Handbook for Sound Engineers

(1)

1689

Index

Symbols

294

%Alcons

1391–1392, 1398,

1400, 1404, 1408

acoustics for auditoriums and concert halls

157, 159

designing for speech

intelligibil-ity

1391, 1398

intelligibility

Alcons

1396

loudspeaker clusters

654

Test and measurement

1625

units of measurement

1659

Numerics

1/F noise consoles

861

1000Base-LH

digital audio interfacing and net-works

1490

1000Base-LX

1490

1000Base-SX

1490

1000Base-T

1490

100BaseT

1490

100Base-TX

1490

10Base2

1489

10Base5

1489

10BaseF

1490

10BaseT

1489, 1501

digital audio interfacing and

net-works

1489

10Broad36

1489

16 track console routing

854

1Base2

1489

32 track routing consoles

854

5.1 surround sound

surround sound

1593

7.1 surround sound format

surroound sound

1598

70.7 V loudspeaker transformer

sound system design

1291

70.7 V or 100 V loudspeaker

sys-tem

sound system design

1291

70.7 volt loudspeaker system

wire and cable

435

A

A/D conversion consoles

942, 954

gain structure

1230

AACS

optical disc formats

1152

Abbreviations

1667

Absolute levels

fundamentals of audio and acoustics

25

Absolute phase consoles

891

Absolute pitch

psychoacoustics

56

Absorbed glass mat batteries

(AGM)

696

Absorber data

computer aided sound system design

1354

Absorber sound power

151

Absorption

acoustical modeling and aural-ization

219

acoustical treatment for indoor areas

97

fiber optics

459

from trees and shrubs

230

fundamentals of audio and

acoustics

29

gypsum cavity wall absorption

229

Sabine

135

Absorption coefficient

222, 229

acoustical modeling and

aural-ization

217, 219

acoustical noise control

93

intelligibil-ity

1396

1660

Absorption coefficients of building

materials and absorbers

115

Absorption of sound by air

205

Absorption ratings

101

Absorption testing

98

ac circuits

grounding and interfacing

1182–1183

Ac current in various countries wire and cable

445

Ac differential relay

381

Ac power cords and receptacles

wire and cable

443

Ac receptacles

sound system design

1302

Ac relays

380

Ac resistance of resistors

245

Ac ripple current rating

of a capacitor

258

Acceleration

(2)

1652

Acoustic boundaries

loudspeakers

625

Acoustic Control System (ACS) acoustics for auditoriums and

concert halls

193

Acoustic delay delay

809

Acoustic feedback analog discs

1035

Acoustic gain

32

sound system design

1240

Acoustic impedance

28

Acoustic lens loudspeakers

614

Acoustic power

loudspeakers

633

Acoustic pressure levels

26

Acoustic programs EASE

648, 651

Noise Level Analysis

70

SMAART

1309, 1334

TEF 20

67

TEF 25

70

acoustic programs SMAART

1618

Acoustic reciprocity

226

Acoustic reflections

28

Acoustic reflex psychoacoustics

45

Acoustic sources

36

Acoustic wave

28

Acoustic wavelengths fundamentals of audio and

acoustics

30–31

test and measurement

1619

Acoustical absorption

97

Acoustical baffles

108

Acoustical banners

109

Acoustical crosstalk

interpretation and tour group systems

1534

Acoustical diffusion

115

Acoustical doors

83

Acoustical modeling

215

Acoustical modeling and auraliza-tion

absorption

219

absorption coefficient

217,

219

absorption from trees and shrubs

230

acoustic reciprocity

226

angle of incidence

222

auralization

215, 231

beam-tracing models

224

binaural impulse response (BIR)

232

binaural reproduction

232

binaural reproduction using

headphones

232

boundary element analysis

227

computational models

215,

220

damping materials

228

diffusion

225

echogram

221

empirical models

215

finite-difference time-domain

228

geometrical models

220

gypsum cavity wall absorption

229

head-related transfer functions (HRTF)

232

hybrid models

215, 230

image models

220

impulse response

232

medium considerations

217

modeling

215

multichannel reproduction

233

numerical model

227–228

parametric room impulse

re-sponse (PRIR)

234

physical models

215

propagation of sound waves

217

ray-tracing models

223

real-time auralization

233

receiver

218

reflectogram

221

small room models

228

sound transmission class (STC)

229

source

218

Statistical Energy Analysis

228

steady-state waves

218

surface materials

219

thermal relaxation

217

virtual reality

233

wave equation

225

wave equation models

225

Acoustical noise

analog discs

1020

Acoustical noise control

absorption coefficient

93

acoustical doors

83

air gap

79

angle of incidence

72, 93

attenuation of noise in ducts

91

balanced noise criterion

68

cavity resonance

86

ceiling construction

78

concrete block walls

77

concrete walls

77

continuous underlayment

80

critical frequencies

72

damping

77

empirical mass law

71

exceedance level

70

floating floors

79

floor and ceiling systems

79

floor construction

78–79

Gypsum wallboard

74

(3)

con-ditioning (HVAC)

89

high-loss frame walls

74

homemade acoustical doors

83

homemade acoustical windows

86

identification of HVAC noise

90

isolation mount systems

80

isolation systems

74, 89

location of HVAC equipment

90

low-frequency response

69

noise criteria

67

percentile levels

70

plenum noise attenuators

92

proprietary acoustical doors

83

proprietary acoustical windows

86

proprietary silencers

93

raised slab or jack-up system

81

room-within-a-room

82

single-number STC rating

73

site noise survey

69

site selection

69

sound barrier

71

sound level meter

67, 70

sound lock corridor

83

STC number

72

TEF 20

67

TEF 25

70

transmission loss

71

transmission loss of a compound barrier

87

transmission loss of single glass plates

84

transmission loss of spaced glass plates

85

tuned stub noise attenuator

92

vibration isolation

90

wall caulking

77

wall construction

74

windows

84

Acoustical plasters

107

Acoustical Society of America

12

Acoustical testing

1607

Acoustical tiles

acoustical treatment for indoor

areas

107

Acoustical treatment for indoor ar-eas

absorption

97

absorption coefficients of build-ing materials and absorbers

115

absorption ratings

101

absorption testing

98

acoustical absorption

97

acoustical baffles

108

acoustical banners

109

acoustical diffusion

115

acoustical plasters

107

acoustical tiles

107

applications of diffusion

120

bass traps

110, 113

carpet

107

chairs absorption

108

closed cell foams

105

diaphragmatic absorbers

109

diffraction

120

diffuser testing

117

diffusion

115, 117

digital room correction (DRC)

121

discrete absorbers

108

draperies

108

fire safety codes

121

glass fiber panel

103

gypsum wallboard (GWB)

111

Helmholtz resonators

111

impact of absorption

115

impedance tube testing methods

100

medium density fiber panels

103

melamine foam panels

106

membrane absorbers

109

microperforated materials

112

mineral fiber board

104

natural cotton panels

105

Noise Reduction Coefficient

(NRC)

101

nonreverberant spaces

114

numerical diffusers

118

open-cell foams

105

people absorption

108

perforated coverings

105

perforated membrane absorber

111

polyurethane foam panels

106

porous absorbers

102

Q factor

110

quadratic residue diffuser (QRD)

118

random diffusers

119

reflection

120

refraction

120

resonant absorbers

109

reverberation chamber

98

reverberation time

114

RT equations

114

Sabine absorption coefficient

101

scattering

117

scattering coefficients

118

Schroeder diffusers

115

SONEX

106

Sound Absorption Average (SAA)

101

Acoustics

absorption of sound by air

205

atmospheric absorption

204

atmospheric effects outdoors

203

impulse response

232

outdoor sound

distributed loudspeaker sys-tems

210

effects of air temperature

204

effects of atmospheric

absorp-tion of acoustical energy

204

effects of relative humidity

204

effects of temperature inver-sion gradient

204

Acoustics for auditoriums and con-cert halls

%Alcons

157, 159

absorbed sound power

151

Acoustic Control System (ACS)

193

Active Field Control System (AFC)

194

Alcons

156–157, 159

ambiophony

191

angular range of uniform irradia-tion

181

(4)

articulation loss

156

assisted resonance

192

attenuation of maximum

181

audience absorption

186

auditoriums, congress centers

163

average sound energy density

151

axis-near reflection areas

179

balconies

173

bass ratio

151

broadband sound absorbers

189

CARMEN

196

ceilings

171

center time

154

circles

173

circular effect

179

clarity measure C80

159

classical concert halls

164

critical distance

151

curved boundary surfaces

170

definition measure C50

154,

158

degree of definition D

154

degree of diffusivity d

180

diffuse reflection

178

diffusivity ratio

181

directed (local) reflection

178

directional sound reflection

181

displacement of maximum

181

dissipation coefficient

183

echo criterion

154

eigenfrequencies

192

electronic architecture

190–191

elliptical effect

180

energy criteria

152

equivalent sound absorption area

165

ERES

191

flow resistance

184

galleries

173

general concert halls

164

geometrical reflection

178

Helmholz resonators

185, 192

hyperbolic effect

180

intelligibility of sentences

157

intelligibility of words

157

Interaural Cross-Correlation

Co-efficient (IACC)

153

LARES System

194

lateral efficiency LE

161

logatoms

157

mean reverberation time

149

modulation reduction factor

m(F)

155

modulation transmission func-tion (MTF)

155

multi-channel reverberation (MCR)

192

multi-genre theaters

163

multi-purpose halls

163

near field

151

opera houses

163

orchestra pit

177

panel resonances

184

parabolic effect

180

performance zone

168

planning fundamentals

162

platform consideration in concert

halls

175

polygon ground plan

170

porous materials

184

RASTI

159

register balance measure BR

162

reverberance measure H

161

Reverberation on Demand

Sys-tem (RODS)

193

reverberation radius

151

reverberation time (RT60)

148,

165

reverberation time duration

148

room acoustics

190

room shape

167

room volume

165

room-acoustical criteria

147

room-acoustical planning

164

rooms with variable acoustics

164

scattering coefficient s

180

show theaters

164

site lines

173

sloping of tiers

173

smooth curved surfaces

179

sound absorbers

183

sound absorption coefficient

149, 183

sound coloration measures

160

sound delay systems

191

sound energy component

152

sound form

165

sound pressure level

153

sound reflection coefficient

183

sound-field-proportionate

fac-tors

152

spatial impression measure R

160

specific flow resistance

184

Speech Transmission Index

(STI)

155

spoken-drama theaters

163

sports halls, gymnasiums

164

strength measure G

153

structure coefficient s

184

subjective intelligibility tests

156

System for Improved Acoustic Performance

194

task of variable acoustics

189

time criteria

148

transmission coefficient

183

trapezoidal ground plan

169

travel-time-based

reverbera-tion-time enhancing systems

191

variable acoustics

188

vario-acoustics

188

Active acoustics

virtual systems

1455

Active balanced inputs

sound system design

1305

Active balanced line driver

integrated circuits

360

Active balanced line receiver

integrated circuits

360

Active Field Control System (AFC) acoustics for auditoriums and

concert halls

194

Active filters

711

filters and equalizers

793

Active microphone preamplifier

integrated circuits

350

Active release time constants

consoles

903

Actuate time relays

374

AD524 integrated circuits

350

AD636

(5)

integrated circuits

347

Adaptive equalizers

802

Adaptors

wire and cable

417

ADAT

1443

consoles

988

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Optical disc formats

1153

AES/EBU digital audio cable

wire and cable

430

AES/EBU digital coaxial cable

wire and cable

430

AES/EBU digital peak meter

VI meters

1004

AES-10—MADI consoles

987

AES11

1444

AES-3 consoles

986

AES3

1443, 1452

AES3 I/O

1447

AES3 receiver

1466, 1472

AES3 transmitter

1466

AES-42

consoles

986

AES42-2006

1452

AGC

1143

AIFF files

1135

Aiming loudspeakers

1374

sound system design

1263

Air flow management

heatsinks

369

Air gap

79

audio transformers

279–280

Air gap length

loudspeakers

608

Air mass loudspeakers

635

Albert L. Thuras

9

Alcons

1396, 1398, 1400,

1404, 1408

156–157, 159

computer aided sound system

design

1339

sound system design

1251,

1254, 1263, 1265–1267,

1272, 1274

Alessandro Volta

6

Alex Badmieff

12

Alexander Graham Bell

fiber optics

451

Algorithm development

DSP technology

1172

Algorithmic composition programs MIDI

1123

Aliasing delay

811

Alien crosstalk (ANEXT) wire and cable

416

Alignment

1378

Alkaline-manganese batteries

698

All pass filter

796

Alloy-junction transistor

solid state devices

325

All-pass amplifier

delay

809

Alpha

solid state devices

329

transistors

329

ALS-1 interference predictions loudspeaker clusters

649, 651

Altec

11

Altec Lansing Corp

12

Aluminum extruded heat sinks

368

AM broadcast

assistive listening systems

1551

Ambient microphones personal monitors

1431

Ambient temperature effect

resistors

245

Ambiophony

191

Ambrose J. Fleming

8

American Institute of Electrical En-gineers

12

American National Standards Insti-tute

display technologies

1579

Americans with Disabilities Act

(ADA)

Assistive listening systems

1545

Ampere

32

Ampere-turns (AT) relays

374

Amplification factor gain structure

1227

tubes

312

Amplifier

703

active band pass filter

714

active filter

710–711

active high pass filter

714

active low pass filter

714

automatic turn-on muting

720

balanced input

711

Bessel polynomial

713

Bode diagram

705–706, 711

Butterworth polynomial

712–713

capacitor high-pass filter

720

class A output

717, 721

class AB + B output

721–722

class AB output

717, 721

class AB plus B output

717

class B output

717

class D output

717, 721, 726

class G output

723

class H output

723

class TD output

726

complementary symmetry

monolithic Darlington power transistors

719

constant voltage distribution

716

current amplifier

703

dc-to-dc converter

725

EMI filter

724

feedback theory

707

field-effect transistors

718

fuse

719

(6)

high power

720

inductor

713

input-output impedance

703

inverting operational amplifier

710

inverting voltage amplifier

711

Laplace transform

705

linear

703

load protection mechanism

719

logarithmic

703

VU meters

1002

magnetic field

703–704

MOSFET transistors

720

negative feedback

708–709

noninverting voltage amplifier

711

Nyquist diagram

705, 708

operational amplifier

710–711, 713

phase distortion

713

pole-zero diagram

706

power

25

protection mechanisms

719

switch mode power supplies

724–725

thermal sensor

720

totem pole with class AB plus B output

718

transconductance

703

transfer function

704

transformer

720

transresistance

703

types of amplifiers

703

voltage

703

Amplifier power ratings gain structure

1231

Amplifier sensitivity gain structure

1230

Amplifiers

1074

differential

339

inverting

338

noninverting

338

operational transconductance

340

summing inverter

340

Amplitude units of measurement

1652

Amplitude response loudspeakers

628, 631

Amplitude spectra psychoacoustics

57

Amplitude spectrum psychoacoustics

50

Amplitude versus time

1611

Analog A and C weighted filters

what’s the ear for?

1639

Analog delay

812

Analog discs

acoustic feedback

1035

brushes

1036

cartridge voltage output

1033

cleaning records

1037

compliance

1032

DIN curve

1017

distortion

1017

effective tonearm length

1023

electrical loading

1033

electrodynamic type cartridges

1027

elliptical stylus

1031

induced magnet cartridges

1028

laser turntable

1034

linear speed

1023

magnetic field

1027–1028

moving coil cartridges

1027

moving magnet cartridges

1028

NAB (RIAA) curve

1017

phono preamplifiers

1033

piezoelectricity

1030

record care

1036

record-cleaning machines

1036

recording characteristics

1017

semiconductor pickup cartridges

1029

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

1016

skating force

1023

SNR

1033

spherical stylus

1031

step-up transformer

1027

stereo disc groove

1031

stroboscopic disc

1019–1020

styli

1031

stylus cantilever

1032

stylus characteristics

1032

stylus tip

1031

tangential error

1022

tangential tracking

1021

tonearm antiskating force

1025

tonearm geometry

1021

tonearm resonant damping

1025

tonearm vertical tracking angle

1025

tonearms

1021

turntable

1018

turntable drive systems

1018

turntable platter

1018

turntable speed of rotation

1019

variable reluctance cartridges

1027

vertical resonance

1033

Analog display

1581

Analog record

1015

Analog shift register delays delay

810

Analog speakerphone

preamplifiers and mixers

760

Analog to digital conversion

delay

813

Analog to digital converter DSP technology

1167

Analog Z weighting (linear) filter

1639

Analog-to-digital converter

consoles

942

Analytical Model

Full-Wave Methodology

226

Andre Marie Ampere

6

Anechoic chamber

small room acoustics

141

Anechoic measurements

1614

Angle of incidence

222 72, 93

fiber optics

454–455, 479

139

Angle of radiation

1348

Angle of reflection fiber optics

455

Angle of refraction

(7)

fiber optics

454

Angular directivity gain

1356

Angular directivity ratio

1347, 1356

Angular range of uniform

irradia-tion

181

Annoyance factor

1637

ANSI S3.5 1997

1409

Antenna cables microphones

569

Antenna splitters microphones

570

Antennas

560

assistive listening systems

1550

28

microphones

568

Anti-alias filter delay

812

Anti-aliasing delay

811

Anti-aliasing filters consoles

956

Anti-imaging delay

811

Antiskating force analog discs

1025

Aperture time delay

812

Applications for personal monitors Personal monitors

1425

Applications of diffusion

120

Architectural acoustics

190

fundamentals of audio and

acoustics

28

Arithmetric symetry

785

Array height versus wavelength

659

Array lobing

computer aided sound system

design

1378

Art Davis

14

Arthur Edwin Kennelly

7

Arthur Fleming

8

Articulation Index (AI)

designing for speech intelligibil-ity

1391, 1404, 1409

654

Articulation loss

156

Articulation loss of consonants designing for speech

intelligibil-ity

1396

Artificial ambience

sound system design

1328

Artificial head systems

microphones

553

ASHRAE

90

Aspect ratio

1581

Assisted resonance

192

Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs) assistive listening systems

1545

Assistive listening systems AM broadcast

1551

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

1545

antennas

1550

Assistive Listenig Systems (ALSs)

1545

Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs)

1545

carrier current antenna Carrier current antenna

assistive

listen-ing

sys-tems

1552

electronic system

1549

field distortion

1548

field strength

1547

FM broadcast

1550

hearing aid response

1546

hearing impaired

1545

induction loop system

1550

inductive reactance

1548

infrared control transmitter

1553

infrared link

1553

infrared slave emitters

1553

infrared systems

1552

infrared systems channel

alloca-tion

1555

infrared systems modulation technique

1555

IRLED transmitting diode

1554

large area multi-channel systems

1553

large area systems (LAS)

1553

light emitting diode (LED)

1553

light spectrum

1555

loop impedance

1548

lossy coaxial cable antenna

1552

Low Power Radio Services (LPRS)

1550

magnetic field strength

1546,

1548

magnetic induction loop system

1546

magnetic induction loops

1546

medium area systems (MAS)

1553

multiple-loop current flow

1548

National Association of the Deaf (NAD)

1545

normalized field strength

1547

open wire antenna

1552

personal listening systems

1553

sensitivity of the eye

1554

T-coil

1546

T-coil hearing aids

1551

Wheeler’s equation

1549

wire data

1550

wireless IR system receiver

1557

Assistive Listening Systems (ALSs) Assistive listening systems

1545

Astigmatism

(8)

1138–1139

ASTM E336-97

72

Asymmetric-directivity horns loudspeakers

613

Asynchronous connections

1461

Atmospheric absorption

204

intelligibil-ity

1401

Attack time

consoles

900

Attenuation

fiber optics

458, 477, 479

wire and cable

432

Attenuation coefficient fiber optics

458

Attenuation in fiber fiber optics

459

Attenuation measurement fiber optics

461

Attenuation of Maximum

181

Attenuation of noise in ducts acoustical noise control

91

Attenuation of sound indoors

sound system design

1248

Attenuation with increasing

dis-tance

sound system design

1240

Attenuator fiber optics

479

Attenuator pads consoles

865

Attenuators attenuator networks

767

automated faders

779

automatic

779

balanced attenuator

767

balanced bridged T

774

balanced ladder

776

balanced T pad

773

bridged T pad

773

combining networks

772

distortion

767

dividing networks

772

feedback-type volume control

778

field-effect transistor attenuators

779

H pad

773

impedance

770

impedance matching

769

impedance mismatch ratio

770

insertion loss

769, 773

K factors for calculating

attenua-tor loss

768

K value

768

L pads

771

ladder

776

ladder networks

776

ladder potentiometers

776

light-dependent attenuator (LDA)

778

loss

769

microphones

581

minimum-loss pad

769

mixer

780

O type

775

pi or delta attenuator

774

summing amplifiers

781

T attenuators

773

transformer isolated

767

types of attenuators

771

U type

775

unbalanced pad

767

unity-gain current-summing am-plifiers

781

VI meters

1000

voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA)

779

volume and loudness controls

776

Atwater Kent

16

Audible frequency range

1679

Audible spectrum

27

Audience absorption

186

Audio and video teleconferencing sound system design

1329

Audio archival

message repeaters and evacua-tion systems

1527

Audio codecs

1152

Audio cooling tube heatsinks

369

Audio dB meter

integrated circuits

348

Audio encoding

psychoacoustics

48

Audio Engineering Society

13,

637

Audio frequency range units of measurement

1666

Audio over Ethernet

consoles

989

Audio path

consoles

855

Audio program material

35

Audio signal transmission via com-puter networks

sound system design

1333

Audio spectrum units of measurement

1678

Audio standards units of measurement

1663

Audio transformers air gap

279–280

auto-transformer

280

balanced input

297–298

balanced input stages

302

balanced output

298

bandwidth

289

basics

275

B-H loop

278–279

bi-directional reflection of im-pedances

287

bi-filar winding

281

bi-filar wound

286

bobbin

282

boosting

280

bucking

280

buzz

296

cable capacitance

289

capacitance

282

center tapped

276

CMRR

283, 290–291

coil inductance

278

common mode rejection ratio

290

common-mode noise

283, 290

common-mode rejection

302

(9)

condenser microphone

295

Co-Netic

283

constant-voltage

298

constant-voltage distribution

298

constant-voltage line

299

core

278

core laminations

279

core material

278, 284

coupling coefficient

276

damping

286

data sheets

303

demagnetizing

306

direct box

296

distortion

279, 283, 289

duplex

300

eddy currents

280

eddy-current losses

279

electronically-balanced inputs

302

electrostatic shield

282

excitation current

276–277,

280, 283

excitation flux

277

Faraday shield

282, 291–292

feedback factor

287

ferro-magnetic materials

278

flux

275

flux density

275, 278–279,

285

frequency response

285

gapping

279

generator impedance

285

ground noise

282

high-hysteresis materials

279

hum

296

HyMu

283

hysteresis

279, 284

hysteresis distortion

284, 306

hysteresis loop

278

IEC 60268-3

302

IM distortion

284–285

induction

275

inductive reactance

275–276,

285

inductor

275

input

289

input transformer

288

insertion loss

286, 290

installation

306

internal winding resistance

283

inter-stage coupling

293

isolation

290

law of induction

275

layering

281

leakage inductance

281

line input

291

line level shifter

303

line-level output

292

lines of force

275

load impedance

297

loudspeaker matching

300

magnet wire

282

magnetic circuits

280

magnetic coupling

288

magnetic field

275

magnetic flux

277, 294

magnetic flux density

284

magnetic hysteresis

279

magnetic operating point

279

magnetic saturation

283

magnetic shield

283, 301

magnetic shielding

283

magnetizing force

278

maintenance

306

measurements

302

microphone impedance conver-sion

295

microphone input

290

microphone output

294

microphonic

306

moving coil phono step-up

301

moving-coil phonograph pickup

291

multi-filar winding

281

Mumetal

283

negative feedback

287

negative output resistance

287

noise figure

289

non-magnetic materials

278

output

289, 296

output transformers

286, 290

parasitics

277

Permalloy

283

permeability

278

phase distortion

285

polarity

276

power transformer

280

repeat coil

300

residual field

279

resistance

280

ring core

280

saturate

278

series leakage inductance

286

signal transmission

characteris-tics

302

single-ended power amplifier

294

SMPTE

284

source impedance

285, 287

step-down

276, 298

step-down auto-transformer

281

step-up

276, 298

telephone hybrid circuit

300

telephone isolation

300

testing

302

THD

284

toroidal core

280

toroidal power transformer

283

total harmonic distortion

284

transmission characteristics

302

turns ratio

276–277, 280,

299, 302

unbalanced input

297–298

unbalanced interface

296

unbalanced output

297–298

universal winding

282

unshielded output

283

voltage ratio

276

winding resistance

280

windings

276

zero rejection

296

zero-impedance amplifier

288

ȝ

278

Audio waveform fundamentals gain structure

1224

Audio with Video (AV) disc

1149

Audio/video receivers

surround sound

1598

Audition

consoles

827

Auditoriums, congress centers acoustics for auditoriums and

concert halls

163

Auditory area

psychoacoustics

50

Auditory filters

(10)

Auditory nerve personal monitors

1433

Auditory system psychoacoustics

45

Audyssey Dynamic EQ surround sound

1600

AURA

1373

Auralization

215, 231

1374

Auralization process

232

Auricle

psychoacoustics

43

Auto-focusing

1138

Automated faders

779

Automatic equalization

sound system design

1312

Automatic gain control (AGC)

747

Automatic level control

1392

Automatic microphone mixers preamplifiers and mixers

741

Automatic microphone mixers

im-plemented in software

752

Automatic microphone mixers with

matrix mixing to multiple outputs

752

Automatic microphone mixing sound system design

1282

Automatic microphone muting

consoles

905

Automatic microphone systems

540

Automatic mixing controller preamplifiers and mixers

752

Automatic mixing problems

sound system design

1285

Auto-tracking

1139

Auto-transformer

audio transformers

280

Auxiliary channel feeds consoles

930

Avalanche diode

solid state devices

321

Avalanche photodiode (APD)

fiber optics

479

Avalanche region

solid state devices

320

Average absorption coefficient

1660

Average level detection

integrated circuits

345

Average power

VI meters

1006

Average sound energy density acoustics for auditoriums and

concert halls

151

Average voltage

gain structure

1224

Average-responding level detection integrated circuits

345

Averaging consoles

962

Avery Fisher

5

A-weighting level psychoacoustics

52

Axial mode

128

Axial ray

fiber optics

479

Axis-near reflection areas

179

B

Back emf

1183

Backbone cabling

wire and cable

412

Backscattering fiber optics

479

Backward masking psychoacoustics

48

Baffle loudspeakers

626

Balanced armature earphones

personal monitors

1424

Balanced attenuators

767

Balanced bridge

integrated circuits

353

Balanced bridged T attenuators

774

Balanced cable

1200

Balanced input

amplifier

711

audio transformers

297–298

1208

Balanced input circuits

1213

Balanced input stage

audio transformers

302

740

Balanced interfaces

1212

Balanced ladder attenuators

776

Balanced line

sound system design

1296

Balanced line input circuits

integrated circuits

356

Balanced line interfaces

integrated circuits

353, 355

Balanced line outputs

integrated circuits

354

Balanced line receiver

integrated circuits

356–357

Balanced lines

wire and cable

407

Balanced microphones

521

Balanced mixing

consoles

915

Balanced noise-criterion (NCB) acoustical noise control

68

Balanced output

audio transformers

298 1208

Balanced output line amplifiers

consoles

932

Balanced power

1215

Balanced T pad

773

Balconies

173

Baluns

wire and cable

416

Band limiting

consoles

843

Band pass

785, 791

Band pass filter

714

(11)

Band reject filter

791

Bandpass filter

consoles

884

Bandpass parametric equalizer consoles

969

Bandwidth

1388

audio transformers

289

consoles

864, 879

fiber optics

468, 479

785 1203

738

relays

374

Bandwidth distance product fiber optics

479

Bar graph VU meter

1002

Bark scale

psychoacoustics

49

Barrier block connectors

sound system design

1293

Base current curves

transistors

333

Base station microphone

530

Basic electronics

1181

Bass horns

1350

Bass ratio

151

Bass reflex boxes loudspeakers

1350

Bass traps

110, 113

Batteries

absorbed glass mat (AGM)

696

alkaline-manganese

698

lead-acid

694

lead-dioxide batteries

695

LeClanche (Zinc-Carbon)

697

mercury dry cells

699

Nickel-Cadmium

697

power supplies

692

Battery charging power supplies

693

Baxandall consoles

890

BD

1153

BD-ROM

1153

BD-Video

1153

Beam steering loudspeaker clusters

656, 662

Beam-power tubes

311

Beamsplitter fiber optics

479

Beam-tracing models

224

Beamwidth fiber optics

479

Beat packets

1505

Bel

24

Bell Telephone Laboratories

11

VU meters

998

Belt pack receiver

personal monitors

1416

Beltpacks

intercoms

1575

Bend radius fibers

fiber optics

459

Beneficial destructive interference loudspeaker clusters

653

Beneficial interference

652

BER (Bit Error Rate)

fiber optics

480

Bessel filters consoles

890

Bessel function loudspeakers

634

Bessel polynomial

713

Beta

solid state devices

329

transistors

329

B-H loop audio transformers

278–279

Bias circuits transistors

329

Bias, magnetic relays

374

Biconic connector fiber optics

471

Bidirectional microphone

493,

495

Bi-directional reflection of imped-ances audio transformers

287

Bi-filar winding audio transformers

281

Biflex loudspeakers

598

Bifurcated contacts relays

377

Bimorph bender loudspeakers

604

Binaural psychoacoustics

57

Binaural hearing psychoacoustics

60

Binaural impulse response (BIR) acoustical modeling and

aural-ization

232

Binaural pitches

psychoacoustics

57

Binaural process

psychoacoustics

56

Binaural recording microphones

553

Binaural reproduction

232

headphones

232

loudspeakers

232

Biphase-mark

1465

Bipolar field-effect transistors (BiFETs)

consoles

837

Bipolar junction transistor

integrated circuits

343

Biquad

consoles

966

Biquad coefficient sets

consoles

967

Biquad filter

799

Biquad IIR filter

(12)

Biradial horns loudspeakers

613

Birefringence

1587

Bistable magnetic latching relay

380

Bit stream corruption

1006

Bit-error-rate

fiber optics

470

Blackman-Harris

Test and measurement

1623

Blu-ray

1133

Blu-ray disc system

1153

Bobbin

audio transformers

282

Bode diagram

705–706, 711

Bolt footprint

133

Bonded fin

heatsinks

369

Bone conduction

psychoacoustics

45

Bonello Criteria

132

Boosting audio transformers

280

Bootstrap consoles

881

Bounce relays

383–384

Bounce, contact relays

374

Boundary element analysis acoustical modeling and

aural-ization

227

Boundary Element Method (BEM) Computer aided sound system

design

1354

Bounded input/bounded output sta-ble

DSP technology

1164

Braid shields

wire and cable

426

Breakdown region

solid state devices

320

Breakdown voltage relays

374

transistors

332

Bridged interfaces gain structure

1224

Bridged T pad

773

Brightness delay

808

Brilliant Color display technologies

1586

British Broadcast Standard

VI meters

1004

Broadband sound absorbers

189

Broadcast intercoms intercoms

1569

Broadcast matrix systems

intercoms

1571

Broadcast party line system

intercoms

1570

Bruel and Kjaer

9

Brushes analog discs

1036

Bucking audio transformers

280

Buckminster Fuller

5

Buffer fiber optics

480

Buffering latency consoles

990

Build-up of background noise and reverberation

743

Bundle identification

1506

Burrus LED fiber optics

463, 480

Butterworth virtual systems

1449

Butterworth filter

792

Butterworth filters consoles

890

Butterworth polynomial

713

Butterworth polynomials

712

Buzz audio transformers

296

B-weighting level psychoacoustics

52

C C35

1388

1405

C50

1388

1404–1405

C7

1405

Cabinet diffraction loudspeakers

626

Cable 1000Base-LH

1490

1000Base-Lx

1490

1000Base-SX

1490

1000Base-T

1490

100BaseT

1490

10BaseF

1490

10BaseT

1489, 1501

Category 1

1498

Category 2

1498

Category 3

1498

Category 4

1498

Category 5

1498

Category 5e

1498

Category 6

1498

Category 7

1498

characteristics of typical fiber cables

457

ethernet (Cat-5)

1430

1184

MIDI

1111

shield grounding

1213

sound system design

1292

specifications

fiber optics

476

types of fiber

456

Cable capacitance

audio transformers

289 1187

Cable installation

1503

Canadian Electrical Code cable sub-stitution chart

wire and cable

441

Candelas per meter squared

1579

Capacitance

253

(13)

audio transformers

282 1182

internal

313

Capacitance (C)

1650

Capacitance of a shielded twisted

pair cable

736

Capacitive coupling

1187

Capacitive loads

relays

379

Capacitive networks

787

Capacitive reactance

270

consoles

876

33 1182

Capacitor

metal oxide-semiconductor

810

metal-oxide-semiconductor

junction FET capacitor

810

Capacitor filters

power supplies

674

Capacitor microphone

507

Capacitor radio-frequency

micro-phone

512

Capacitor radio-frequency, frequen-cy-modulated microphone

511

Capacitors

251

ac ripple current rating

258

aluminum electrolytic

257

capacitance

253

capacitive reactance

270

ceramic

257

color codes

256

dielectric absorption (DA)

255

dielectric constant

252

dissipation factor (DF)

255

electrical characteristics

258

electrochemical double-layer

ca-pacitors

262

electrolytic

257

equivalent series inductance (ESL)

255

equivalent series resistance (ESR)

255

film capacitor

256

foil tantalum

260

force of attraction

253

impedance

258

in ac circuits

251

inductive reactance

258

insulation resistance

255

leakage current

258

maximum working voltage

255

mica

257

network transfer function

253

paper foil filled

257

parallel plate capacitor equation

252

power factor (PF)

255

quality factor (Q)

255

reverse voltage

259

solid-electrolyte, sintered anode tantalum

261

sound system design

1278

standard life tests

259

supercapacitors

262

suppression

261

surge voltage

259

tantalum

259

time constant

253

types of capacitors

255

ultracapacitors

262

wet-electrolyte, sintered anode tantalum

260

X type

261

X Y type

262

Y type

261

Capstan speed control

1045

Capture ratio

intercoms

1575

Capture ratio and muting

microphones

560

Carbon microphone

502

CARMEN

196

Carpet

107

Carrier-sense multiple access digital audio interfacing and

net-works

1488

Carry current

relays

374

Cartridge voltage output analog discs

1033

Cartridges electrical loading

1033

electrodynamic

1027

induced magnet

1028

magnetic field

1027–1028

moving coil

1027

moving-magnet

1028

piezoelectricity

1030

semiconductor pickup

1029

step-up transformer

1027–1028

styli

1031

variable reluctance

1027

voltage output

1033

Cascaded biquads consoles

968

Case temperature heatsinks

373

CAT5 connectors

sound system design

1293

CAT-5/RJ-45

consoles

989

Cat-5e cables

1531

Category 1 cable

digital audio interfacing and net-work

1498

Category 2 cable

1498

Category 3 cable

1498

Category 4 cable

1498

Category 5e cable

1498

Category 6 cable

1498

Category 7 cable

1498

Category cable

1498

(14)

wire and cable

412

Cathode

tubes

311

CATV

1208

CATV (Community Antenna TV)

439

CATV broadband cable wire and cable

419

Causal system

DSP technology

1164

Cavity resonance

86

CCD

delay

810

Ccondenser microphone

582

CCTV (closed circuit television)

ca-ble

wire and cable

419

CD player hardware architecture optical disc formats

1137

CD-DA

1133

CD-R

1133,

1142

CD-ROM

1133

1141

CD-ROM/XA

1142

CD-RW

1133

CDRW

virtual systems

1439

CD-UDF

1143

CD-WO (Write Once)

1142

Ceiling construction

78

Ceiling loudspeaker systems

sound system design

1270

Ceilings

171

Cent

psychoacoustics

55

Center frequency

785

Center time

154

Central answering service intercoms

1567

Central cluster loudspeaker

sound system design

1260

Central cluster plus distributed

sys-tem

sound system design

1269

Central control unit

1531

Ceramic microphone

503

Chairs absorption

108

Channel Coding

1465

Channel Definitions for Digital Cin-ema

surround sound

1601

Channel status data format

1467

Channel status format

1466

Channel-voice messages MIDI

1104

Character delay

808

Characteristic impedance grounding and interfacing

1185–1186

VU meters

997

wire and cable

432–433, 437

Characteristic sound level

1346

Charge coupled device delay

810

Charge injection

consoles

940

Charge transfer device

delay

810

Charging voltage versus tempera-ture

power supplies

694

Charles A. Coulomb

6

Charles Boner

14

Charles Proteus Steinmetz

6

Chebyshev filters

filters and equalizer

792

Chords psychoacoustics

55

Chromatic dispersion fiber optics

480

Chrominance display technologies

1582

CIE Chromaticity Diagram (Color

Chart) display technologies

1580

Cilia personal monitors

1433

CinemaScope surround sound

1593

CIRC

1135

CIRC code

1147

CIRC decoder

1140

CIRC encoding algorithm

1136

CIRC error correction

1141

Circles

173

Circuit theory

1181

Circular effect

179

Cladding

fiber optics

480

Clarity measure C80

159

Class A circuitry

740

Classical columns

1350

Classical concert halls

164

(15)

analog discs

1037

Clerk Maxwell

5

Clipping gain structure

1225

Clocking consoles

979

Closed box system

loudspeakers

636

Closed cell foams

105

CMOS consoles

851

CMR integrated circuits

354

CMRR

1208

Audio transformers

283

audio transformers

290–291

1207, 1212

integrated circuits

340 735,

740

Coarse wavelength division multi-plexing

fiber optics

480

Coaxial cable

wire and cable

418

Coaxial cable construction

wire and cable

418

Coaxial cable installation

wire and cable

419

Coaxial cable signal loss

wire and cable

433

Coaxial cable termination

wire and cable

420

Coaxial loudspeaker

620

Coaxial shield

relays

374

CobraNet

1488, 1504

sound system design

1290

virtual systems

1443, 1447

CobraNet terminology

1504

Cochlea

personal monitors

1433

psychoacoustics

43

Cocktail party effect psychoacoustics

60

Code development DSP technology

1176

Coefficient compounding consoles

979

Coefficient slewing consoles

979

Coercivity coercivityecording

1066

Coherent light fiber optics

465, 480

Coherent-phase laser beam

1138

Coil relays

374

Coil AT relays

374

Coil inductance audio transformers

278

Coincident acoustical centers

650

Coincident microphone

542

Cold switching

relays

374

Collision detection

1488

Color code for nonpaired cables wire and cable

407

Color code for paired cables wire and cable

408

Color code for snake cables

wire and cable

409

Color code for UTP cable

wire and cable

415

Columbia Broadcasting System

VU meters

998

Column arrays loudspeaker clusters

656

Column loudspeakers loudspeaker clusters

661

Comb filter delay

805

Comb filtering personal monitors

1432

743

Comb filters

1390

microphones

521, 523

139

Combination filters

power supplies

676

Combination shields

wire and cable

426

Combination tones

psychoacoustics

50

Combining networks

attenuators

772

Commercial intercom systems intercoms

1566

Commercial security systems intercoms

1564

Commissioning

sound system design

1292

Common impedance coupling

1202

Common loudspeaker format

loudspeakers

629

Common mode rejection ratio

audio transformers

290

Common Mode Reverse Audio

Feed (CMRAF)

1534

Common-mode impedance integrated circuits

354

Common-mode load impedance

integrated circuits

354

Common-mode noise audio transformers

283, 290

Common-mode rejection audio transformers

302

Common-mode rejection (CMR) integrated circuits

354, 357

Common-mode rejection line

re-ceiver

integrated circuits

358

Common-mode rejection ratio

(CMRR) consoles

873 1185, 1196

739

Common-mode transfer

consoles

864

Common-mode voltage

1185

Common-mode-rejection

(16)

consoles

863

Communication

loudspeakers

597

Communication protocols used in automatic microphone mixers

p

746

Community noise problems what’s the ear for?

1636

Compact Disc Digital Audio optical disc formats

1133

Compact Disc Read Only Memory

1141

Compact Disc Recordable (CD-R)

1142

Companding microphones

563, 567

Comparator elements power supplies

681

Compensation consoles

836

Complementary attenuators consoles

829

Complex impedance

33

Complex power supplies

680

Complex tone psychoacoustics

54

Compliance analog discs

1032

stylus

1032

Component video display technologies

1582

Composite video signal

1582

Compound release time constants

consoles

902

Compressed function psychoacoustics

52

Compression consoles

906

Compression drivers loudspeakers

600

Compression drivers and horns sound system design

1256

Compression for effect

consoles

904

Compressors

personal monitors

1431

sound system design

1286

virtual systems

1439, 1445

Computational models

215, 220

Computational power DSP technology

1176

Computer aided measurement

sys-tems

sound system design

1334

Computer aided sound system

de-sign absorber data

1354

aiming loudspeakers

1374

Alcons

1339

alignment

1378

angle of radiation

1348

angular directivity gain

1356

angular directivity ratio

1347,

1356

array lobing patterns

1378

AURA

1373

auralization

1374

bass horns

1350

Boundary Element Method (BEM)

1354

characteristic sound level

1346

classical columns

1350

computer aided acoustic design

(CAAD)

1339

computer model

1342

computer models for acoustic

and sound system design

1339

cone tracing

1372

critical frequency

1363

data acquisition

1365

diffuse field

1346

diffuse-field sensitivity

1344,

1356

digitally controlled line arrays

1352

direct field

1346

directivity balloon curves

1343

directivity deviation ratio

1348

directivity factor

1346, 1349

directivity index

1349

DLL program module

1360

dummy head

1355

EASE SpeakerLab

1368

EASERA SysTune

1381

efficiency

1347

electro-acoustical transducers

1342

Finite Element Method (FEM)

1354

free-field open-circuit sensitivity

1356

free-field sensitivity

1344

frequency response.

1345

front to random factor

1346

front to random index

1346

generic loudspeaker library

(GLL)

1362

head-related-transfer-functions (HRTF)

1355

horn loudspeakers

1350

human ear

1355

human voice

1343

image modeling

1371

line arrays

1352

loudspeaker arrays

1350

loudspeaker balloon

measure-ments

1369

loudspeaker measurements

1357

loudspeaker polar data

1365

loudspeaker systems

1343

low-frequency absorption

1354

mapping

1378

measurement parameters for typ-ical balloon resolutions

1358

medium-frequency horns

1350

microphones

1355

model-size dummy head

1341

natural sound sources

1343

nominal impedance

1345

phase interpolation

1364

point sources

1344

pressure open-circuit sensitivity

1356

pyramid tracing

1372

rated sensitivity

1346

ray radiation

1372

ray tracing

1367, 1371

reflectogram

1376

reverberation directional index

1349

room acoustic measures

1371

room acoustic simulation

1370

room impulse response

1340

(17)

Room-Acoustic Analysis Mod-ule

1373

scaled-model simulation

1341

scale-model test

1340

scattering data

1354

sensitivity level

1345

shadowing

1367

simulation of complex loud-speakers

1360

simulation of microphones

1369

simulation of the human head

1369

sound design

1374

sound-field structure

1339

SPL

1376

time arrivals

1378

tools of simulation

1370

treble horns

1350

wall materials

1354

Wave Acoustics routines

1354

Computer aided system design

sound system design

1333

Computer model

1342

Computer modelling

1400

Computer models for acoustic and sound system design

1339

Computer-Aided Acoustic Design (CAAD)

1339

Computers consoles

935

Computers and software for sound Reinforcement systems

1333

Concha

psychoacoustics

43

Concrete block walls

77

Concrete walls

77

Condenser microphone

507, 533,

583

audio transformers

295

condenser microphone

295

Conductance units of measurement

1650

Conduction heatsinks

367

Conduit fill

wire and cable

431

Cone loudspeaker enclosures

sound system design

1255

Cone loudspeakers

sound system design

1255

Cone of confusion

psychoacoustics

58–59

Cone radiator

loudspeakers

610

Cone tracing

1372

Co-Netic® audio transformers

283

Cone-type loudspeakers loudspeakers

603

Conference bridge

758

Conference line systems

intercoms

1561

Conference room ceiling systems preamplifiers and mixers

761

Conference room noise

755

Conference room reverberation

756

Conference room sound system

sound system design

1328

Configuring a personal monitor

sys-tem

1420

Connectors

Biconic fiber optic

471

couplers fiber optic

475

D4 fiber optic

472

Digital audio interfacing and net-works

1499

FC/PC fiber optic

471

FDDI fiber optic

472

fiber optic

1502

installation

fiber optics

473

LC fiber optic

472

MT-RJ fiber optic

473

OpticalCon fiber optic

473

SC fiber optic

472

SFF fiber optic

472

SMA

471

Sound system design

1293

ST fiber optic

472, 483

Console control surfaces

consoles

949

Consoles 1/F noise

861

16 track routing

854

32 track routing

854

A/D conversion

942, 954

absolute phase

891

active release time constants

903

ADAT

988

AES-10–MADI

987

AES3

986

AES-42

986

analog-to-digital (A/D) convert-er

942

anti-aliasing filters

956

attack time

900

attenuator pads

865

audio over Ethernet

989

audio path

855

audition

827

automatic microphone muting

905

auxiliary channel feeds

930

averaging

962

balanced mixing

915

balanced output line amplifiers

932

band limiting

843

bandpass filter

884

bandpass parametric equalizer

969

bandwidth

864, 879

Baxandall

890

Bessel filters

890

bipolar field-effect transistors

837

biquad

966

biquad coefficient sets

967

bootstrap

881

buffering latency

990

Butterworth filters

890

capacitative reactance

876

cascaded biquads

968

(18)

CAT-5/RJ-45

989

changing filter frequency

878

charge injection

940

clocking

979

CMOS

851

coefficient compounding

979

coefficient slewing

979

common-mode rejection

863

common-mode rejection ratio

(CMRR)

873

common-mode transfer

864

compensating operational

ampli-fiers

841

compensation

836

complementary attenuators

829

compound release time constants

902

compression

906

compression for effect

904

computers

935

constant bandwidth

883

constant-amplitude phase-shift (CAPS)

883

constant-amplitude phase-shift network

883

control surface intelligence

951

control surfaces

948–949

control voltage noise

938

control-room monitor

loud-speaker

826

convertor limitations

955

convertor requirements

955

convertors

954

crosstalk

853, 919

current limiting

887

damping factor

888

data acquisition

942

DAW internal audio paths

984

DAW limitations

985

dc-blocking series capacitors

868

debouncing

926

delay

961

delay line

966

design developments

833

desktop loudspeakers

918

devolved mixing

914

digital

953

digital audio networking

989

digital audio systems

954

Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)

953, 981

digital control of outboard gear

953

digital mixer

976

digital mixer architecture

975

digital signal processors (DSP)

959

digitally controlled amplifiers

940

digital-to-analog (D/A) conver-sion

957

DirectX

985

discrete logic

942

discrete operational amplifiers

838

distortion

923

DSP filtering

963

dynamics processing

895

early drum recording

826

earth ground

846

echo

828, 962

effects send

828

electronic balanced outputs

869

electronic switching

851

equalization

875

equalization control

890

equalizer

875, 894

equalizer high-frequency

re-sponse anomalies

970

equalizer response curves

876

expandor

906

expansion

907

fader automation

936

faders

946

fake inductor

883

Faraday shield

863

feed forward VCA-style dynam-ics

907

feedback phase-leading stability compensation

839

feedback-stye compressors

973

feedback-stye limiting

973

feed-forward sidechain

905

Field Programmable Gate Array

(FPGA)

976

field-effect transistors

851

filter gain

888

filter quantization distortion

967

FIR coefficient sets

967

FIR filters

963

flash conversion

956

floating point processors

960

foldback

828

front end instability

842

function modes

923

gate attack

905

gating

905, 973

Gilbert Cell

937

ground current summing

848

ground noise

849

grounding

844, 913

grouping

831

gyrator

880

gyrator types

880

hang time

903

headroom

933

high-frequency control

894

high-pass filters

875, 888

hold time

903

host micro controller

981

IIR filters

966

impulse response

963

inadequate samples for limiters

974

inductance

879

inductive reactance

841, 876,

879, 888

input coupling

872

input impedance

865

input saturation

842

inputs

976

instability

838

instruction cycles

959

internal grounding

847

interpolation filter

958

inverse frequency noise

860

inverting amplifiers

869

jackfields

952

keying

906

ladder DACs

957

latency

991

level specifications

834

limiter

874

limiting

895

limiting for effect

904

line level inputs

867, 873

log-antilog cell

938

logic control