Robert A. Dahl – On Democracy (1998) Robert A. Dahl – On Democracy (1998) Summary by Felix de Jonh
Summary by Felix de Jonh
!hi" i" a "ummary # "tarted ma$in intended %or &er"onal u"e only' but # %iured a lot more &eo&le !hi" i" a "ummary # "tarted ma$in intended %or &er"onal u"e only' but # %iured a lot more &eo&le could &ro%it %rom it. !he uality miht not be u& to &ar' a" # haen*t chec$ed %or any "&ellin error". could &ro%it %rom it. !he uality miht not be u& to &ar' a" # haen*t chec$ed %or any "&ellin error". +o,eer' # am con%ident it i" "u%%iciently clear.
+o,eer' # am con%ident it i" "u%%iciently clear.
For any comment"' ue"tion" or addition"' &lea"e i"it thi" lin$ and comment For any comment"' ue"tion" or addition"' &lea"e i"it thi" lin$ and comment there-htt&-%elixdicit.com/&098
htt&-%elixdicit.com/&098
2ha&ter 1- Do 3e Really 4eed A 5uide (&re%ace) (6 not included) 2ha&ter 1- Do 3e Really 4eed A 5uide (&re%ace) (6 not included) 7art #. !he einnin
7art #. !he einnin
2ha&ter - 3here and +o, did Democracy Deelo& 2ha&ter - 3here and +o, did Democracy Deelo& 2ha&ter :- 3hat ;ie" Ahead/
2ha&ter :- 3hat ;ie" Ahead/ 7art ##. #deal Democracy 7art ##. #deal Democracy
2ha&ter - 3hat #" Democracy/ 2ha&ter - 3hat #" Democracy/ 2ha&ter <- 3hy Democracy/ 2ha&ter <- 3hy Democracy/
2ha&ter =- 3hy 7olitical >uality #- #ntrin"ic >uality 2ha&ter =- 3hy 7olitical >uality #- #ntrin"ic >uality 2ha&ter ?- 3hy 7olitical >uality ##- 2iic 2om&etence 2ha&ter ?- 3hy 7olitical >uality ##- 2iic 2om&etence 7art ###. Actual
7art ###. Actual DemocracyDemocracy
2ha&ter 8- 3hat 7olitical #n"titution" Doe" ;are6Scale Democracy Reuire 2ha&ter 8- 3hat 7olitical #n"titution" Doe" ;are6Scale Democracy Reuire 2ha&ter 9- @arietie" #- Democracy on Di%%erent Scale"
2ha&ter 9- @arietie" #- Democracy on Di%%erent Scale" 2ha&ter 1- @arietie" ##- 2on"titution"
2ha&ter 1- @arietie" ##- 2on"titution"
2ha&ter 11- @arietie" ###- 7artie" and >lectoral Sy"tem" 2ha&ter 11- @arietie" ###- 7artie" and >lectoral Sy"tem" 7art #@. 2ondition" Faorable and Bn%aorable
7art #@. 2ondition" Faorable and Bn%aorable
2ha&ter 1- 3hat Bnderlyin 2ondition" Faor Democracy 2ha&ter 1- 3hat Bnderlyin 2ondition" Faor Democracy 2ha&ter 1:- 3hy Car$et62a&itali"m Faor" Democracy 2ha&ter 1:- 3hy Car$et62a&itali"m Faor" Democracy 2ha&ter 1- 3hy Car$et6ca&itali"m +arm" Democracy 2ha&ter 1- 3hy Car$et6ca&itali"m +arm" Democracy 2ha&ter 1<- !he Bn%ini"hed Journey
2ha&ter 1<- !he Bn%ini"hed Journey A&&endix A (6not included)
A&&endix A (6not included) A&&endix (6not included) A&&endix (6not included) A&&endix 2 (6not included) A&&endix 2 (6not included)
Part I. The Beginning
Part I. The Beginning
Chapter 2: Where and How did Democracy Develop
Chapter 2: Where and How did Democracy Develop (( A Brief History
A Brief History))
page 7 - 25 page 7 - 25
!he
!he orioriinin" " o% o% demdemocrocracy acy i"ni"n*t *t cocontintinunuou"ou"' ' a%a%ter ter the %all the %all o% o% ththe e 5re5ree$ e$ anand d RomRoman an emem&ir&ire" e" itit di"a&&eared. Democracy ,a"n*t inented *once and %or all*' and it i" hard to %ind out ho, much o% it ,a" di"a&&eared. Democracy ,a"n*t inented *once and %or all*' and it i" hard to %ind out ho, much o% it ,a" di%%u"ed %rom it" early "ource" and ho, much' i% any' o% it ,a" inde&endently inented in di%%erent di%%u"ed %rom it" early "ource" and ho, much' i% any' o% it ,a" inde&endently inented in di%%erent time" and &lace".
time" and &lace".
Accordin to Dahl' "ome o% the ex&an"ion o% democracy – &erha&" a ood deal o% it – can be Accordin to Dahl' "ome o% the ex&an"ion o% democracy – &erha&" a ood deal o% it – can be accounte
accounted %or d %or mainly by the di%%u"ion o% democratic idea" and &ractice"' but di%%u"ion can*t &roide themainly by the di%%u"ion o% democratic idea" and &ractice"' but di%%u"ion can*t &roide the ,hole ex&lanation. #t "eem" to hae been inented more than once' and in more than one &lace. #% the ,hole ex&lanation. #t "eem" to hae been inented more than once' and in more than one &lace. #% the condition
condition" %or inentin democracy ,here %aourab" %or inentin democracy ,here %aourable in one le in one &lace at one time' &lace at one time' ,hy not in ,hy not in other &lace"other &lace" and time"/ (&.9)
and time"/ (&.9)
+e a""ume" democracy can be inde&endently inented and reinented ,heneer the a&&ro&riate +e a""ume" democracy can be inde&endently inented and reinented ,heneer the a&&ro&riate condition" exi"t. A &u"h to,ard democratic &artici&ation deelo&" out o% ,hat ,e miht call *the loic condition" exi"t. A &u"h to,ard democratic &artici&ation deelo&" out o% ,hat ,e miht call *the loic o% euality*. #t miht hae been deelo&ed a" %ar bac$ a" the hunter6atherer era. 3hen &eo&le "ettled o% euality*. #t miht hae been deelo&ed a" %ar bac$ a" the hunter6atherer era. 3hen &eo&le "ettled do,n' a certain hierarchy %ormed. 7o&ular oernment" ,here re&laced ,ith monarchie"' de"&oti"m"' do,n' a certain hierarchy %ormed. 7o&ular oernment" ,here re&laced ,ith monarchie"' de"&oti"m"' ari"tocracie" and oliarchie"' all ba"ed on ran$in or hierarchy. !hen' around < .2.>. #n "eeral ari"tocracie" and oliarchie"' all ba"ed on ran$in or hierarchy. !hen' around < .2.>. #n "eeral &lace"' %aourable condition" rea&&eared and "mall rou&" bean deelo&in oernmental "y"tem" &lace"' %aourable condition" rea&&eared and "mall rou&" bean deelo&in oernmental "y"tem" ,ith o&&ortunitie" to &artici&ate in rou& deci"ion" – &rimitie democracy. !hi" ha&&ened three time" ,ith o&&ortunitie" to &artici&ate in rou& deci"ion" – &rimitie democracy. !hi" ha&&ened three time" alon the mediterranean' "ome in northern >uro&e.
alon the mediterranean' "ome in northern >uro&e. !+> C>D#!>RRA4>A4
!+> C>D#!>RRA4>A4 #n
#n clacla""i""ical cal 5re5reecece e anand d RomRome' e' "y"y"te"tem" m" ,it,ith h "ub"ub"ta"tantintial al &o&&o&ulaular r &a&artirtici&ci&atiation on ,a" ,a" %i%ir"tr"t e"tabli"hed on a "olid ba"i"' "o that they could endure %or centurie". 5reece ,a" made u& o% hundred" o% e"tabli"hed on a "olid ba"i"' "o that they could endure %or centurie". 5reece ,a" made u& o% hundred" o% indiidual city6"tate". Athen" ,a" the mo"t %amou". #n <? .2.> they ado&ted a "y"tem o% &o&ular indiidual city6"tate". Athen" ,a" the mo"t %amou". #n <? .2.> they ado&ted a "y"tem o% &o&ular oernment that la"ted nearly t,o centurie"' until it ,a" conuered by Cacedonia in :1 .2.>.
oernment that la"ted nearly t,o centurie"' until it ,a" conuered by Cacedonia in :1 .2.>.
Demo" (&eo&le) and rato" (to rule) ,a" &robably coined by Athenian". #t ,a" a ery com&lex Demo" (&eo&le) and rato" (to rule) ,a" &robably coined by Athenian". #t ,a" a ery com&lex "y"tem. !he a""embly ,a" cho"en throuh lottery' and they elected &ublic o%%icial"' li$e 5eneral". "y"tem. !he a""embly ,a" cho"en throuh lottery' and they elected &ublic o%%icial"' li$e 5eneral". !he"e &olitical in"titution" o% 5ree$ democracy' ,ere inored or reEected durin the deelo&ment o% !he"e &olitical in"titution" o% 5ree$ democracy' ,ere inored or reEected durin the deelo&ment o% modern re&re"entatie democracy.
modern re&re"entatie democracy.
Roman" called their "y"tem a re&ublic' re" (thin' a%%air) and &ublicu" (&ublic)' "o a *bu"ine"" o% Roman" called their "y"tem a re&ublic' re" (thin' a%%air) and &ublicu" (&ublic)' "o a *bu"ine"" o% the &eo&le*. Riht" o%
the &eo&le*. Riht" o% &artici&a&artici&ation ,a" tion ,a" re"trictere"tricted to d to &atrician&atrician"' or "' or ari"tocraari"tocrat". A%ter "trule"' the &leb"t". A%ter "trule"' the &leb" al"o ained entry. Riht" ,here re"tricted to men only' li$e the ree$" and all democracie" until the al"o ained entry. Riht" ,here re"tricted to men only' li$e the ree$" and all democracie" until the t,en
t,entiettieth h centcenturyury. . 7oli7olitic" ,a" tic" ,a" re"tre"trictricted ed to to thethe%oru%orum m RomaRomanum' num' %or many %or many too %ar too %ar to to &art&artici&ici&ate.ate. Roman" neer ado&ted a re&re"entatie oernment ba"ed on democratically elected re&re"entatie". Roman" neer ado&ted a re&re"entatie oernment ba"ed on democratically elected re&re"entatie".
!he Roman Re&ublic endured until 1: .2.>' but ,a" eradicated ,ith the dictator"hi& o% !he Roman Re&ublic endured until 1: .2.>' but ,a" eradicated ,ith the dictator"hi& o% Juliu" 2ae"ar. A%ter hi" a""a""ination (2>)' the re&ublic became an em&ire ruled by it" em&eror". Juliu" 2ae"ar. A%ter hi" a""a""ination (2>)' the re&ublic became an em&ire ruled by it" em&eror". 3ith that' &o&ular rule ani"hed %rom "outhern >uro&e %or nearly a thou"and year".
3ith that' &o&ular rule ani"hed %rom "outhern >uro&e %or nearly a thou"and year".
Around 112> &o&ular rule reemered in many citie" in 4orthern #taly. 7artici&ation ,a" Around 112> &o&ular rule reemered in many citie" in 4orthern #taly. 7artici&ation ,a" re"tricted to member" o% u&&er6cla"" %amilie"- noble"' lare land o,ner"' etc. #n time' the ne,ly rich' re"tricted to member" o% u&&er6cla"" %amilie"- noble"' lare land o,ner"' etc. #n time' the ne,ly rich' the "maller merchant" and ban$er"' "$illed cra%t"men (united in uild")' %oot"oldier"' and the li$e the "maller merchant" and ban$er"' "$illed cra%t"men (united in uild")' %oot"oldier"' and the li$e became more dominant and "tarted to
became more dominant and "tarted to oranoranie them"ele". !hey could threaten u&ri"e"' and a" a ie them"ele". !hey could threaten u&ri"e"' and a" a re"ultre"ult ained
ained the the riht riht to to &artici&a&artici&ate' te' and and became became called called the the &o&olo &o&olo (the (the &eo&le)&eo&le). . #n #n citie" citie" li$e li$e @@enice enice andand Flo
Florerencence' ' thethe"e "e "y"y"te"tem" m" %l%lourouri"hi"hed ed a" a" the the midmiddle dle aae" e" camcame e to to a a clclo"eo"e' ' ma$ma$inin &la&lace ce %o%or r thethe Ren
Renai"ai""an"ance. ce. +o,+o,eeerer' ' ,it,ith h the the ememerereence nce o% o% nanatiotion6"n6"tatate"te"' ' thethe"e "e citcity6y6"ta"tate" te" cocoululdn*dn*t t dede%en%endd them"ele" and ,here "ubEuated by them' thu"' nation6"tate" ruled by $in" once aain eradicated them"ele" and ,here "ubEuated by them' thu"' nation6"tate" ruled by $in" once aain eradicated
&o&ular oernment. 2ity6"tate" became ob"olete. &o&ular oernment. 2ity6"tate" became ob"olete.
4OR!+>R4 >BRO7> 4OR!+>R4 >BRO7> !h
!he e dedemomocrcratatic ic "y"y"t"temem" " nanamemed d ababooe e mimi""""ed ed ththe e crcrucuciaial l chchararacacteteriri"t"ticic" " o% o% momodedernrn re&r
re&re"ene"entatitatie e ooernmernmentent. . !hey !hey lac$lac$ed ed an an e%%e%%ectiectie e natinational onal oeoernmernment. nt. !hre!hree e ba"iba"ic c &oli&oliticaticall in"titution" ,here mi""in- A national &arliament' com&o"ed o% elected re&re"entatie"' and &o&ular in"titution" ,here mi""in- A national &arliament' com&o"ed o% elected re&re"entatie"' and &o&ular cho"en local oernment" that ,ere ultimately "ubordinate to the national oernment.
cho"en local oernment" that ,ere ultimately "ubordinate to the national oernment.
!he combination o% local and national oernment oriinated in ritain' Scandinaia' !he !he combination o% local and national oernment oriinated in ritain' Scandinaia' !he ;o,land" (elium' the 4etherland")' S,iterland and ariou" other northern location". !he"e "tarted ;o,land" (elium' the 4etherland")' S,iterland and ariou" other northern location". !he"e "tarted *bottom6u&*' beinnin at local leel' later unitin at reional and national leel.
*bottom6u&*' beinnin at local leel' later unitin at reional and national leel.
!he @i$in" "tarted oraniin them"ele" in a *!in*' a""emblie" at local leel ,here they !he @i$in" "tarted oraniin them"ele" in a *!in*' a""emblie" at local leel ,here they ,ould "ettle di"&ute"' aree on ne, la,"' a&&oint $in"' chane their reliion (2hri"tianity) %rom ,ould "ettle di"&ute"' aree on ne, la,"' a&&oint $in"' chane their reliion (2hri"tianity) %rom =2> to 12>. y 92> the"e *!in* ,here held all oer Scandinaia. !he in had to ",ear =2> to 12>. y 92> the"e *!in* ,here held all oer Scandinaia. !he in had to ",ear %aith%ullne"" to the la," a&&roed by the !in. @i$in" couldn*t hae $no,n o% the democracie" a %aith%ullne"" to the la," a&&roed by the !in. @i$in" couldn*t hae $no,n o% the democracie" a thou"and year earlier' but they ,ere eual. !he Freemen thouh' @i$in" al"o held "lae"- enemie" thou"and year earlier' but they ,ere eual. !he Freemen thouh' @i$in" al"o held "lae"- enemie" ca&tured in battle or ictim" o% raid".
ca&tured in battle or ictim" o% raid".
#n the 4etherland" and Flander"' ruler" needed con"ent %rom ,ealthy citien" to tax their #n the 4etherland" and Flander"' ruler" needed con"ent %rom ,ealthy citien" to tax their &o""e""ion". !he ruler" "ummoned meetin" o% re&re"entatie" %rom the to,n" and mo"t im&ortant &o""e""ion". !he ruler" "ummoned meetin" o% re&re"entatie" %rom the to,n" and mo"t im&ortant "oci
"ocial al clacla""e"""e". . !hi" !hi" e"tae"tabli"bli"hed hed certcertain ain tradtraditioition"' n"' &rac&racticetice" " and and ideaidea" " that that "tro"tronly %aourenly %aoured d thethe deelo&ment o% &o&ular oernment.
deelo&ment o% &o&ular oernment. #n
#n ritritain' ain' &arl&arliameiament nt re, re, out out o% o% a""ea""emblimblie" e" "umm"ummoned &eriodioned &eriodicallycally. . y y the the eiheihteenteenthth century' the $in and &arliament controlled each other. !he +ou"e o% ;ord" ,a" in turn controlled by century' the $in and &arliament controlled each other. !he +ou"e o% ;ord" ,a" in turn controlled by the +ou"e o% 2ommon". ;a," enacted had to be inter&reted by inde&endent Eude". !hi" "y"tem o% the +ou"e o% 2ommon". ;a," enacted had to be inter&reted by inde&endent Eude". !hi" "y"tem o% chec$" and balance" ,a"
chec$" and balance" ,a" admired by >uro&ean" and American" ali$e. Conte"uieu lauded the "y"tem'admired by >uro&ean" and American" ali$e. Conte"uieu lauded the "y"tem' the %oundin %ather" o% the BSA ba"ed their "y"tem on thi" ,ithout the role o% a monarch' ,hich in turn the %oundin %ather" o% the BSA ba"ed their "y"tem on thi" ,ithout the role o% a monarch' ,hich in turn &roided a model %or many other re&ublic".
&roided a model %or many other re&ublic".
D>CO2RA!#GA!#O4- O4 !+> 3AH' B! O4;H O4 !+> 3AH. D>CO2RA!#GA!#O4- O4 !+> 3AH' B! O4;H O4 !+> 3AH.
!he element" %or later democratic belie%" and in"titution"' %aored by local condition" and !he element" %or later democratic belie%" and in"titution"' %aored by local condition" and o&&
o&&orortuntunitiitie" e" in in "e"eeraeral l arearea" a" o% o% >ur>uro&e o&e ,er,ere e "ti"timulmulateated d by by the the loloic ic o% o% eeuaualitlity y to to %or%orm m lolocacall a""
a""embemblielie"' "' in in ,hi,hich ch %re%ree e men men coucould ld &a&artirticici&at&ate e in in ooererninnin' ' to to an an exextetent. nt. !he !he concon"en"ent t o% o% thethe oerned
oerned' initially on ' initially on taxe"' radually re, into a taxe"' radually re, into a claim about la," claim about la," in eneral. 3hen the"e a""emblie"in eneral. 3hen the"e a""emblie" coered a too
coered a too lare area' &eo&le needed re&re"entalare area' &eo&le needed re&re"entation &roided by election. !he"e election" needed totion &roided by election. !he"e election" needed to be held on multi&le leel"' %ir"t local' than reional and national' or other intermediate leel". !hi" be held on multi&le leel"' %ir"t local' than reional and national' or other intermediate leel". !hi" &roided a ba"e %rom ,hich democratiation could &roceed' but it ,a" only a &romi"e- crucial &iece" &roided a ba"e %rom ,hich democratiation could &roceed' but it ,a" only a &romi"e- crucial &iece" ,ere "till mi""in.
,ere "till mi""in.
Fir"t' #neuality &o"ed enormou" ob"tacle" to democracy- di%%erence" bet,een riht"' dutie"' Fir"t' #neuality &o"ed enormou" ob"tacle" to democracy- di%%erence" bet,een riht"' dutie"' in%luence' &o,er o% "lae" and %ree men' landed and landle""' ma"ter and "erant' men and ,omen' day in%luence' &o,er o% "lae" and %ree men' landed and landle""' ma"ter and "erant' men and ,omen' day la
laborborer" and er" and a&a&&re&rentintice"ce"' ' etetc. c. >e>en n %r%ree ee men ,here men ,here inineeualual. . SeSeconcond' d' exexi"ti"tin a""emin a""embliblie" e" anandd &arliament" ,ere a lon ,ay %rom meetin minimal democratic "tandard"' a" they ,ere no match %or &arliament" ,ere a lon ,ay %rom meetin minimal democratic "tandard"' a" they ,ere no match %or the monarch. Re&re"entatie" had only a &artial "ayin in la,ma$in. !hird' re&re"entatie" didn*t the monarch. Re&re"entatie" had only a &artial "ayin in la,ma$in. !hird' re&re"entatie" didn*t re&re"ent the ,hole &o&ula
re&re"ent the ,hole &o&ulation i.e. men. #n tion i.e. men. #n 5reat ritain (18:)' only <I had the riht to 5reat ritain (18:)' only <I had the riht to ote. Fourth'ote. Fourth' demo
democracratic idea" ,eren*t ,idetic idea" ,eren*t ,idely "hared or ly "hared or ,ell under,ell under"too"tood. d. ;oi;oic c o% eualito% euality ,a" y ,a" only e%%only e%%ectiectiee amon a &riileed %e,. S&eech and 7re"" %reedom ,a" "eriou"ly re"tricted' criticiin the in o%ten amon a &riileed %e,. S&eech and 7re"" %reedom ,a" "eriou"ly re"tricted' criticiin the in o%ten %orbidden. 7olitical o&&o"ition lac$ed leitimacy and leality. 7olitical &artie" ,ere condemned a" %orbidden. 7olitical o&&o"ition lac$ed leitimacy and leality. 7olitical &artie" ,ere condemned a" danerou" and unde"irable. >lection" corru&ted by aent" o% the cro,n.
danerou" and unde"irable. >lection" corru&ted by aent" o% the cro,n.
Adance o% democratic idea" and &ractice" de&ended on the exi"tence o% %aorable condition" Adance o% democratic idea" and &ractice" de&ended on the exi"tence o% %aorable condition" that did not
that did not yet exi"t. !he"e ,ill yet exi"t. !he"e ,ill be de"cribed in 7art be de"cribed in 7art #@#@. Furthermore' democracy didn*t &roceed on an. Furthermore' democracy didn*t &roceed on an a"cendin
and reolution". !he ri"e o%
and reolution". !he ri"e o% centralicentralied monarchie" reer"ed "ome o% the ed monarchie" reer"ed "ome o% the earlier adance"earlier adance"' thouh they' thouh they may hae created "ome %aourable condition" in the lon run. a"ed on the ri"e and decline o% may hae created "ome %aourable condition" in the lon run. a"ed on the ri"e and decline o% democracy
democracy' ,e ' ,e cannot count on hi"torical %orce" to in"ure that cannot count on hi"torical %orce" to in"ure that democracy ,ill al,ay" adance or eendemocracy ,ill al,ay" adance or een "urie. Democracy i" a bit chancy' but it" chance" al"o de&end on ,hat ,e do our"ele". 7eo&le are "urie. Democracy i" a bit chancy' but it" chance" al"o de&end on ,hat ,e do our"ele". 7eo&le are not ictim" o% blind %orce" oer ,hich ,e hae no control. 3ith adeuate under"tandin o% ,hat not ictim" o% blind %orce" oer ,hich ,e hae no control. 3ith adeuate under"tandin o% ,hat democracy reuire" and the ,ill to meet it" reuirement"' ,e can act to &re"ere and to adance democracy reuire" and the ,ill to meet it" reuirement"' ,e can act to &re"ere and to adance democratic idea" and &ractice".
democratic idea" and &ractice".
Chapter 3: What Lie !head"
Chapter 3: What Lie !head"
Page 26 – 32 Page 26 – 32
#t i" needed to ma$e a di"tinction bet,een democracy a" an ideal' and a" an actuality. 7hilo"o&her" #t i" needed to ma$e a di"tinction bet,een democracy a" an ideal' and a" an actuality. 7hilo"o&her" hae &ondered on many moral and em&irical Eudement" "urroundin democracy a" an ideal' and the hae &ondered on many moral and em&irical Eudement" "urroundin democracy a" an ideal' and the actual democracie".
actual democracie".
D>CO2RA!#2 5OA;S A4D A2!BA;#!#>S D>CO2RA!#2 5OA;S A4D A2!BA;#!#>S
3e need to under"tand ho, the ideal" and actualitie" are connected. Dahl ,ill "&ell thi" out in 3e need to under"tand ho, the ideal" and actualitie" are connected. Dahl ,ill "&ell thi" out in later cha&ter".
later cha&ter". A A "y"tem o% determinin ,hether and to "y"tem o% determinin ,hether and to ,hat extent a oernment i" ,hat extent a oernment i" democratic' ,oulddemocratic' ,ould hae to meet %ie criteria and a "y"tem meetin the"e %ie criteria i" %ully democratic. Four o% the"e ,ill hae to meet %ie criteria and a "y"tem meetin the"e %ie criteria i" %ully democratic. Four o% the"e ,ill be de"cribed in cha&ter ' and he ,ill "ho, in cha&ter = and ? ,hy the %i%th i" needed. Attainin a be de"cribed in cha&ter ' and he ,ill "ho, in cha&ter = and ? ,hy the %i%th i" needed. Attainin a &er%ect democratic "y"tem i"n*t &o""ible due to the many limit" im&o"ed on u" in the real ,orld. !he &er%ect democratic "y"tem i"n*t &o""ible due to the many limit" im&o"ed on u" in the real ,orld. !he "y"tem ,ould &roide u" ,ith "tandard" aain"t ,hich ,e can com&are the achieement" and the "y"tem ,ould &roide u" ,ith "tandard" aain"t ,hich ,e can com&are the achieement" and the remainin im&er%ection" o% actual &olitical "y"tem" and their in"titution"' and can uide u" to,ard" remainin im&er%ection" o% actual &olitical "y"tem" and their in"titution"' and can uide u" to,ard" "olution" brinin u" clo"er to the ideal.
"olution" brinin u" clo"er to the ideal.
!he %ir"t ue"tion' *,hy democracy*' i"n*t concerned ,ith ,hy &eo&le "u&&ort democracy. Some !he %ir"t ue"tion' *,hy democracy*' i"n*t concerned ,ith ,hy &eo&le "u&&ort democracy. Some &eo&le "u&&ort democracy ,ithout eer $no,in ,hy. *3hat &olitical in"titution" are nece""airy* i" &eo&le "u&&ort democracy ,ithout eer $no,in ,hy. *3hat &olitical in"titution" are nece""airy* i" concerned ,ith the many di%%erence" in democracie" due to "ie or "cale o% &olitical unit"' "uch a" concerned ,ith the many di%%erence" in democracie" due to "ie or "cale o% &olitical unit"' "uch a" &o&ulation' territory' or both. A "mall nation can acuire democracy ,ithout needin many in"titution"' &o&ulation' territory' or both. A "mall nation can acuire democracy ,ithout needin many in"titution"' a" o&&o"ed to %or in"tance the BS o% A. #n"titution" %or a "mall "cale democracy can al"o &roe a" o&&o"ed to %or in"tance the BS o% A. #n"titution" %or a "mall "cale democracy can al"o &roe inadeuate on a larer "cale o% a
inadeuate on a larer "cale o% a modern country. modern country. !he"e ariation" ,ill be de"cribed in 7art ###.!he"e ariation" ,ill be de"cribed in 7art ###. #% een
#% een democratidemocratic countrie" are c countrie" are not %ully not %ully democratdemocratic' ho, ic' ho, about non6democrabout non6democratic countrie" thatatic countrie" that lac$ all or "ome o% the in"titution" o% modern democracy. +o, can they be made more democratic/ lac$ all or "ome o% the in"titution" o% modern democracy. +o, can they be made more democratic/ +o,
+o, coucould ld "om"ome e cocountuntrierie" " bebecomcome e mormore e demdemococratratic ic thathan n ototherher"/ "/ 3ha3hat t concondiditiotion" n" %a%aouour r ththee deelo&ment and "tability o% democratic in"titution"' and ,hich condition" are li$ely to im&ede the deelo&ment and "tability o% democratic in"titution"' and ,hich condition" are li$ely to im&ede the deelo&ment and "tability thereo%/ !he"e ue"tion" ,ill be "ome,hat an",ered in 7art #@' but are by deelo&ment and "tability thereo%/ !he"e ue"tion" ,ill be "ome,hat an",ered in 7art #@' but are by no mean" %ree %rom uncertainty' but ,ill &roide a %irmer "tartin &oint %or "ee$in "olution".
no mean" %ree %rom uncertainty' but ,ill &roide a %irmer "tartin &oint %or "ee$in "olution". FROC @A;B> JBD5>C>4!S !O >C7#R#2A; JBD5>C>4!S
FROC @A;B> JBD5>C>4!S !O >C7#R#2A; JBD5>C>4!S
y an",erin *3hat i" Democracy*' Eudement" are ba"ed almo"t exclu"iely on our o,n y an",erin *3hat i" Democracy*' Eudement" are ba"ed almo"t exclu"iely on our o,n alu
alue". e". *3hy Demo*3hy Democraccracy* i" y* i" al"o de&al"o de&endeendent on nt on alalue"' but al"o on ue"' but al"o on cau"cau"al connecal connectiontion"' limit" and"' limit" and &o""
&o""ibilibilitieitie" " in in the real the real ,orl,orld d – – the em&iricthe em&irical al EudEudemenement" t" – – ,hic,hich h relirelie" e" more heaimore heaily ly on on %act%act"'"' inter&retation" o% eidence and &ur&orted %act". !he"e ho,eer' are ba"ed u&on our moral Eudement" inter&retation" o% eidence and &ur&orted %act". !he"e ho,eer' are ba"ed u&on our moral Eudement" about the meanin and alue o% democracy. >m&irical Eudement" are releant and im&ortant to u"' about the meanin and alue o% democracy. >m&irical Eudement" are releant and im&ortant to u"' becau"e ,e care about democracy and it" alue".
becau"e ,e care about democracy and it" alue".
7art ## ,ill con"i"t o% the ex&loration o% ideal"' oal" and alue"' ,herea" 7art ### ,ill be more 7art ## ,ill con"i"t o% the ex&loration o% ideal"' oal" and alue"' ,herea" 7art ### ,ill be more ba"e
ba"ed d u&on u&on em&iem&iricarical l de"cde"cri&tri&tion" ion" o% o% demodemocratcratic ic &oli&oliticatical l in"tin"titutitution"ion". . #n #n 7art 7art #@#@' ' %a%aouraourable ble andand un%aourable condition" %or democratic &olitical in"titution" ,ill be em&irically de"cribed.
Part II. Ideal Democracy
Part II. Ideal Democracy
Chapter #: What i Democracy"
Chapter #: What i Democracy"
Page 35 – 43 Page 35 – 43
Some oal" cannot be attained by our"ele". +o,eer' by coo&eratin ,ho "hare "imilar aim" ,e Some oal" cannot be attained by our"ele". +o,eer' by coo&eratin ,ho "hare "imilar aim" ,e mi
miht. ht. !hu!hu"' "' &e&eo&lo&le e mimiht ht %o%orm rm an an a""a""ocociatiatioion n to to ,or,or$ $ totoetether her in in atattaitaininnin thethe"e "e ooal"al". . !hi!hi"" a""ociation need" a con"titution' ,hich ,ill be ,ritten by a member ,ho &o""e""e" "ome "$ill on the a""ociation need" a con"titution' ,hich ,ill be ,ritten by a member ,ho &o""e""e" "ome "$ill on the matter. !he content" o% thi" con"titution are oted u&on democratically' a" eeryone i" eual in the matter. !he content" o% thi" con"titution are oted u&on democratically' a" eeryone i" eual in the a""ociation. #% that &er"on decide" to loo$ %or exam&le" o% con"itution"' he ,ould %ind there are ery a""ociation. #% that &er"on decide" to loo$ %or exam&le" o% con"itution"' he ,ould %ind there are ery di%%erin er"ion" o% con"titution". !here "eem" to be no "inle *democratic* in"titution.
di%%erin er"ion" o% con"titution". !here "eem" to be no "inle *democratic* in"titution.
!he &er"on decide" to loo$ %or "imilaritie" that Eu"ti%ie" their claim to bein democratic. Are !he &er"on decide" to loo$ %or "imilaritie" that Eu"ti%ie" their claim to bein democratic. Are "ome &erha&" more democratic than other"/ 3hat doe" democracy mean/ +o,eer' the term i" u"ed in "ome &erha&" more democratic than other"/ 3hat doe" democracy mean/ +o,eer' the term i" u"ed in a "taerin number o% ,ay". +e decide" to inore the &recedent"' becau"e hi" ta"$ i" more "&eci%ic- to a "taerin number o% ,ay". +e decide" to inore the &recedent"' becau"e hi" ta"$ i" more "&eci%ic- to de"in a "et o% rule" and &rinci&le" (a con"titution) that ,ill determine ho, the a""ociation*" deci"ion" de"in a "et o% rule" and &rinci&le" (a con"titution) that ,ill determine ho, the a""ociation*" deci"ion" are to be made' under one underlyin &rinci&le- all member" are to be treated a" i% they ,ere eually are to be made' under one underlyin &rinci&le- all member" are to be treated a" i% they ,ere eually uali%ied in &artici&atin in the &roce"" o% ma$in deci"ion" about the &olicie" the a""ociation ,ill uali%ied in &artici&atin in the &roce"" o% ma$in deci"ion" about the &olicie" the a""ociation ,ill &ur"ue. All member" are to be con"idered a" &olitically eual.
&ur"ue. All member" are to be con"idered a" &olitically eual. 2R#!>R#A FOR A D>CO2RA!#2 7RO2>SS
2R#!>R#A FOR A D>CO2RA!#2 7RO2>SS
Dahl thin$" there are %ie "tandard" that an a""ociation ha" to meet in order to "ati"%y the Dahl thin$" there are %ie "tandard" that an a""ociation ha" to meet in order to "ati"%y the reuirement that all the member" are eually entitled to &artici&ate in the a""ociation*" deci"ion" about reuirement that all the member" are eually entitled to &artici&ate in the a""ociation*" deci"ion" about it"
it" &olicie"-1.
1. Effective p Effective participatarticipationion. e%ore a &olicy i" ado&ted by the a""ociation' all the member". e%ore a &olicy i" ado&ted by the a""ociation' all the member" mu"t hae eual and e%%ectie o&&ortunitie" %or ma$in their ie," $no,n to the other mu"t hae eual and e%%ectie o&&ortunitie" %or ma$in their ie," $no,n to the other member" a" to ,hat the &olicy "hould be.
member" a" to ,hat the &olicy "hould be. .
. VVoting oting EquaityEquaity. 3hen the moment arrie" at ,hich the deci"ion aobut &olicy ,ill. 3hen the moment arrie" at ,hich the deci"ion aobut &olicy ,ill %inally be made' eery member my"t hae an eual and e%%ectie o&&ortunity to ote' %inally be made' eery member my"t hae an eual and e%%ectie o&&ortunity to ote' and all ote" mu"t be counted a" eual.
and all ote" mu"t be counted a" eual. :.
:. Enig!ten Enig!tene" #n"erste" #n"erstan"ingan"ing. 3ithin rea"onable limit" a" to time' each member mu"t. 3ithin rea"onable limit" a" to time' each member mu"t hae eual and e%%ectie o&&ortunitie" %or learnin about the releant alternatie &olicie" hae eual and e%%ectie o&&ortunitie" %or learnin about the releant alternatie &olicie" and their li$ely con"euence".
and their li$ely con"euence". .
. $ontro of t!e Agen"a . Cember" mu"t hae exclu"ie o&&ortunity to decide ho, and' i%$ontro of t!e Agen"a. Cember" mu"t hae exclu"ie o&&ortunity to decide ho, and' i% they choo"e' ,hat matter" are to be &laced on the aenda. !he democratic &roce""
they choo"e' ,hat matter" are to be &laced on the aenda. !he democratic &roce"" &roided by the aboe three criteria i" neer clo"ed. 7olicie" o% the a""ociation are &roided by the aboe three criteria i" neer clo"ed. 7olicie" o% the a""ociation are al,ay" o&en to chane by the member"' i% they "o choo"e.
al,ay" o&en to chane by the member"' i% they "o choo"e. <.
<. %ncusio %ncusion of A"utn of A"utss. Co"t adult &ermanent re"ident" "hould hae the %ull riht" o%. Co"t adult &ermanent re"ident" "hould hae the %ull riht" o% citien" that are im&lied by the %ir"t %our criteria. (&.:?68)
citien" that are im&lied by the %ir"t %our criteria. (&.:?68) 3+H !+>S> 2R#!>R#A/
3+H !+>S> 2R#!>R#A/
>ach o% the"e criteria are nece""airy i% the
>ach o% the"e criteria are nece""airy i% the member" are to be member" are to be treated eually in determinintreated eually in determinin the the &olicie" o% the
&olicie" o% the a""ociatia""ociation. #% on. #% "ome are ien reater "ome are ien reater o&&ortuno&&ortunitie" to ex&re"" their itie" to ex&re"" their ie,ie,' their ' their &olicy i"&olicy i" more li$ely to
more li$ely to &reail. #% ote" aren*t &reail. #% ote" aren*t ,eihed eually,eihed eually' &erha&" bound ' &erha&" bound to their "ie' to their "ie' larer &eo&le couldlarer &eo&le could ado&t &olicie" %aourable %or lare &eo&le.
ado&t &olicie" %aourable %or lare &eo&le. !he third a""um&tion ,a" %ir"t
!he third a""um&tion ,a" %ir"t &ut %orth by &ut %orth by 7ericle" in :12>- Our ordinary citien"' thouh7ericle" in :12>- Our ordinary citien"' thouh occu&ied ,ith the &ur"uit" o% indu"try' are "till %air Eude" o% &ublic matter"K LMN and in"tead o% loo$in occu&ied ,ith the &ur"uit" o% indu"try' are "till %air Eude" o% &ublic matter"K LMN and in"tead o% loo$in
on di"cu""ion a" a "tumblin bloc$ in the ,ay o% action' ,e thin$ it an indi"&en"able &reliminary to any on di"cu""ion a" a "tumblin bloc$ in the ,ay o% action' ,e thin$ it an indi"&en"able &reliminary to any ,i"e action.
,i"e action.
!he %inal t,o a""ure that the %ir"t three aren*t coertly inored by "ome member". !he %inal t,o a""ure that the %ir"t three aren*t coertly inored by "ome member". SOC> 2RB2#A; PB>S!#O4S
SOC> 2RB2#A; PB>S!#O4S
!hi" i" not the an",er to the ue"tion ,hat i" democracy' but merely a ood "tart. #t "ue"t" !hi" i" not the an",er to the ue"tion ,hat i" democracy' but merely a ood "tart. #t "ue"t" a ood many more ue"tion". For in"tance' are the"e criteria a&&licable to a %ull "cale a""ociation' li$e a a ood many more ue"tion". For in"tance' are the"e criteria a&&licable to a %ull "cale a""ociation' li$e a oernment o% a "tate/
oernment o% a "tate/
3e can. !he &rimary %ocu" o% democratic idea" ha" lon been the "tate. !he in"titution" ,e 3e can. !he &rimary %ocu" o% democratic idea" ha" lon been the "tate. !he in"titution" ,e thi
thin$ n$ o% o% a" a" chcharaaractecteri"ri"titic" c" o% o% dedemocmocraracy cy are are &r&rimaimarilrily y dedeelelo&o&ed ed a" a" meamean" n" %or %or demdemococratratiiiinn oernment o% "tate". +o,eer' no "tate ha" eer %ully mea"ered u& to the"e criteria' nor i" li$ely to. oernment o% "tate". +o,eer' no "tate ha" eer %ully mea"ered u& to the"e criteria' nor i" li$ely to. !he
!he cricriterteria ia &ro&roiide de "er"ericiceaeable ble "ta"tandndardard" " %or %or memea"ua"urinrin the the achachieieemeement" nt" anand d &o&o""i""ibibilitlitie" ie" o%o% democratic a""ociation.
democratic a""ociation.
#" it reali"tic to thin$ that an a""ociation could eer %ully meet the"e criteria/ 7robably not. Are #" it reali"tic to thin$ that an a""ociation could eer %ully meet the"e criteria/ 7robably not. Are they Eu"t uto&ian ho&e"/ #t only &roide" a mea"ure' and can "ere
they Eu"t uto&ian ho&e"/ #t only &roide" a mea"ure' and can "ere a" uide" %or "ha&in and re"ha&ina" uide" %or "ha&in and re"ha&in in"titution" and con"titution" ali$e.
in"titution" and con"titution" ali$e.
#% the criteria ,ould "ere a" u"e%ul uide"' are they all ,e need %or de"inin democratic #% the criteria ,ould "ere a" u"e%ul uide"' are they all ,e need %or de"inin democratic &olitical in"titution"/ 4o. !here are too many ariable" to an a""ociation ,hich cannot be included. &olitical in"titution"/ 4o. !here are too many ariable" to an a""ociation ,hich cannot be included.
#%
#% oneone" " ie,ie," " are acce&tare acce&ted ed ,ith,ithout challeout challene' ,hy ne' ,hy "ho"hould ,e uld ,e belbeliee that iee that demdemocraocracy cy i"i" de"irable
de"irable/ And i% not' / And i% not' ,hy "hould ,e ,hy "hould ,e beliee in &olitical euallitybeliee in &olitical euallity/ #% / #% ,e don*t beliee in ,e don*t beliee in eualityeuality' ,hy' ,hy "hould ,e beliee in democracy/
"hould ,e beliee in democracy/
Chapter $: Why De
Chapter $: Why Democracy"
mocracy"
Page 44-6& Page 44-6&
#n thi" cha&ter' Dahl ,ill re%er to democracy a" actual %orm" o% oernment' not the ideal %orm. #n thi" cha&ter' Dahl ,ill re%er to democracy a" actual %orm" o% oernment' not the ideal %orm. Democracy &roduce" de"irable con"euence" (%iure <' &.<)
Democracy &roduce" de"irable con"euence" (%iure <' &.<) 1.
1. AAoidin oidin tyrannytyranny .
. >""ential >""ential riht"riht" :.
:. 5eneral 5eneral %reedom%reedom .
. Sel% Sel% determinationdetermination <.
<. Coral Coral autonomyautonomy =.
=. +uman +uman Deelo&mentDeelo&ment ?.
?. 7rotectin e""ential 7rotectin e""ential &er"onal &er"onal intere"t"intere"t" 8.
8. 7olitical euality7olitical euality
#n addition' modern democracie" #n addition' modern democracie" &roduce-9. 7eace6"ee$in
9. 7eace6"ee$in 1. 7ro"&erity 1. 7ro"&erity
non6democratic reime" hae o%ten tried to Eu"ti%y their rule by ino$in the ancient and &er"i"tant non6democratic reime" hae o%ten tried to Eu"ti%y their rule by ino$in the ancient and &er"i"tant claim that mo"t &eo&le are Eu"t
claim that mo"t &eo&le are Eu"t not com&etent to &artici&ate in oerninnot com&etent to &artici&ate in oernin a a "tate' im&lyin they need to"tate' im&lyin they need to leae &olitic" to the ,i"e %e, (or Eu"t one). #n one %orm or another the conte"t oer oernment by the leae &olitic" to the ,i"e %e, (or Eu"t one). #n one %orm or another the conte"t oer oernment by the one' the %e,' or the many "till exi"t". 3hy "hould ,e beliee democracy i" mo"t de"irable/ ("ee one' the %e,' or the many "till exi"t". 3hy "hould ,e beliee democracy i" mo"t de"irable/ ("ee "ummation aboe).
"ummation aboe). 1.
1. 'e(ocracy 'e(ocracy !eps !eps to to prevprevent ent govern(egovern(ent nt )y )y crue crue an" an" vicious vicious autocratsautocrats . . !h!he e mmoo"t"t %undamental &roblem in &olitic" i" to aoid autocratic rule' ,hich they ,ould u"e to "ere their o,n %undamental &roblem in &olitic" i" to aoid autocratic rule' ,hich they ,ould u"e to "ere their o,n
end". !he co"t" o% de"&otal rule rial tho"e o% di"ea"e' %amine and ,ar. >xam&le" he name" are Stalin end". !he co"t" o% de"&otal rule rial tho"e o% di"ea"e' %amine and ,ar. >xam&le" he name" are Stalin (%a
(%amimine' ne' &ri&ri"on "on camcam&")&")' ' +it+itler ler (33(33' ' +ol+olocaocau"u"t)' t)' 7ol 7ol 7ot 7ot (*"(*"elel%6i%6in%ln%licticteded* * enenociocide)de). . 7o&7o&ulaularr oernment" aren*t %ree o% blemi"he"' and o%ten act unEu"tly or cruelly to,ard &eo&le out"ide their oernment" aren*t %ree o% blemi"he"' and o%ten act unEu"tly or cruelly to,ard &eo&le out"ide their border". !o &reent in%licted harm on &er"on" ,ithin their border"' "u%%rae ,a" extended durin the border". !o &reent in%licted harm on &er"on" ,ithin their border"' "u%%rae ,a" extended durin the 19
19thth and and thth century' becau"e &eo&le ,ere then con"idered eual. century' becau"e &eo&le ,ere then con"idered eual.
+o,eer' couldn*t the maEority in%lict harm on the minority by ,hat i" called the tiranny o% the +o,eer' couldn*t the maEority in%lict harm on the minority by ,hat i" called the tiranny o% the maEority
maEority/ !hi" i" / !hi" i" not an ea"y an",er' a" eery ado&ted la, or not an ea"y an",er' a" eery ado&ted la, or &olicy i" bound to in%lict harm on &olicy i" bound to in%lict harm on "ome"ome &eo&le. !he i""ue i" ,hether in the lon run a democratic &roce"" i" li$ely to do le"" harm to the &eo&le. !he i""ue i" ,hether in the lon run a democratic &roce"" i" li$ely to do le"" harm to the %undament
%undamental riht" and al riht" and intere"tintere"t" o% " o% it" citien" than it" citien" than any nondemocratic alternaany nondemocratic alternatie. ecau"e democratictie. ecau"e democratic o
oerernmenmentnt" " hahae e a a bebettetter r ababiliility ty o% o% blobloc$ic$in n ababu"u"ie ie auautoctocratratic ic rulrule' e' demdemocrocraciacie" e" meemeet t thithi"" reuirement better than other %orm" o% oernment.
reuirement better than other %orm" o% oernment. .
. 'e(ocracy 'e(ocracy guarantguarantees ees its its citi*ens citi*ens a a nu()er nu()er of of fun"a(entfun"a(enta a rig!ts rig!ts t!at t!at non"e(ocnon"e(ocraticratic syste(s "o not+ an" cannot+ grant
syste(s "o not+ an" cannot+ grant . Democracy i" inherently a "y"tem o% riht"' they are the e""ential. Democracy i" inherently a "y"tem o% riht"' they are the e""ential buildin bloc$" o% a democratic &roce"". !o meet certain "tandard"' li$e e%%ectie &artici&ation' a citien buildin bloc$" o% a democratic &roce"". !o meet certain "tandard"' li$e e%%ectie &artici&ation' a citien need" the riht to &artici&ate and a riht to ex&re"" their ie,". 4ondemocratic "y"tem" don*t o%%er need" the riht to &artici&ate and a riht to ex&re"" their ie,". 4ondemocratic "y"tem" don*t o%%er the"e riht"' becau"e i% they do' they*d become democracie".
the"e riht"' becau"e i% they do' they*d become democracie".
A &romi"e o% the"e riht" (,hether in ,ritin' la, or con"titution) i" not enouh' they need to be A &romi"e o% the"e riht" (,hether in ,ritin' la, or con"titution) i" not enouh' they need to be e%
e%%ec%ectitiely ely en%en%orcorced ed anand d aaailailablable e to to citcitieien". n". #% #% notnot' ' the the ddemoemocracracycy i" i" mermerely ely a a %a%acadcade e %o%orr nondemocratic rule (Ru""iaQ). #% and ,hen many citien" %ail to under"tand that democracy reuire" nondemocratic rule (Ru""iaQ). #% and ,hen many citien" %ail to under"tand that democracy reuire" certain %undamen
certain %undamental riht" or tal riht" or %ail to "u&&ort the %ail to "u&&ort the in"titutioin"titution" that &rotect tho"e riht"' n" that &rotect tho"e riht"' their democracy i"their democracy i" in daner. !hi" daner i" reduced by a third bene%it.
in daner. !hi" daner i" reduced by a third bene%it. :.
:. 'e(ocracy 'e(ocracy insurinsures es its its citi*ens citi*ens a a )roa)roa"er "er range range of of personapersona freefree"o( "o( t!an t!an any any feasi)efeasi)e aternati
aternative to ve to it,it, A belie% in the de"irability o% democracy doe" not A belie% in the de"irability o% democracy doe" not exi"t in i"olation %rom exi"t in i"olation %rom other belie%"'other belie%"' but i"
but i" &art o% a &art o% a clu"terclu"ter. >en . >en i% the i% the "tate i" aboli"hed (many anarchi"t*" oal)' coercion o% "ome &er"on""tate i" aboli"hed (many anarchi"t*" oal)' coercion o% "ome &er"on" by other &er"on"' rou&" or a""ociation" i" li$ely' robbin the %ruit" o% one*" labour and in addition re6 by other &er"on"' rou&" or a""ociation" i" li$ely' robbin the %ruit" o% one*" labour and in addition re6 creatin a coercie "tate in order to "ecure their o,n domination.
creatin a coercie "tate in order to "ecure their o,n domination. .
. 'e(ocracy !eps peope to 'e(ocracy !eps peope to protprotect t!eir ect t!eir on fun"a(enta intereston fun"a(enta interests,s, a"ic human riht" (#.ea"ic human riht" (#.e "urial' "helter' %ood' etc.) i" de"ired by all. !heir order may di%%er %rom &er"on to &er"on' and "urial' "helter' %ood' etc.) i" de"ired by all. !heir order may di%%er %rom &er"on to &er"on' and democracy ma$e" "ure you hae the o&&ortunity to choo"e ,hich oal" are mo"t im&ortant to you. A" democracy ma$e" "ure you hae the o&&ortunity to choo"e ,hich oal" are mo"t im&ortant to you. A" J.S. Cill &ut it- o% a" unier"al truth and a&&licability a" any eneral &ro&o"ition" ,hich can be laid J.S. Cill &ut it- o% a" unier"al truth and a&&licability a" any eneral &ro&o"ition" ,hich can be laid do,n re"&ectin human a%%air" i" that the riht" and intere"t" o% eery or any &er"on are "ecure %rom do,n re"&ectin human a%%air" i" that the riht" and intere"t" o% eery or any &er"on are "ecure %rom bein di"rearded ,hen the &er"on i" him"el% able' and habitually di"&o"ed' to "tand u& %or them. LMN bein di"rearded ,hen the &er"on i" him"el% able' and habitually di"&o"ed' to "tand u& %or them. LMN +uman bein" are only "ecure %rom eil at the hand" o% other" in &ro&ortion a" they hae the &o,er o% +uman bein" are only "ecure %rom eil at the hand" o% other" in &ro&ortion a" they hae the &o,er o% bein' and are' "el%6&rotectin.
bein' and are' "el%6&rotectin.
Dahl aree"K een i% included in the electorate' you can*t be certain all your intere"t" ,ill be Dahl aree"K een i% included in the electorate' you can*t be certain all your intere"t" ,ill be adeuately &rotected. ut i% excluded' you $no, %or "ure your intere"t" ,ill be harmed by nelect or adeuately &rotected. ut i% excluded' you $no, %or "ure your intere"t" ,ill be harmed by nelect or outriht damae. #nclu"ion >xclu"ion.
outriht damae. #nclu"ion >xclu"ion. <.
<. .ny a "e(ocratic govern(ent can provi"e a (a/i(u( opportunity for persons to e/ercise t!e.ny a "e(ocratic govern(ent can provi"e a (a/i(u( opportunity for persons to e/ercise t!e free"o( of sef-"eter(ination-t!at is+ to ive un"er as of t!eir on c!oosing,
free"o( of sef-"eter(ination-t!at is+ to ive un"er as of t!eir on c!oosing, ;iin a "ati"%actory li%e;iin a "ati"%actory li%e can*t be ,ithout other"' but liin ,ith other" mean" you can*t al,ay" do ,hat you li$e. 3hat you can*t be ,ithout other"' but liin ,ith other" mean" you can*t al,ay" do ,hat you li$e. 3hat you ,ould li$e to do con%lict" ,ith ,hat other" ,ould li$e to do. ein a member o% a rou&' you hae to ,ould li$e to do con%lict" ,ith ,hat other" ,ould li$e to do. ein a member o% a rou&' you hae to adEu"t to the rule" or &ractice" o% the rou&. #% you can*t im&o"e your ,i"he" by %orce' you ,ould hae adEu"t to the rule" or &ractice" o% the rou&. #% you can*t im&o"e your ,i"he" by %orce' you ,ould hae to come to an areement.
to come to an areement.
+o, can you be %ree to choo"e the la," o% the "tate' but not be %ree to di"obey them/ #% +o, can you be %ree to choo"e the la," o% the "tate' but not be %ree to di"obey them/ #% eeryone aree" unanimou"ly on la,"' there i" no need %or la," (&erha&" to "ere a" reminder). eeryone aree" unanimou"ly on la,"' there i" no need %or la," (&erha&" to "ere a" reminder). +o,e
+o,eerer' ' unaunaniminimity ty i" i" mo"tmo"tly ly "hor"hort t lilied' ed' &er%&er%ect ect con"con"en"uen"u" " unatunattaintainableable. . #n #n %orm%ormin in la," in la," in aa democracy' it i" &o""ible to ma$e your o&inion $no,n. #% la, i" enacted' it i" %act.
democracy' it i" &o""ible to ma$e your o&inion $no,n. #% la, i" enacted' it i" %act. =.
=. .ny a "e(ocratic govern(ent can provi"e a (a/i(u( opportunity for e/ercising (ora.ny a "e(ocratic govern(ent can provi"e a (a/i(u( opportunity for e/ercising (ora re
deci"ion" that de&end on the"e &rinci&le" only a%ter you hae enaed in a thouht%ul &roce"" o% deci"ion" that de&end on the"e &rinci&le" only a%ter you hae enaed in a thouht%ul &roce"" o% re%lection' deliberation' "crutiny and con"ideration o% alternatie" and their con"euence". ut ho, can re%lection' deliberation' "crutiny and con"ideration o% alternatie" and their con"euence". ut ho, can you be re"&on"ible %or deci"ion" that you cannot control/ #% the democratic &roce"" maximie" your you be re"&on"ible %or deci"ion" that you cannot control/ #% the democratic &roce"" maximie" your o&&ortunity to lie under la," o% your o,n choo"in then it al"o enable" you to act a" a morally o&&ortunity to lie under la," o% your o,n choo"in then it al"o enable" you to act a" a morally re"&on"ible &er"on.
re"&on"ible &er"on. ?.
?. 'e(ocracy 'e(ocracy fosters fosters !u(an !u(an "eveop"eveop(ent (ent (ore (ore fuy fuy t!an t!an any any feasi)e feasi)e aternatiaternative,ve, !hi"!hi" a""e
a""ertiortion n i" i" hihhihly ly &lau&lau"ibl"ible' e' but un&robut un&roen. At en. At birtbirth' h' &eo&eo&le &le hae the hae the &ot&otentiential al o% o% liiliin n moramorallylly re"&on"ible. +o, much o% that i" deelo&ed de&end" on many circum"tance" and amon tho"e i" the re"&on"ible. +o, much o% that i" deelo&ed de&end" on many circum"tance" and amon tho"e i" the nature o% the
nature o% the &olitica&olitical "l "y"tem that &er"on i" y"tem that &er"on i" born underborn under. 4ondemocratic "y"tem" redu" the . 4ondemocratic "y"tem" redu" the "co&e ,ithin"co&e ,ithin ,hich adult" can act to &rotect their o,n intere"t"' con"ider tho"e o% other"' ta$e re"&on"ibility %or ,hich adult" can act to &rotect their o,n intere"t"' con"ider tho"e o% other"' ta$e re"&on"ibility %or im&ortant deci"ion
im&ortant deci"ion" and " and enae %reely ,ith other" to enae %reely ,ith other" to come to an come to an areemenareement. Democratic oernment i"t. Democratic oernment i" not enouh to in"ure that &eo&le deelo& the"e ualitie"' but it i" e""ential.
not enouh to in"ure that &eo&le deelo& the"e ualitie"' but it i" e""ential. 8.
8. .ny a "e(ocratic govern(ent can foster a reativey !ig! "egree of poitica equaity,.ny a "e(ocratic govern(ent can foster a reativey !ig! "egree of poitica equaity, 3hy3hy "hould ,e &lace a alue on &olitical euality/ !he an",er i" %ar %rom "el%6eident' and Dahl &romi"e" "hould ,e &lace a alue on &olitical euality/ !he an",er i" %ar %rom "el%6eident' and Dahl &romi"e" to ex&lain the de"irability in the %ollo,in t,o cha&ter" and ,hy it %ollo," i% ,e acce&t "eeral to ex&lain the de"irability in the %ollo,in t,o cha&ter" and ,hy it %ollo," i% ,e acce&t "eeral rea"onable a""um&tion" that &robably mo"t o% do beliee in.
rea"onable a""um&tion" that &robably mo"t o% do beliee in. 9.
9. 0o"ern repr 0o"ern representativesentative "e(ocracies "o e "e(ocracies "o not fig!t not fig!t ars it! ars it! one anot!erone anot!er,, !hi" adantae ,a"!hi" adantae ,a" larely un&redicted and unex&ected' but eidence i" oer,helmin. O% : ,ar" bet,een 19< and larely un&redicted and unex&ected' but eidence i" oer,helmin. O% : ,ar" bet,een 19< and 1989' none occurred amon democratic countrie"' neither ha" there been any &re&aration %or one. !hey 1989' none occurred amon democratic countrie"' neither ha" there been any &re&aration %or one. !hey did
did %ih%iht t nondnondemocemocratiratic c coucountrintrie"' e"' im&oim&o"ed "ed colcoloniaonial l rule and rule and inteinter%err%ered ed in in &oli&oliticatical l li%e o% li%e o% otheotherr countrie" (een ,ea$enin or oerthro,in ,ea$ oernment"). Democratic citien" and leader" learn countrie" (een ,ea$enin or oerthro,in ,ea$ oernment"). Democratic citien" and leader" learn the
the art art o% o% comcom&ro&romimi"e. "e. !he!hey y "ee "ee &eo&eo&le &le %ro%rom m othother er demdemocrocraciacie" e" a" a" lele"" "" thrthreateatenienin' n' momore re li$li$ee them"ele"' more tru"t,orthy. !here i" a &redi"&o"ition to "ee$ &eace rather than ,ar.
them"ele"' more tru"t,orthy. !here i" a &redi"&o"ition to "ee$ &eace rather than ,ar. 1.
1. $ountries it! "e(ocratic govern(ents ten" to )e (ore prosperous t!an countries it!$ountries it! "e(ocratic govern(ents ten" to )e (ore prosperous t!an countries it! non"
non"e(oce(ocratiratic c govgovern(ern(entsents,, >x&>x&lanlanatiation on i" i" &ar&artly tly %o%ound und in in the the a%a%%in%inity ity bebet,et,een en rere&re&re"en"entattatieie oernment and a mar$et economy' ,here mar$et" are mo"tly unreulated' ,or$er" %ree to chane oernment and a mar$et economy' ,here mar$et" are mo"tly unreulated' ,or$er" %ree to chane Eob"'
Eob"' &riately o,ned &riately o,ned com&aniecom&anie" " com&ete %or com&ete %or "ale" and "ale" and re"ourcere"ource"' "' and and con"umercon"umer" " can can choo"e amonchoo"e amon ood" and "erice". All modern democratic oernment" hae mar$et economie" and a country ,ith a ood" and "erice". All modern democratic oernment" hae mar$et economie" and a country ,ith a mar$et economy i" more li$ely to be &ro"&erou"' ero a modern democratic country i" more li$ely to be mar$et economy i" more li$ely to be &ro"&erou"' ero a modern democratic country i" more li$ely to be al"o rich.
al"o rich. Dem
Democrocratiatic c cocountuntrierie" " %o%o"te"ter r the the edueducatcation ion o% o% thetheir ir &eo&eo&l&le. e. RulRule e o% o% lala, , i" i" momore re "tr"trononlyly "u"tained' court" are more inde&endent' &ro&erty riht" are more "ecure' contractual areement" more "u"tained' court" are more inde&endent' &ro&erty riht" are more "ecure' contractual areement" more e%%ectiely en%orced and economic interention by &olitician" i" le"" li$ely. Furthermore' democracie" e%%ectiely en%orced and economic interention by &olitician" i" le"" li$ely. Furthermore' democracie" rely on communication' "ee$in and exchanin in%ormation i" ea"ier and le"" danerou" than in mo"t rely on communication' "ee$in and exchanin in%ormation i" ea"ier and le"" danerou" than in mo"t nondemocratic reime". !hi" create" a more ho"&itable enironment in ,hich to achiee the adantae" nondemocratic reime". !hi" create" a more ho"&itable enironment in ,hich to achiee the adantae" o%
o% marmar$et $et ececononomiomie" e" anand d ececonoonomimic c roro,th,th. . +o,+o,eeerer' ' mamar$er$et t ececonoonomiemie" " alal"o "o meamean n ececononomiomicc ineuality' ,hich could mean a dimini"hed &olitical euality amon the citien".
ineuality' ,hich could mean a dimini"hed &olitical euality amon the citien".
Chapter %: Why Political &'(ality )I*"
Chapter %: Why Political &'(ality )I*" %ntrinsic Equaity
%ntrinsic Equaity,,
Page 62-61 Page 62-61
3hy "hould the
3hy "hould the rihriht" t" necenece""ary to ""ary to a a demodemocratcratic ic &roc&roce"" o% e"" o% oeoerninrnin be be extextendeendedd equaequayy amonamon citien"/
citien"/
#S >PBA;#!H S>;F >@#D>4!/ #S >PBA;#!H S>;F >@#D>4!/
!he American Declaration o% #nde&endence held euality amon men a" "el%6eident. 2ritic" !he American Declaration o% #nde&endence held euality amon men a" "el%6eident. 2ritic" di"mi""ed the"e a""ertion" a" em&ty rhetoric. 2allin it hy&ocri"y' a" the"e riht" ,here not extended to di"mi""ed the"e a""ertion" a" em&ty rhetoric. 2allin it hy&ocri"y' a" the"e riht" ,here not extended to
