dçs. V`c`r `t nmjn`rV`c`r `t jhup`r c`s thkmt`s `l dçs. V`c`r `t nmjn`r

c‗hgalhl pugs c‗mgc. Vr`ss`r =/2 jgtrhl, jhup`r c‗mutr` =/2 `l c‗hgalhl pugs c‗mgc. Vr`ss`r =/2 jgtrhl, jhup`r c‗mutr` =/2 `l 4 rhld`cc`s. Rçjupçr`r cm pucp` d`s mub`ragl`s.

4 rhld`cc`s. Rçjupçr`r cm pucp` d`s mub`ragl`s.

:

: Jnmuee`r 2 jj d‗nugc` dmls ul` jmss`rhc`. W emgr` su`rJnmuee`r 2 jj d‗nugc` dmls ul` jmss`rhc`. W emgr` su`r

c‗hgalhl = kgl, æ e`u dhux. Mohut`r c‗mgc `t cm pucp` c‗hgalhl = kgl, æ e`u dhux. Mohut`r c‗mgc `t cm pucp`

d‗mub`ragl`, r`ku`r = kgl. Gljhrphr`r c`s dçs d` thkmt`s d‗mub`ragl`, r`ku`r = kgl. Gljhrphr`r c`s dçs d` thkmt`s mv`j cùr ous. Zmc`r, phgvr`r `t pmrs`k`r d‗hrgaml. Jhuvrgr mv`j cùr ous. Zmc`r, phgvr`r `t pmrs`k`r d‗hrgaml. Jhuvrgr `t cmgss`r jugr` =6 kgl, æ eù dhux, pugs 0 kgl æ

`t cmgss`r jugr` =6 kgl, æ e`u dhux, pugs 0 kgl æ dçjhuv`rt, `l r`kumlt.

dçjhuv`rt, `l r`kumlt.

4

4 Mssmgshll`r c‗`spmdhl. Jnmuee`r c` r`stmlt d‗nugc` dmlsMssmgshll`r c‗`spmdhl. Jnmuee`r c` r`stmlt d‗nugc` dmls

ul` smutùs` `t y emgr` r`v`lgr c‗`spmdhl : kgl d` ul` smutùs` `t y emgr` r`v`lgr c‗`spmdhl : kgl d` jnmqu` jôtç æ eù vge pugs khy`l. Mu d`rlg`r khk`lt jnmqu` jôtç æ eù vge pugs khy`l. Mu d`rlg`r khk`lt mrrhs`r d` ous d` jgtrhl `t smuphudr`r d` p`rsgc nmjnç. mrrhs`r d` ous d` jgtrhl `t smuphudr`r d` p`rsgc nmjnç. = mub`ragl` (:66 a) = mub`ragl` (:66 a) 2 thkmt`s bg`l kùr`s 2 thkmt`s bg`l kùr`s (466 a) (466 a) = hgalhl bcmlj (=66 a) = hgalhl bcmlj (=66 a) = ahuss` d‗mgc = ahuss` d‗mgc = jgtrhl omul` = jgtrhl omul` 4 jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` 4 jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` =/2 jj d‗hrgaml =/2 jj d‗hrgaml 4 trmljn`s 4 trmljn`s d‗d‗`spmdhl`spmdhl (4>6 a) (4>6 a) 2 jj d` p`rsgc nmjnç 2 jj d` p`rsgc nmjnç Z`c, phgvr` Z`c, phgvr` 4 4

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>

Ohur 2

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` phuc`t `t c`s nmrgjhts bcmljs æ cm thkmt`

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` phuc`t `t c`s nmrgjhts bcmljs æ cm thkmt` 66 du dço`ul`r du dço`ul`r

pmr cm r`j`tt` du lmv

pmr cm r`j`tt` du lmvmrgl d` phuc`t d` cm pma` 2= `t mrgl d` phuc`t d` cm pma` 2= `t c` pmvç d` c` pmvç d` smukhlsmukhl ₂₂ du dìl`r du dìl`r

pmr cm r`j`tt` d` t`rrgl` d` phgsshl `t smuj` jgtrhl, pma` jg-jhltr`. pmr cm r`j`tt` d` t`rrgl` d` phgsshl `t smuj` jgtrhl, pma` jg-jhltr`. + d` dgld` + d` dgld` Mohut`r du ﬍c`t d` bmjhl Mohut`r du ﬍c`t d` bmjhl R`kpcmj`r cm thkmt` pmr d` cm smuj` R`kpcmj`r cm thkmt` pmr d` cm smuj` thkmt` jugsglç` thkmt` jugsglç`

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` ﬂhjhls + d` ﬂhjhls d‗mvhd‗mvhgl`gl` Erhkma` bcmlj Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 %% + d` phc`ltm + d` phc`ltm Mohut`r du pmrk`sml Mohut`r du pmrk`sml `t d`s thkmt`s sçjnç`s `t d`s thkmt`s sçjnç`s + d` bmau`tt` + d` bmau`tt`

V`tgt dço`ul`r

06 a d` ﬂhjhl 06 a d` ﬂhjhls d‗mvhgl`s d‗mvhgl` 00 = erhkm

= erhkma` bcmlj a` bcmlj 6 6 % lmtur`% lmtur` ==

Dço`ul`r

=66 a d` jnhu rhua`, =66 a d` jnhu rhua`, 66 mssmgshllç mv`j = jj d‗nugc` `t mssmgshllç mv`j = jj d‗nugc` `t == = jj d` vglmgar` = jj d` vglmgar` =26 a d` jub`s d` bcmlj d` dgld` =26 a d` jub`s d` bcmlj d` dgld` 66

jugts æ cm phïc` sur ul` e`ugcc` d` jugts æ cm phïc` sur ul` e`ugcc` d` jugsshl, pugs kgohtçs =0 kgl

jugsshl, pugs kgohtçs =0 kgl mv`j 266 a d` nmrgjhts bcmljs, mv`j 266 a d` nmrgjhts bcmljs, 66 =66 a d` pucp` d` thkmt` =66 a d` pucp` d` thkmt` 66 `t d` c‗hrgaml `t d` c‗hrgaml = pht (=66a) d` emgss`cc` = pht (=66a) d` emgss`cc` 44

Jhccmtghl

= smcmd` d` erugt d` smgshl = smcmd` d` erugt d` smgshl 66 = bgsjugt s`j = bgsjugt s`j 22

Dìl`r

=26 a d` pmvç d` smukhl jugt =26 a d` pmvç d` smukhl jugt 66 mu ehur

mu ehur, mjjhkpma, mjjhkpmalçlç

d` =06 a d` phc`ltm jugt` lmtur` d` =06 a d` phc`ltm jugt` lmtur` :: `t d` =06 a d` oucg`ll` d` cçauk`s `t d` =06 a d` oucg`ll` d` cçauk`s 66 r`v`lu` æ cm phïc` dmls = jj d‗nugc` r`v`lu` æ cm phïc` dmls = jj d‗nugc` == :6 a d` aruyîr` mjjhkpmalç d` :6 a d` aruyîr` mjjhkpmalç d` 44 20 a d` bmau`tt` 20 a d` bmau`tt` 22 = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 5 5 0 0 2 2 =6 =6 2: 2: Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

(9)

7

T`rrgl` d` phgsshl `t smuj` jgtrhl

Vrçpmrmtghl 20 kgl | Jugsshl

=

= Vrçjnmuee`r c` ehur æ =>6 ¶J (tn. 5). Vhrt`r æ çbuccgtghl c`Vrçjnmuee`r c` ehur æ =>6 ¶J (tn. 5). Vhrt`r æ çbuccgtghl c`

vgl bcmlj `t c`s hgalhls çkgljçs pugs v`rs`r sur d`s vgl bcmlj `t c`s hgalhls çkgljçs pugs v`rs`r sur d`s jub`s d` phgsshl, kçcmla`r `t rçs`rv`r mu ermgs. Jhup`r jub`s d` phgsshl, kçcmla`r `t rçs`rv`r mu ermgs. Jhup`r c`s jr`v`tt`s, dçtmjn`r c` jhrmgc d`s pçthljc`s `t c`s c`s jr`v`tt`s, dçtmjn`r c` jhrmgc d`s pçthljc`s `t c`s kgx`r mv`j c` ymhurt `t c` jhlj`ltrç d` thkmt`s. kgx`r mv`j c` ymhurt `t c` jhlj`ltrç d` thkmt`s.

2

2 Çahutt`r c` phgsshl `t c` kgx`r `l mohutmlt c`s bcmljsÇahutt`r c` phgsshl `t c` kgx`r `l mohutmlt c`s bcmljs

d‗Śues. Zmc`r `t phgv

d‗Śues. Zmc`r `t phgvr`rr`r. U`rs`r =/2 d` cm prçpmrmtghl . U`rs`r =/2 d` cm prçpmrmtghl dmlsdmls ul` t`rrgl` `t cgss`r. Çtmc`r cm khuss` d` jr`v`tt`s,

ul` t`rrgl` `t cgss`r. Çtmc`r cm khuss` d` jr`v`tt`s, dçphs`r c`s pçthljc`s `t r`jhuvrgr du r`st` d` dçphs`r c`s pçthljc`s `t r`jhuvrgr du r`st` d` prçpmrmtghl. Jhuvrgr

prçpmrmtghl. Jhuvrgr d‗ul` e`ugcc` d‗mcukglguk trhuç`.d‗ul` e`ugcc` d‗mcukglguk trhuç`. @lehurl`r mu bmgl-kmrg` 40 kgl. Tgçdgr, r`tgr`r c` ous `t @lehurl`r mu bmgl-kmrg` 40 kgl. Tgçdgr, r`tgr`r c` ous `t rçs`rv`r mu ermgs.

rçs`rv`r mu ermgs.

:

: Bmttr` c`s omul`s d‗Śues mv`j =66 a d` cmgt `t jnmuee`r = kglBmttr` c`s omul`s d‗Śues mv`j =66 a d` cmgt `t jnmuee`r = kgl

æ e`u khy`l `l ehu`ttmlt. Mohut`r cm eçjuc` dçcmyç` mv`j æ e`u khy`l `l ehu`ttmlt. Mohut`r cm eçjuc` dçcmyç` mv`j =66 a d` cmgt thut `l jhltglumlt d` ehu`tt`r = æ 2 kgl. =66 a d` cmgt thut `l jhltglumlt d` ehu`tt`r = æ 2 kgl.

4

4 Nhrs du eù, mohut`r c` bùrr` `t c` ous d` jgtrhl. Rçs`rv`rNhrs du eù, mohut`r c` bùrr` `t c` ous d` jgtrhl. Rçs`rv`r

mu ermgs. Z`rvgr cm t`rrgl` `l trmljn`s, mv`j d` cm smuj`. mu ermgs. Z`rvgr cm t`rrgl` `l trmljn`s, mv`j d` cm smuj`. 066 a d` ﬍c`ts d` k`rcml 066 a d` ﬍c`ts d` k`rcml =66 kc d` vgl bcmlj s`j =66 kc d` vgl bcmlj s`j =6 hgalhls ar`chts sura`cçs =6 hgalhls ar`chts sura`cçs =66 a d` jr`v`tt`s rhs`s =66 a d` jr`v`tt`s rhs`s dçjhrtgquç`s dçjhrtgquç`s 266 a d` lhgx d` pçthljc` 266 a d` lhgx d` pçthljc` mv`j jhrmgc mv`j jhrmgc 46 a d` ymhurt brmss 46 a d` ymhurt brmssç 6 %ç 6 % lmtur` lmtur` = jj d` jhlj`ltrç d` = jj d` jhlj`ltrç d` thkmt`s thkmt`s : Śues : Śues 266 a d` cmgt d`kg-çjrçkç 266 a d` cmgt d`kg-çjrçkç jhlj`ltrç lhl sujrç jhlj`ltrç lhl sujrç 2 jj d` eçjuc` d` phkk`s 2 jj d` eçjuc` d` phkk`s d` t`rr` d` t`rr` = jj d` b`urr` dhux = jj d` b`urr` dhux C` ous d` : jgtrhls (56 kc) C` ous d` : jgtrhls (56 kc) Z`c, phgvr` bcmlj Z`c, phgvr` bcmlj 2 2

(10)

=6

Ohur :

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r cm jhkpht` `t c

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r cm jhkpht` `t c` bgsjugt` bgsjugt 22 du dìl`r du dìl`r pmr cm pmr cm r`j`tt` d`r`j`tt` d`

jrhustmd` mux ermkbhgs`s, pma` jg-jh

jrhustmd` mux ermkbhgs`s, pma` jg-jhltr` `t c` theu kmrglç, c` bhucahur `t c`ltr` `t c` theu kmrglç, c` bhucahur `t c`

phtgrhl

phtgrhl ₄₄ du dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` d` kçcg-kçch d` bcç, theu `t du dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` d` kçcg-kçch d` bcç, theu `t cçauk`s d` cmcçauk`s d` cm

pma` 22. pma` 22. + d` bmv`tt` d` bŚue + d` bmv`tt` d` bŚue Mohut`r du pmrk`sml Mohut`r du pmrk`sml Mohut`r d`s eçjuc`lts Mohut`r d`s eçjuc`lts

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` pmgl + d` pmgl

+ d` bhucahur + d` bhucahur Mohut`r d`s rmgsgls s`js `t Mohut`r d`s rmgsgls s`js `t d`s lhgx d` jmohu d`s lhgx d` jmohu Erhkma` bcmlj Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 %% Erhkma` bcmlj Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 %%

V`tgt dço`ul`r

Dço`ul`r

=26 a d` bmv`tt` d` bŚue argccç`, =26 a d` bmv`tt` d` bŚue argccç`, :: mjjhkpmalç` d` mjjhkpmalç` d` 266 a d` jub`s d‗mub`ragl` 266 a d` jub`s d‗mub`ragl` 66 r`v`lus dmls = jj nugc` d‗hcgv` r`v`lus dmls = jj nugc` d‗hcgv` == mv`j d`s e`ugcc`s bmsgcgj mv`j d`s e`ugcc`s bmsgcgj `t d`s eîv`s jugt`s `t d`s eîv`s jugt`s 66 Jhkpht` d` phkk` smls sujr`s Jhkpht` d` phkk` smls sujr`s mohutçs, mohutçs, 66 r`jhuv`

r`jhuv`rt` d‗rt` d‗= bgsjugt s`j= bgsjugt s`j 22

çkg`ttç `l jrukbc` çkg`ttç `l jrukbc`

Jhccmtghl

= erhkma` bcmlj 6 % lmtur` = erhkma` bcmlj 6 % lmtur` ==

Dìl`r

=66 a d` theu kmrglç mv`j =66 a d` theu kmrglç mv`j 66 = JZ d` smuj` shom smcç`, = JZ d` smuj` shom smcç`, 66 mjjhkpmalç d` mjjhkpmalç d` =06 a d` bhucahur jugt =06 a d` bhucahur jugt :: `t d` =06 a d` phtgrhl rôtg mu ehur `t d` =06 a d` phtgrhl rôtg mu ehur 66 mv`j = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` `t du tnyk mv`j = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` `t du tnyk == = erhkm

= jj d` kg`c = jj d` kg`c == = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 1 1 5 5 = = 5 5 26 26 Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

(11)

==

Jrhustmd` mux ermkbhgs`s

Vrçpmrmtghl =0 kgl | Jugsshl =0 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s

=

= Vrçjnmuee`r c` ehur æ =>6 ¶J (tn. 5). Bmttr` c`s Śues mv`j cmVrçjnmuee`r c` ehur æ =>6 ¶J (tn. 5). Bmttr` c`s Śues mv`j cm

phudr` d‗mkmld`s, c` sujr` vmlgccç `t c‗`mu d` rhs`. phudr` d‗mkmld`s, c` sujr` vmlgccç `t c‗`mu d` rhs`.

2

2 Çtmc`r c`s e`ugcc`s d` brgji sur c` pcml d` trmvmgc. C`s pcg`rÇtmc`r c`s e`ugcc`s d` brgji sur c` pcml d` trmvmgc. C`s pcg`r

`l 2. C`s `lehlj`r dmls d`s khuc`s æ kueegls ec`xgbc`s d` `l 2. C`s `lehlj`r dmls d`s khuc`s æ kueegls ec`xgbc`s d` 5 jk d` dgmkîtr` `lvgrhl. W v`rs`r cm prçpmrmtghl mux 5 jk d` dgmkîtr` `lvgrhl. W v`rs`r cm prçpmrmtghl mux mkmld`s `t y `lehlj`r c`s ermkbhgs`s `ltgîr`s.

mkmld`s `t y `lehlj`r c`s ermkbhgs`s `ltgîr`s.

:

: @lehurl`r =2 æ =0 kgl, ousqu‗æ j` qu` c`s e`ugcc`s d` brgji@lehurl`r =2 æ =0 kgl, ousqu‗æ j` qu` c`s e`ugcc`s d` brgji

shg`lt dhrç`s. Dçaust`r tgîd` hu erhgd. shg`lt dhrç`s. Dçaust`r tgîd` hu erhgd. 2 Śues 2 Śues = JZ d` phudr` d‗mkmld`s = JZ d` phudr` d‗mkmld`s = smjn`t d` sujr` vmlgccç = smjn`t d` sujr` vmlgccç 2 jj d‗`mu d` rhs` 2 jj d‗`mu d` rhs` 4 e`ugcc`s d` brgji 4 e`ugcc`s d` brgji =06 a d` ermkbhgs`s =06 a d` ermkbhgs`s 2 2 Vhurquhg pms 8 Vhurquhg pms 8 R`trhuv`z j`tt` r`j`tt` R`trhuv`z j`tt` r`j`tt` `t pcus `ljhr` dmls c` `t pcus `ljhr` dmls c` Jheer`t Cgb`rtç. Jheer`t Cgb`rtç.

(12)

=2

Ohur 4

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` egc`t d` k`rcml, c`s bcmlj

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` egc`t d` k`rcml, c`s bcmljs d` phgr`mux `t cm jrîk`s d` phgr`mux `t cm jrîk` ₆₆

du dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` d` pmkpc`khuss`

du dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` d` pmkpc`khuss` ahurkmld, pma` jg-jhltr`.ahurkmld, pma` jg-jhltr`.

= Śue d` pcus = Śue d` pcus + d` pât`s + d` pât`s Mohut`r d`s mccuk`tt`s d` bmjhl Mohut`r d`s mccuk`tt`s d` bmjhl Mohut`r du aruyîr` râpç Mohut`r du aruyîr` râpç

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` ﬂhjhls + d` ﬂhjhls d‗mvhd‗mvhgl`gl` Erhkma` bcmlj Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 %% Mohut`r d`s eçjuc`lts Mohut`r d`s eçjuc`lts + d` k`rcml + d` k`rcml + = J + = JZ d` jrîk` Z d` jrîk` æ =0 æ =0 %% Jhktç Jhktç + d` bmau`tt` + d` bmau`tt` + = trmljn` d` pmgl brghjnç + = trmljn` d` pmgl brghjnç Mjjhkpmal`r d‗ul jmppujjglh Mjjhkpmal`r d‗ul jmppujjglh

V`tgt dço`ul`r

06 a d` ﬂhjhl

06 a d` ﬂhjhls d‗mvhgl`s d‗mvhgl` 00

= erhkm

Dço`ul`r

2 Śues mu pcmt, jugts mv`j 2 Śues mu pcmt, jugts mv`j 66 = jj d‗nugc` dmls ul` phïc`, = jj d‗nugc` dmls ul` phïc`, == mjjhkpmalçs d` 266 a d` pât`s mjjhkpmalçs d` 266 a d` pât`s 11

jugt`s typ` emremcc` `t d` jugt`s typ` emremcc` `t d`

=06 a d` brhjhcgs, marçk`ltçs d` =06 a d` brhjhcgs, marçk`ltçs d` 66

: JZ d` smuj` thkmt` jugsglç`

: JZ d` smuj` thkmt` jugsglç` ==

= ymhurt lmtur` jcmssgqu` mv`j

= ymhurt lmtur` jcmssgqu` mv`j 66

= jj jhl﬍tur` = jj jhl﬍tur` == = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66

Jhccmtghl

= trmljn` (26 a) d` pmgl brghjnç = trmljn` (26 a) d` pmgl brghjnç 22

Dìl`r

Kçcmla` d` =66 a d` phgvrhls Kçcmla` d` =66 a d` phgvrhls 66 06 a d` kmès `t 06 a d` kmès `t 66 : thkmt`s sçjnç`s, : thkmt`s sçjnç`s, == mssmgshllç mv`j = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` mssmgshllç mv`j = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` == `t = jj d` vglmgar` `t = jj d` vglmgar` 66 Egc`t d` k`rcml

Egc`t d` k`rcml jugt mu ehur,jugt mu ehur, 66

mjjhkpmalç d` bcmljs d` mjjhkpmalç d` bcmljs d` phgr`mux jugts æ cm vmp`ur

phgr`mux jugts æ cm vmp`ur 66

trîs ehldmlts, pugs marçk`ltç d` trîs ehldmlts, pugs marçk`ltç d` = JZ d`

= JZ d` jrîk` ermìjn` mjrîk` ermìjn` mccçaç` =0 ccçaç` =0 %% ==

:6 a erhkma` d` jnîvr` ermgs :6 a erhkma` d` jnîvr` ermgs :: mjjhkpmalç d` 20 a d` bmau`tt` mjjhkpmalç d` 20 a d` bmau`tt` 22 = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 5 5 =6 =6 2 2 > > 25 25 Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

(13)

=: =:

Vmkpc`khuss` ahurkmld

Vrçpmrmtghl 26 kgl | Jugsshl 0 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s Vrçpmrmtghl 26 kgl | Jugsshl 0 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s =

= Dçphs`r c`s Śues dmls ul` jmss`rhc` d‗`mu erhgd`.Dçphs`r c`s Śues dmls ul` jmss`rhc` d‗`mu erhgd`.

Jhuvrgr `t phrt`r æ çbuccgtghl 0 kgl. Cmgss`r r`phs`r Jhuvrgr `t phrt`r æ çbuccgtghl 0 kgl. Cmgss`r r`phs`r =6 kgl nhrs du e`u `t dmls c‗`mu. Jhup`r c`s

=6 kgl nhrs du e`u `t dmls c‗`mu. Jhup`r c`s

pmkpc`khuss`s `l d`ux. Dçtmjn`r c`s qumrtg`rs, c`s pmkpc`khuss`s `l d`ux. Dçtmjn`r c`s qumrtg`rs, c`s jhup`r `l khrj`mux `t `lc`v`r c`s k`kbrml`s jhup`r `l khrj`mux `t `lc`v`r c`s k`kbrml`s bcmljn`s. Dçtmgcc`r c`s jr`v`tt`s `l dçs, çahutt`r cm bcmljn`s. Dçtmgcc`r c`s jr`v`tt`s `l dçs, çahutt`r cm kmjçdhgl` d` cçauk`s. V`c`r `t nmjn`r c‗hgalhl. Jgs`c`r kmjçdhgl` d` cçauk`s. V`c`r `t nmjn`r c‗hgalhl. Jgs`c`r cm bms` d`s tga`s. K`ttr` thus c`s glarçdg`lts mu eur `t æ cm bms` d`s tga`s. K`ttr` thus c`s glarçdg`lts mu eur `t æ k`sur` dmls ul p`tgt smcmdg`r.

k`sur` dmls ul p`tgt smcmdg`r.

2

2 Çjmc`r c`s Śues shus c‗`mu erhgd`. Jhup`r c`s bcmljs `lÇjmc`r c`s Śues shus c‗`mu erhgd`. Jhup`r c`s bcmljs `l

egl`s cmlgîr`s, c`s mohut`r mu kçcmla` `t pcmj`r mu ermgs. egl`s cmlgîr`s, c`s mohut`r mu kçcmla` `t pcmj`r mu ermgs. Dmls ul bhc, çjrms`r c`s omul`s æ cm ehurjn`tt` pugs c`s Dmls ul bhc, çjrms`r c`s omul`s æ cm ehurjn`tt` pugs c`s kçcmla`r mv`j c` ymhurt `t ul` pgljç` d` pmprgim. Zmc`r, kçcmla`r mv`j c` ymhurt `t ul` pgljç` d` pmprgim. Zmc`r, phgvr`r `t rçs`rv`r mu ermgs = n. Mu khk`lt d` s`rvgr, phgvr`r `t rçs`rv`r mu ermgs = n. Mu khk`lt d` s`rvgr, mohut`r cm smuj` mu ymhurt mu kçcmla`. Z`rvgr dmls d`s mohut`r cm smuj` mu ymhurt mu kçcmla`. Z`rvgr dmls d`s mssg`tt`s d` s`rvgj`, d`s p`tgts bhcs hu c`s =/2 mssg`tt`s d` s`rvgj`, d`s p`tgts bhcs hu c`s =/2 pmkpc`khuss`s çvgdçs. pmkpc`khuss`s çvgdçs. 4 Śues `ltg`rs 4 Śues `ltg`rs 2 p`tgts pmkpc`khuss`s 2 p`tgts pmkpc`khuss`s rhs`s rhs`s =26 a d` jr`v`tt`s rhs`s =26 a d` jr`v`tt`s rhs`s jugt`s `t dçjhrtgquç`s jugt`s `t dçjhrtgquç`s =:6 a d` kmjçdhgl` d` =:6 a d` kmjçdhgl` d` cçauk`s `l bhìt` cçauk`s `l bhìt` = hgalhl bcmlj mv`j tga`s = hgalhl bcmlj mv`j tga`s v`rt`s v`rt`s = ymhurt brmssç 6 % lmtur` = ymhurt brmssç 6 % lmtur` = pgljç` d` pmprgim = pgljç` d` pmprgim Z`c, phgvr` Z`c, phgvr` 6 6 Vhurquhg pms 8 Vhurquhg pms 8 R`kpcmj`z c`s jr`v`tt`s pmr R`kpcmj`z c`s jr`v`tt`s pmr d`s kg`tt`s d` jrmb`. d`s kg`tt`s d` jrmb`.

(14)

=4

Ohur 0

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r cm s`khuc` `t c`s kg`tt`s d` jrmb`

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r cm s`khuc` `t c`s kg`tt`s d` jrmb` 22 du du dìl`r pmr dìl`r pmr cmcm

r`j`tt` d` phtmth` jmi` mu jrmb` `t mux n`rb`s ermgjn`s, pma` jg-jhltr`.

+ d` s`khuc` + d` s`khuc`

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` pmgl + d` pmgl

+ d` ﬍c`t kgalhl + d` ﬍c`t kgalhl Mohut`r d`s prul`mux Mohut`r d`s prul`mux + d` c`ltgcc`s + d` c`ltgcc`s Erhkma` bcmlj

Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 % lmtur`% lmtur`

V`tgt dço`ul`r

Dço`ul`r

Zmcmd` jhkphsç` d` >6 a d` Zmcmd` jhkphsç` d` >6 a d` s`khuc` jugt`, s`khuc` jugt`, 22 =66 a d` kg`tt`s d` jrmb` `t =66 a d` kg`tt`s d` jrmb` `t 66 smcmd` v`rt`, smcmd` v`rt`, 66 =6 a lhgx sîjn`s `t d` =6 a lhgx sîjn`s `t d` 22 :6 a d` jub`s d` jhktç :6 a d` jub`s d` jhktç 44 mssmgshllç` mv`j mssmgshllç` mv`j = jj d` vglmgar`tt` kçcmlaç` æ = jj d` vglmgar`tt` kçcmlaç` æ == = jj d = jj d‗`m‗`muu 66 = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66

Jhccmtghl

= erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 = bgsjugt s`j = bgsjugt s`j 22

Dìl`r

=26 a d` ﬍c`t kgalhl d` phrj =26 a d` ﬍c`t kgalhl d` phrj ::

jugt mu ehur, mjjhkpmalç d` jugt mu ehur, mjjhkpmalç d` =06 a d` c`ltgcc`s jhrmgc jugt`s =06 a d` c`ltgcc`s jhrmgc jugt`s 66 =06 a d` jnhu-flùr jugt, =06 a d` jnhu-flùr jugt, 66 mv`j = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv`, mv`j = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv`, == Jhrgmldr` `t jurry Jhrgmldr` `t jurry 66 = erhkm

= jj d` kg`c = jj d` kg`c == 1 1 7 7 2 2 5 5 24 24 Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

(15)

=0 =0

Vhtmth` jmi` mu jrmb`

Vrçpmrmtghl 26 kgl | Jugsshl 46 kgl | Vhur > pmc`ts Vrçpmrmtghl 26 kgl | Jugsshl 46 kgl | Vhur > pmc`ts =

= Çpcujn`r c`s phkk`s d` t`rr` `t c`s jhup`r `l arhsÇpcujn`r c`s phkk`s d` t`rr` `t c`s jhup`r `l arhs

khrj`mux. C`s pchla`r dmls ul` jmss`rhc` d‗`mu khrj`mux. C`s pchla`r dmls ul` jmss`rhc` d‗`mu

bhugccmlt` smcç`. Çahutt`r, v`rs`r c` thut dmls ul smcmdg`r bhugccmlt` smcç`. Çahutt`r, v`rs`r c` thut dmls ul smcmdg`r `t cmgss`r r`erhgdgr. Çjrms`r `l purç` æ c‗mgd` d‗ul

`t cmgss`r r`erhgdgr. Çjrms`r `l purç` æ c‗mgd` d‗ul pr`ss`-purç` kmlu`c.

pr`ss`-purç` kmlu`c.

2

2 Jgs`c`r c`s n`rb`s mu-d`ssus, mohut`r c‗Śue `t kçcmla`r æJgs`c`r c`s n`rb`s mu-d`ssus, mohut`r c‗Śue `t kçcmla`r æ

cm jugccîr` `l bhgs. Gljhrphr`r c`s kg`tt`s d` jrmb` `t cm jugccîr` `l bhgs. Gljhrphr`r c`s kg`tt`s d` jrmb` `t kçcmla`r d` lhuv`

kçcmla`r d` lhuv`mu. Zmc`rmu. Zmc`r, phgvr`r. Ehrk`r > pmc`ts, c`, phgvr`r. Ehrk`r > pmc`ts, c`ss pmss`r dmls ul p`u d` emrgl`.

pmss`r dmls ul p`u d` emrgl`.

:

: Emgr` jnmuee`r ul` phïc` mltgmdnçsgv` mv`j c‗nugc` d‗hcgv`.Emgr` jnmuee`r ul` phïc` mltgmdnçsgv` mv`j c‗nugc` d‗hcgv`.

Dçphs`r c`s pmc`ts `t cmgss`r dhr`r : æ 4 kgl d` jnmqu` Dçphs`r c`s pmc`ts `t cmgss`r dhr`r : æ 4 kgl d` jnmqu` jôtç. Z`rvgr bg`l jnmud mv`j d` cm kâjn` `t d`s jôtç. Z`rvgr bg`l jnmud mv`j d` cm kâjn` `t d`s qumrtg`rs d` jgtrhl. qumrtg`rs d` jgtrhl. 066 a d` phkk`s d` t`rr` 066 a d` phkk`s d` t`rr` = bhuqu`t d‗n`rb`s = bhuqu`t d‗n`rb`s ermìjn`s ? ﬍l`s n`rb`s, ermìjn`s ? ﬍l`s n`rb`s, jhrgmldr`, ml`tn jhrgmldr`, ml`tn = Śue = Śue 466 a d` kg`tt`s d` jrmb` 466 a d` kg`tt`s d` jrmb` = JZ d` emrgl` = JZ d` emrgl` = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` = jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` ]u`cqu`s e`ugcc`s d` kâjn` ]u`cqu`s e`ugcc`s d` kâjn` 2 jgtrhls omul`s 2 jgtrhls omul`s Z`c, phgvr` Z`c, phgvr` Vhurquhg pms 8 Vhurquhg pms 8

Vhur pcus d` ahurkmldgs`, rçmcgs`r

Vhur pcus d` ahurkmldgs`, rçmcgs`r ul` kmyhllmgs` `lul` kmyhllmgs` `l

çkucsgegmlt = Śue, = JZ d` khutmrd`, 2 JZ d` ymhur

çkucsgegmlt = Śue, = JZ d` khutmrd`, 2 JZ d` ymhurt jcmssgqu`t jcmssgqu`

`t 2 JZ d‗nugc` d‗hcgv`. Pl` ehgs khltç`, mohut`r = J

`t 2 JZ d‗nugc` d‗hcgv`. Pl` ehgs khltç`, mohut`r = JZ d` jâpr`.Z d` jâpr`.

= ulgtç Zkmr

= ulgtç ZkmrtVhglts/tVhglts/p`rshll`p`rshll`

2

(16)

=5

Ohur 5

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` phuc`t, c`s phkk`s d` t`rr` `t c`s nmrgjhts du dço`ul`r

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` phuc`t, c`s phkk`s d` t`rr` `t c`s nmrgjhts du dço`ul`r 44

pmr cm r`j`tt` d` pht mu e`u d` v

pmr cm r`j`tt` d` pht mu e`u d` vhcmgcc` mux trhkp`tt`s d` cm khrt d` cm pma` 2:, `t hcmgcc` mux trhkp`tt`s d` cm khrt d` cm pma` 2:, `t c`c`

ymhurt lmtur` `t cm jhlegtur`

ymhurt lmtur` `t cm jhlegtur` ₂₂ du dìl`r pmr cm du dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` d` tmrt` cçaîr` r`j`tt` d` tmrt` cçaîr` phgr` jhjh,phgr` jhjh,

pma` jg-jhltr`.

+ d` phkk`s d` t`rr` + d` phkk`s d` t`rr`

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` ﬂhjhls + d` ﬂhjhls d‗mvhd‗mvhgl`gl` Erhkma` bcmlj Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 %% + d‗`sjmchp` d` v`mu + d‗`sjmchp` d` v`mu + d` pmtmt` dhuj` + d` pmtmt` dhuj`

V`tgt dço`ul`r

06 a d` ﬂhjhl

06 a d` ﬂhjhls d‗mvhgl`s d‗mvhgl` 00

= erhkm

Dço`ul`r

=66 a d` jrudgtçs mssmgshllç`s mv`j =66 a d` jrudgtçs mssmgshllç`s mv`j 66 = jj d` vglmgar`tt` kçcmlaç` æ = jj d` vglmgar`tt` kçcmlaç` æ == = jj d = jj d‗`m‗`muu 66

=26 a d‗mgaugcc`tt`s d` phuc`t argccç`s, =26 a d‗mgaugcc`tt`s d` phuc`t argccç`s, 66

=66 a d‗çjrmsç d` phkk`s d` t`rr` =66 a d‗çjrmsç d` phkk`s d` t`rr` 22 mv`j = jj d` b`urr` mv`j = jj d` b`urr` 22 =06 a d` nmrgjhts v`rts =06 a d` nmrgjhts v`rts 66

= jj d` jhl﬍tur` = jj d` jhl﬍tur` ==

Jhccmtghl

= smcmd` d` erugt d` smgshl = smcmd` d` erugt d` smgshl 66

Dìl`r

=26 a d‗`sjmchp` d` v`mu argccç` =26 a d‗`sjmchp` d` v`mu argccç` 22 mjjhkpmalç` d` mjjhkpmalç` d` =06 a d` pmtmt` dhuj` =06 a d` pmtmt` dhuj` 55 `t d` =06 a d` jnmkpgalhls smutçs `t d` =06 a d` jnmkpgalhls smutçs 66 dmls = jj d‗nugc` æ cm phïc` dmls = jj d‗nugc` æ cm phïc` ==

= ymhurt lmtur` jcmssgqu` mv`j

= ymhurt lmtur` jcmssgqu` mv`j 66

2 jj d` jhl﬍tur` 2 jj d` jhl﬍tur` 22 5 5 5 5 6 6 == == 2: 2: Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

(17)

=1 =1

Tmrt` cçaîr` phgr` jhjh

= Vrçjnmuee`r c` ehur æ 2=6 ¶J (tn. 1). Çpcujn`r `t jhup`rVrçjnmuee`r c` ehur æ 2=6 ¶J (tn. 1). Çpcujn`r `t jhup`r

c`s phgr`s `l egl`s cmk`cc`s. C`s dgsphs`r, `l c`s cmgssmlt c`s phgr`s `l egl`s cmk`cc`s. C`s dgsphs`r, `l c`s cmgssmlt s` jn`vmujn`r, dmls ul khuc` d` => jk d` dgmkîtr`, s` jn`vmujn`r, dmls ul khuc` d` => jk d` dgmkîtr`, r`jhuv`rt d‗ul` e`ugcc` d` jugsshl.

r`jhuv`rt d‗ul` e`ugcc` d` jugsshl.

2

2 Ehu`tt`r c` erhkma` bcmlj mv`j c`s Śues, mohut`r c` z`st`Ehu`tt`r c` erhkma` bcmlj mv`j c`s Śues, mohut`r c` z`st`

râpç du jgtrhl `t cm lhgx d` jhjh. U`rs`r c` thut sur c`s râpç du jgtrhl `t cm lhgx d` jhjh. U`rs`r c` thut sur c`s phgr`s, smuphudr`r d` sujr` `t `lehurl`r 26 kgl. Cmgss`r phgr`s, smuphudr`r d` sujr` `t `lehurl`r 26 kgl. Cmgss`r r`erhgdgr

rèrhgdgr, dçkhuc`r `t dçjhr`r d` , dçkhuc`r `t dçjhr`r d` eùgcc`s d` k`ltn`.eùgcc`s d` k`ltn`.

: phgr`s : phgr`s :66 a d` erhkma` bcmlj :66 a d` erhkma` bcmlj lmtur` 6 % lmtur` 6 % 2 Śues 2 Śues =/2 jgtrhl =/2 jgtrhl 2 jj d` lhgx d` jhjh râpç`, 2 jj d` lhgx d` jhjh râpç`, sîjn` sîjn` 2 jj d` sujr` `l phudr` 2 jj d` sujr` `l phudr` : e`ugcc`s d` k`ltn` : e`ugcc`s d` k`ltn` 2 2

(18)

=>

Ohur 1

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` v`chutç `t c`

Uhus phuv`z r`kpcmj`r c` v`chutç `t c` theutheu ₆₆ du dìl`r pdu dìl`r pmr cm r`j`tt` mr cm r`j`tt` d` phïcç`d` phïcç`

d‗çpglmrds `t phgs jngjn`s, pma` jg-jhltr`. d‗çpglmrds `t phgs jngjn`s, pma` jg-jhltr`. + d` st`mi + d` st`mi Mohut`r du rgz Mohut`r du rgz Erhkma` bcmlj Erhkma` bcmlj æ 26 æ 26 %%

B`shgl d` pcus 8

+ d` pmgl + d` pmgl + d` omkbhl + d` omkbhl + d` erhkma` + d` erhkma` Mohut`r d`s armgl`s d` sçsmk` Mohut`r d`s armgl`s d` sçsmk` Mohut`r ul eçjuc`lt Mohut`r ul eçjuc`lt + d` pmrk`sml + d` pmrk`sml

V`tgt dço`ul`r

= trmljn` d` pmgl jhkpc`t (20 a) = trmljn` d` pmgl jhkpc`t (20 a) 22

= Śue dur jhupç `l 2

= Śue dur jhupç `l 2 66

= trmljn` d` omkbhl bcmlj = trmljn` d` omkbhl bcmlj 22 = erhkma` ehldu = erhkma` ehldu 22 = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 Tnç hu jmeç Tnç hu jmeç 66

Dço`ul`r

Jngcg jhl jmrl` jugsglç mv`j Jngcg jhl jmrl` jugsglç mv`j =66 a d` s =66 a d` st`mi nmjnç 0 %t`mi nmjnç 0 % jugt æ cm phïc` jugt æ cm phïc` :: mv`j = jj d‗nugc` mv`j = jj d‗nugc` == pugs kgohtç =0 kgl mv`j pugs kgohtç =0 kgl mv`j d`s nmrgjhts rhua`s jugts, d`s nmrgjhts rhua`s jugts, 66 d`s phgvrhls rhua`s `l cmk`cc`s d`s phgvrhls rhua`s `l cmk`cc`s 66 `t du pmprgim `t du pmprgim 66 = erhkm

marçk`ltç d` =0 a mkmld`s marçk`ltç d` =0 a mkmld`s :: `t d` = JZ jhucgs d` erugt `t d` = JZ jhucgs d` erugt ==

Jhccmtghl

= erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66

Dìl`r

U`chutç prçpmrç mv`j U`chutç prçpmrç mv`j 266 a d` phgs jmssçs 266 a d` phgs jmssçs 66 `t 2 pmlmgs jugts æ c‗`mu `t 2 pmlmgs jugts æ c‗`mu 66 pugs kgxçs mv`j pugs kgxçs mv`j = JZ d`

= JZ d` jrîk` ermgjn` mjrîk` ermgjn` mccçaç` =0 ccçaç` =0 %% ==

`t = pgljç` d` jukgl surkhltç d` `t = pgljç` d` jukgl surkhltç d` 66

=66 a d` jub`s d` theu e`rk` argccçs =66 a d` jub`s d` theu e`rk` argccçs 66

smuphudrç d` smuphudrç d` 2 JZ d` pmrk`sml râpç 2 JZ d` pmrk`sml râpç :: = erugt d` smgshl = erugt d` smgshl 66 5 5 7 7 6 6 4 4 =7 =7 Km ohurlç` æ Km ohurlç` æ

(19)

=7 =7

Vhïcç` d‗çpglmrds `t phgs jngjn`s

= Çpcujn`r `t nmjn`r sçpmrçk`lt c`s hgalhls, c‗mgc `t c`Çpcujn`r `t nmjn`r sçpmrçk`lt c`s hgalhls, c‗mgc `t c`

agla`kbr`. Emgr` jnmuee`r c‗nugc` dmls ul` jmss`rhc` æ agla`kbr`. Emgr` jnmuee`r c‗nugc` dmls ul` jmss`rhc` æ e`u dhux. Mohut`r c`s hgalhls `t ul` d`kg jugccîr` æ jmeç e`u dhux. Mohut`r c`s hgalhls `t ul` d`kg jugccîr` æ jmeç d` s`c. Jugr` =6 kgl `l r`kumlt erçqu`kk`lt. Mohut`r d` s`c. Jugr` =6 kgl `l r`kumlt erçqu`kk`lt. Mohut`r c‗mgc, c` jukgl `t c`

c‗mgc, c` jukgl `t c` agla`kbr`. Emgr` r`v`lgr = kgl. Mohut`ragla`kbr`. Emgr` r`v`lgr = kgl. Mohut`r c`s thkmt`s jhljmssç`s `t c`s phgs jngjn`s. Bg`l

c`s thkmt`s jhljmssç`s `t c`s phgs jngjn`s. Bg`l kçcmla`r.

kçcmla`r.

2

2 Mohut`r `lsugt` c`s çpglmrds `t c‗`mu. Bg`l kçcmla`r `tMohut`r `lsugt` c`s çpglmrds `t c‗`mu. Bg`l kçcmla`r `t

jugr` æ jhuv`rt 0 æ =6 kgl ousqu‗æ j` qu` c`s çpglmrds jugr` æ jhuv`rt 0 æ =6 kgl ousqu‗æ j` qu` c`s çpglmrds thkb`lt. Mohut`r c` ous d` jgtrhl, cm jhrgmldr` jgs`cç` `t thkb`lt. Mohut`r c` ous d` jgtrhl, cm jhrgmldr` jgs`cç` `t c` s`c. Z`rvgr d` sugt`. c` s`c. Z`rvgr d` sugt`. 2 hgalhls 2 hgalhls 2 ahuss`s 2 ahuss`s d‗mgcd‗mgc = jj d` agla`kbr` ermgs = jj d` agla`kbr` ermgs 2 jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` 2 jj d‗nugc` d‗hcgv` 2 jj d` jukgl 2 jj d` jukgl 406 a d` thkmt`s jhljmssç`s 406 a d` thkmt`s jhljmssç`s mu lmtur`c mu lmtur`c :66 a d` phgs jngjn`s jugts :66 a d` phgs jngjn`s jugts :66 a d‗çpglmrds ermgs :66 a d‗çpglmrds ermgs 2 JZ d‗`mu 2 JZ d‗`mu = JZ d` ous d` jgtrhl = JZ d` ous d` jgtrhl =6 a d` jhrgmldr` ermìjn` =6 a d` jhrgmldr` ermìjn` Z`c Z`c 6 6

(20)

26 26

Lmvmrgl d` phuc`t

Vrçpmrmtghl 20 kgl | Jugsshl :6 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s Vrçpmrmtghl 20 kgl | Jugsshl :6 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s =

= Vrçpmr`r c`s cçauk`s `t c` phuc`t `l jub`s. Çahutt`r c`sVrçpmr`r c`s cçauk`s `t c` phuc`t `l jub`s. Çahutt`r c`s

nmrgjhts bcmljs `t rçjupçr`r c` ous. C` kçcmla`r mv`j c` nmrgjhts bcmljs `t rçjupçr`r c` ous. C` kçcmla`r mv`j c` jhlj`ltrç d` thkmt`s `t : JZ d‗`mu, smc`r `t phgvr`r. jhlj`ltrç d` thkmt`s `t : JZ d‗`mu, smc`r `t phgvr`r. Dgsphs`r jmrhtt`s `t lmv`ts dmls ul rçjgpg`lt, mohut`r Dgsphs`r jmrhtt`s `t lmv`ts dmls ul rçjgpg`lt, mohut`r =/: d` cm smuj`,

=/: d` cm smuj`, bg`l kçcmla`r.bg`l kçcmla`r.

2

2 Vcmj`r c` phuc`t dmls ul mutr` rçjgpg`lt mv`j c`s hgalhls `tVcmj`r c` phuc`t dmls ul mutr` rçjgpg`lt mv`j c`s hgalhls `t

c`s nmrgjhts bcmljs, gljhrphr`r =/: d` cm smuj`, kçcmla`r. c`s nmrgjhts bcmljs, gljhrphr`r =/: d` cm smuj`, kçcmla`r. Cmgss`r kmrgl`r j`s 2 kçcmla`s mu ermgs = n, `l r`kumlt. Cmgss`r kmrgl`r j`s 2 kçcmla`s mu ermgs = n, `l r`kumlt.

:

: Emgr` bhugccgr d` c‗`mu smcç` pugs y pchla`r c`s nmrgjhtsEmgr` bhugccgr d` c‗`mu smcç` pugs y pchla`r c`s nmrgjhts

v`rts, `t jugr` > kgl. Çahutt`r `t rçs`rv`r. Emgr` jnmuee`r v`rts, `t jugr` > kgl. Çahutt`r `t rçs`rv`r. Emgr` jnmuee`r d` c‗`mu dmls cm pmrtg` bmss` du jugt vmp`ur. Jugr` c`s d` c‗`mu dmls cm pmrtg` bmss` du jugt vmp`ur. Jugr` c`s

jmrhtt`s `t c`s lmv`ts æ cm vmp`ur =6 kgl. Mohut`r c` phuc`t jmrhtt`s `t c`s lmv`ts æ cm vmp`ur =6 kgl. Mohut`r c` phuc`t `t c`s hgalhls, kçcmla`r `t jugr` =6 kgl. Gljhrphr`r c`s `t c`s hgalhls, kçcmla`r `t jugr` =6 kgl. Gljhrphr`r c`s nmrgjhts v`rts `t c` r`stmlt d` smuj` : kgl.

nmrgjhts v`rts `t c` r`stmlt d` smuj` : kgl.

4

4 U`rs`r dmls ul` jhjhtt` `t jugr` æ e`u trîs dhux 0 kgl.U`rs`r dmls ul` jhjhtt` `t jugr` æ e`u trîs dhux 0 kgl.

Z`rvgr jnmud, pmrs`kç d` p`rsgc jgs`cç `t d‗ul` phglt` d` Z`rvgr jnmud, pmrs`kç d` p`rsgc jgs`cç `t d‗ul` phglt` d` pgk`lt. pgk`lt. =20 a d` jmrhtt`s =20 a d` jmrhtt`s =20 a d` lmv`ts =20 a d` lmv`ts =20 a d` nmrgjhts v`rts =20 a d` nmrgjhts v`rts =66 a d‗hgalhls lhuv`mux =66 a d‗hgalhls lhuv`mux 066 a d` bcmljs d` phuc`t 066 a d` bcmljs d` phuc`t =20 a d` nmrgjhts bcmljs `l =20 a d` nmrgjhts bcmljs `l bhìt` bhìt` : JZ d` jhlj`ltrç : JZ d` jhlj`ltrç d` thkmt`s d` thkmt`s 2 JZ rms` d` p`rsgc jgs`cç 2 JZ rms` d` p`rsgc jgs`cç = pgljç` d` pgk`lt = pgljç` d` pgk`lt `l phudr` `l phudr` Z`c, phgvr` du khucgl Z`c, phgvr` du khucgl 6 6

(21)

2= 2=

Kçcg-kçch d` bcç, theu `t cçauk`s

Vrçpmrmtghl 0 kgl | Jugsshl =2 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s Vrçpmrmtghl 0 kgl | Jugsshl =2 kgl | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s =

= Vhrt`r =,0 C d‗`mu smcç` æ çbuccgtghl, pchla`r c` smjn`t d`Vhrt`r =,0 C d‗`mu smcç` æ çbuccgtghl, pchla`r c` smjn`t d`

p`rc`s d` bcç `t jugr` 0 kgl æ p`tgts erçkgss`k`lts. p`rc`s d` bcç `t jugr` 0 kgl æ p`tgts erçkgss`k`lts. R`tgr`r `t çar`l`r dmls ul rçjgpg`lt. V`ldmlt j` t`kps, R`tgr`r `t çar`l`r dmls ul rçjgpg`lt. V`ldmlt j` t`kps, çahutt`r c` theu `t c` jhup`r `l p`tgts dçs d` = jk.

çahutt`r c` theu `t c` jhup`r `l p`tgts dçs d` = jk.

2

2 Emgr` jnmuee`r c‗nugc` dmls ul` smut`us` mltgmdnçsgv`, yEmgr` jnmuee`r c‗nugc` dmls ul` smut`us` mltgmdnçsgv`, y

emgr` r`v`lgr c`s hgalhls `t c`s dçs d` theu 2 kgl, æ e`u emgr` r`v`lgr c`s hgalhls `t c`s dçs d` theu 2 kgl, æ e`u khy`l. Zmc`r, phgvr`r `t smuphudr`r d` jhrgmldr` `l khy`l. Zmc`r, phgvr`r `t smuphudr`r d` jhrgmldr` `l phudr`. Mohut`r cm brulhgs` d` cçauk`s `t phursugvr` cm phudr`. Mohut`r cm brulhgs` d` cçauk`s `t phursugvr` cm jugsshl 4 kgl thut `l r`kumlt. Zmc`r `t phgvr`r.

jugsshl 4 kgl thut `l r`kumlt. Zmc`r `t phgvr`r.

Gljhrphr`r c` bcç `t cm jgbhuc`tt`, kçcmla`r = kgl æ e`u Gljhrphr`r c` bcç `t cm jgbhuc`tt`, kçcmla`r = kgl æ e`u dhux. R`jtgeg`r c dhux. R`jtgeg`r c‗‗mssmgshll`k`lt sg lçj`ssmgr`.mssmgshll`k`lt sg lçj`ssmgr`. =20 a d` p`rc`s d` bcç jru`s =20 a d` p`rc`s d` bcç jru`s `l smjn`t `l smjn`t 266 a d` theu e`rk` 266 a d` theu e`rk` 2 jj d‗nugc`s d‗hcgv` 2 jj d‗nugc`s d‗hcgv`

2 JZ d‗hgalhl jhupç sura`cç 2 JZ d‗hgalhl jhupç sura`cç = pgljç` d` jhrgmldr` `l = pgljç` d` jhrgmldr` `l phudr` phudr` 266 a d` brulhgs` d` 266 a d` brulhgs` d` cçauk`s kçdgt`rrmlç`ls mu cçauk`s kçdgt`rrmlç`ls mu lmtur`c sura`cç` lmtur`c sura`cç` 2 JZ d` jgbhuc`tt` sura`cç` 2 JZ d` jgbhuc`tt` sura`cç` Z`c, phgvr` Z`c, phgvr` 4 4 Vhurquhg pms 8 Vhurquhg pms 8 R`trhuv`z j`tt` r`j`tt` R`trhuv`z j`tt` r`j`tt` `t pcus `ljhr` dmls c` `t pcus `ljhr` dmls c` cgvr` C`s @ss`ltg`cc`s. cgvr` C`s @ss`ltg`cc`s.

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22 22

Vht mu e`u d` vhcmgcc` mux trhkp`tt`s

Vrçpmrmtghl :6 kgl | Jugsshl = n | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s Vrçpmrmtghl :6 kgl | Jugsshl = n | Vhur 4 p`rshll`s =

= RçnydrmRçnydrmt`r c`s trhkp`tt`s = t`r c`s trhkp`tt`s = n dmls cn dmls c‗‗`mu erhgd`. Jhup`r cm`mu erhgd`. Jhup`r cm

jugss` `l >,

jugss` `l >, `t jugr` dmls = C d‗`mu erçkgssmlt` :6 kgl.`t jugr` dmls = C d‗`mu erçkgssmlt` :6 kgl.

2

2 Vrçpmr`r c`s cçauk`s `t jugr` dmls : C d‗`mu bhugccmlt`Vrçpmr`r c`s cçauk`s `t jugr` dmls : C d‗`mu bhugccmlt`

smcç`. Jugr` c`s phkk`s d` t`rr` æ pmrt, dçpmrt

smcç`. Jugr` c`s phkk`s d` t`rr` æ pmrt, dçpmrt `mu erhgd`.`mu erhgd`. Mohut`r :66 kc d‗`m

Mohut`r :66 kc d‗`mu d` jugsshl d`s u d` jugsshl d`s cçauk`s dmls j`cc`cçauk`s dmls j`cc` d` cm jugss` phur rçmcgs`r c` bhugcchl d` pht-mu-e`u.

d` cm jugss` phur rçmcgs`r c` bhugcchl d` pht-mu-e`u.

:

: Rhuc`r c`s egc`ts d` phuc`t dmls du egck pugs c`s pcmj`r dmlsRhuc`r c`s egc`ts d` phuc`t dmls du egck pugs c`s pcmj`r dmls

c‗`mu erçkgssmlt` d`s cçauk`s, mohut`r c`s jnmkpgalhls `t c‗`mu erçkgssmlt` d`s cçauk`s, mohut`r c`s jnmkpgalhls `t jugr` 0 kgl. Rçs`rv`r 26 kgl.

jugr` 0 kgl. Rçs`rv`r 26 kgl.

4

4 V`ldmlt j` t`kps, phrt`r æ çbuccgtghl c` bhugcchl d`V`ldmlt j` t`kps, phrt`r æ çbuccgtghl c` bhugcchl d`

pht-mu-e`u. Rçdugr` d` khgtgç, ôt`r cm jugss` `t egctr`r. pht-mu-e`u. Rçdugr` d` khgtgç, ôt`r cm jugss` `t egctr`r. Vrçc`v`r ul` ch

Vrçc`v`r ul` chujn` `t y dçcmy`r cm eçjuc`, cm k`ttr` dmlsujn` `t y dçcmy`r cm eçjuc`, cm k`ttr` dmls c` bhugcchl `t ehu`tt`r phur çpmgssgr. Mssmgshll`r.

c` bhugcchl `t ehu`tt`r phur çpmgssgr. Mssmgshll`r.

0

0 Dçegck`r c` phuc`t `t lmpp`r d` sDçegck`r c` phuc`t `t lmpp`r d` smuj` bcmljn`. Emgr`muj` bcmljn`. Emgr`

bhugccgr c` r`st` d` bhugcchl mv`j c`s jnmkpgalhls. Kgx`r. bhugccgr c` r`st` d` bhugcchl mv`j c`s jnmkpgalhls. Kgx`r. Dr`ss`r `t pmrs`k`r d` pcujn`s d` j`re`ugc ermgs.

Dr`ss`r `t pmrs`k`r d` pcujn`s d` j`re`ugc ermgs.

46a d` trhkp`tt`s d` cm 46a d` trhkp`tt`s d` cm khrt sîjn`s khrt sîjn`s = jugss` d` phuc`t smls cm = jugss` d` phuc`t smls cm p`mu p`mu 2 jmrhtt`s khy`ll`s 2 jmrhtt`s khy`ll`s 4 p`tgt`s brmljn`s d` jçc`rg 4 p`tgt`s brmljn`s d` jçc`rg = hgalhl rhua` = hgalhl rhua` 4 p`tgts lmv`ts 4 p`tgts lmv`ts 4>6 a d` phkk`s d` t`rr` 4>6 a d` phkk`s d` t`rr` BE=0 BE=0 4 ﬍c`ts d` phuc`t 4 ﬍c`ts d` phuc`t =4 a d` eçjuc` d` phkk` =4 a d` eçjuc` d` phkk` d` t`rr` d` t`rr` J`re`ugc J`re`ugc Z`c, phgvr` Z`c, phgvr` 4 4

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2: 2: Mu rmyhl prgkùr Mu rmyhl prgkùr Mub`ragl`s Mub`ragl`s Bcmljs d` phgr`mux Bcmljs d` phgr`mux Brhjhcgs Brhjhcgs Jmrhtt`s Jmrhtt`s Jnmkpgalhls Jnmkpgalhls Jnhu-flùr Jnhu-flùr Jnhu rhua` Jnhu rhua` Jgtrhl Jgtrhl Jrudgtçs Jrudgtçs Eîv`s Eîv`s Erugts d` smgshl Erugts d` smgshl Nmrgjhts v`rts Nmrgjhts v`rts Oucg`ll` d` cçauk`s Oucg`ll` d` cçauk`s Vmlmgs Vmlmgs Vmtmt`s dhuj`s Vmtmt`s dhuj`s Vhgvrhls Vhgvrhls Vhkk`s d` t`rr` Vhkk`s d` t`rr` Vhtgrhl Vhtgrhl Vhuss`s d‗çpglmrds Vhuss`s d‗çpglmrds Rmdgs Rmdgs Zmcmd` v`rt` Zmcmd` v`rt` Mu rmyhl ermgs Mu rmyhl ermgs Bùrr` Bùrr` Jhkpht` smls sujr`s mohutçs Jhkpht` smls sujr`s mohutçs Jhktç Jhktç Jrîk` ermgjn` mccçaç` =0% Jrîk` ermgjn` mccçaç` =0% Emgss`cc` Emgss`cc` Erhkma` bcmlj 6% lmtur` Erhkma` bcmlj 6% lmtur` Erhkma` d` jnîvr` ermgs Erhkma` d` jnîvr` ermgs Erhkma` ehldu Erhkma` ehldu Aruyîr` Aruyîr` Œues Œues Vmrk`sml râpç Vmrk`sml râpç Theu Theu Wm

Wmhurt lmtur` jcmshurt lmtur` jcmssgqu`sgqu`

Cgst` d` jhurs`s

Mu rmyhl çpgj`rg` Mu rmyhl çpgj`rg` Mkmld`s `t Lhgx Mkmld`s `t Lhgx Bmau`tt`, Vmgl jhkpc`t Bmau`tt`, Vmgl jhkpc`t `t Vmgl brghjnç `t Vmgl brghjnç Bgsjugt s`j Bgsjugt s`j Bhucahur Bhucahur Jmeç / Tnç Jmeç / Tnç Jhl﬍tur`, Kg`c Jhl﬍tur`, Kg`c `t Jhucgs d` erugts `t Jhucgs d` erugts Echjhls Echjhls d‗mvd‗mvhgl`hgl` Nmrgjhts rhua`s `t bcmljs Nmrgjhts rhua`s `t bcmljs Nugc` Nugc` Cmgt d` jhjh Cmgt d` jhjh C`ltgcc`s v`rt`s `t jhrmgc C`ltgcc`s v`rt`s `t jhrmgc Kmès `t Vhgs jmssçs Kmès `t Vhgs jmssçs Vât`s typ` emremcc`, Vât`s typ` emremcc`, ]uglhm `t Rgz ]uglhm `t Rgz Vhc`ltm Vhc`ltm Vucp` d` thkmt` Vucp` d` thkmt` Zmuj` shom smcç` Zmuj` shom smcç` Zmuj` thkmt` jugsglç` Zmuj` thkmt` jugsglç` Z`khuc` Z`khuc` T Thkmt`s sçjhkmt`s sçjnç`snç`s Uglmgar` Uglmgar` Mu rmyhl vgmld` `t vhcmgcc` Mu rmyhl vgmld` `t vhcmgcc` Mgaugcc`tt`s d` phuc`t Mgaugcc`tt`s d` phuc`t Bmv`tt` d` bŚue Bmv`tt` d` bŚue Bcmlj d` dgld` Bcmlj d` dgld` @sjmchp` d` v`mu @sjmchp` d` v`mu Egc`t kgalhl d` phrj Egc`t kgalhl d` phrj Omkbhl bcmlj Omkbhl bcmlj Zt`mi nmjnç 0 % Zt`mi nmjnç 0 % Mu rmyhl phgsshl Mu rmyhl phgsshl Egc`t d` k`rcml Egc`t d` k`rcml Egc`t d` trugt` Egc`t d` trugt` Kg`tt`s d` jrmb` Kg`tt`s d` jrmb` Vmvç d` smukhl Vmvç d` smukhl Mu rmyhl çpgj`s Mu rmyhl çpgj`s `t jhldgk`lts `t jhldgk`lts Bmsgcgj Bmsgcgj Jhrgmldr` Jhrgmldr` Jukgl Jukgl Jurry Jurry Hrgaml Hrgaml Vmprgim Vmprgim Tnyk Tnyk

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C` systîk` d` p`rt` d`

C` systîk` d` p`rt` d` phgds ZkmrtVhgltphgds ZkmrtVhglts `t c`s s `t c`s dhjuk`ltsdhjuk`lts du prharmkk` shlt cm prhprgçtç d` QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj. du prharmkk` shlt cm prhprgçtç d` QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj. `t rçs`rvçs æ c‗utgcgsmtghl `xjcusgv` d`s k`kbr`s d` QQ `t rçs`rvçs æ c‗utgcgsmtghl `xjcusgv` d`s k`kbr`s d` QQ phur p`rdr` `t kmglt`lgr c`ur phgds. Thut mutr` usma`, phur p`rdr` `t kmglt`lgr c`ur phgds. Thut mutr` usma`, r`prhdujtghl hu dgstrgbutghl `st strgjt`k`lt glt`rdgt. r`prhdujtghl hu dgstrgbutghl `st strgjt`k`lt glt`rdgt. L@ V@PT ÏTR@ U@LDP. L@ V@PT ÏTR@ U@LDP. C` chah pmstgcc` QQ, QQ, ZkmrtVhglts `t VHGLTZ shlt d`s C` chah pmstgcc` QQ, QQ, ZkmrtVhglts `t VHGLTZ shlt d`s kmrqu`s dçphsç`s d` QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj. QQ Cgb`rtç kmrqu`s dçphsç`s d` QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj. QQ Cgb`rtç `st cm kmrqu` d` `st cm kmrqu` d` QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj.QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj.

C‗mppcg QQ `t c`s hutgcs dgagtmux shlt rçs`rvçs mux k`kbr`s C‗mppcg QQ `t c`s hutgcs dgagtmux shlt rçs`rvçs mux k`kbr`s mymlt shusjrgt ul mbhll`k`lt. mymlt shusjrgt ul mbhll`k`lt. 26=447 ©26=> QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj. Thus drhgts rçs`rvçs. 26=447 ©26=> QQ Glt`rlmtghlmc, Glj. Thus drhgts rçs`rvçs. Gkprgkç `l B`cagqu`. Gkprgkç `l B`cagqu`.

C` bg`l-ïtr` qug vhus rçussgt. C` bg`l-ïtr` qug vhus rçussgt.