Competition_Science_Vision_july09

In This Issue

In This Issue

In This Issue

Editor/Publisher is not responsible for views, data, figures etc. expressed in the articles by the authors.

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No part of this publication can be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission from the publishers.

Edited, printed and published by Mahendra Jain for M/s. Pratiyogita Darpan, 2/11A, SwadeshiBima Nagar, AGRA–2 and printed by him at Pratiyogita Darpan Printing Unit, 5 & 6, Bye pass Road, Agra. Phone : 4053333, 2531101, 2530966 Fax

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Regulars

Science and Technology 537

Latest General Knowledge 539

Science Tips 543

Physics

Thermal Physics-II 545

Atomic Physics-VII 554

Typical Model Paper 558

Typical Model Paper 565

Chemistry

Electrochemistry 571

Aromatic Compounds : A General Survey 581

Typical Model Paper 589

Typical Model Paper 593

Zoology

Chromosomal Aberrations 598

The Ear 602

Human Respiratory System 606

Typical Model Paper 613

Typical Model Paper 616

Botany

Beverages : Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic 618

Cyanobacteria 621

Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 626

Typical Model Paper 629

Typical Model Paper 632

Typical Model Paper 635

Other

Other

Other

Other

Other Features

Features

Features

Features

Features

Assertion and Reason Type Questions 638

True or False 641

Do You Know ? 645

General Awareness 649

Mental Ability Test 651

Correct Solution and Prize Winners of CSV Quiz No. 131 655

To Our Readers

FORTHCOMING COMPETITIVE EXAMS.

Dear Readers,

It gives us great pleasure and a sense of satisfaction in presenting to you the July issue of your favourite and frontline magazine ‘Competition Science Vision’. By this time almost all PMTs are over and their results are declared. Those of you who have not been successful and the freshers are now planning for the next pre-medical examinations. If somehow not, start it soon with all seriousness. CSV has also started giving text and other reading material from the beginning of the syllabus. We again assure you that CSV is a unique magazine that meets all your requirements. It is second to none in this field. It purposely avoids giving all unnecessary material which is time-consuming and energy-wasting. Our vast experience of pre-medical examinations has made this magazine totally examination– oriented and covers almost all the major pre-medical tests held in the country.

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2009

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_1A

For welfare and progress, a life of discipline is very essential whether it be an individual, a group, a society or a nation. For that matter it may be a case of the world.

It may be mentioned that for want of a discipline, most of our country men appear dejected, pulled downorwithoutanyenthusiasm. They seem to be having no goal of life.

It is a well known fact the three factors—Family, atmosphere, edu-cational system and political thinking go to form the personality of persons.

In the family the individual learns to live in discipline, to obey elders and to lead a cooperative and tolerant life. These things go a long way in making the individual useful to the society and the nation. Aristotle has rightly said that “State is an enlarged form of the family.” The present deve-lopment of civilization owes much to the good traditions and development of the families from generation to generation.

To draw out the best, specially the latent powers of the child ought to be the main function of an edu-cational system. To make a perfect man of an individual has also always, been considered the chief aim of education. The aim of the education is the all round development of the individual. This, like the family, goes a long way in making the individual an useful instrument in giving proper and designed shape to the nation. The present system of education, which is the legacy of the British rule has been only partially useful in this respect. Although many people find faults in the present system of education yet we will say that the present system has its own merits. In case otherwise it should not have produced big persons like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekanand, Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi and others. Looking at different aspects ofthe role in the development of the person and the state it may be very easily said that discipline in family and education life has a great role to play in the formation of the person, society and the nation.

In the present set up of the society, politics and political thinking have acquired top priority. From the personal life the national interests all depend on politics. We can easily say that the life of the nation has become politically biased Herbert Spencer had forseen the present conditions when he wrote, “You may leave politics, the politics will not leave you.”

The multi party system in our country has made confusion worse confounded. The main reason is that the party leaders have very little sense of discipline, they have little respect for the declared objects of the party and are only running after seeking pelf and power. The result is that they are hardly making any social or national progress and are fast loosing values of life.

People are often heard to say that the present politics has no place for the intelligent or the intellectual. They often are unpalatable meta-phors for the political system. Be as it may, the political life of the country has failed to make any contribution for discipline of the people at large.

We should pause a little to think how far our family life, educational system and political system have been successful in disciplining people and develop in them the human quality. The answer may be dis-appointing but we need not be dejected. History tells us that there were times when things had gone worse—But people of firm deter-mination led a life of strict discipline and thus impacted their neighbour-hood. In the modern times Mahatma Gandhi has been a glaring example of such people. He by his personal example made many persons to lead a disciplined life which ultimately formed a big discipline party.

Education means drawing out of all latent powers and all round deve-lopment of faculties of the human being. It means that certain rules and regulations are to be followed where proper education is concerned. This is nothing but observing a certain discipline. On the path of meditation or spirituality, some discipline, namely Raj Yoga, Dhyana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga or Hath Yoga is tobefollowed. Where development is concerned, discipline plays a very important role.

They say that humanity has become civilized through discipline. We forget that the persons whom we call natives or man of jungle also follow certainrules of conduct and are in a way leading a disciplined life. In the community of abonimals, certain rules of discipline and conduct are followed. In short, where there is human society, there is discipline, because without it, no life is possible.

When there is no discipline, there is confusion, disorder and ultimately war, but in war also certain rules are to be followed, the soldiers lead a life of ‘do or die’ discipline and then fight the war. In short, in both, dis-order and peace, discipline is indis-pensable. Therefore, let us remember that discipline is the life blood of the human society, without it, no life is possible.

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❥ Everything appears coloured to the jaundiced eye.

❥ However clever you are, there is someone cleverer than you. ❥ If you don’t crack the shell, you can’t eat the nut.

❥ Using threats of suspension as a major strategy for maintaining discipline does not go a long way.

❥ Sooner or later the man who wins is the man who thinks he can. ❥ Prefer a loss to a dishonest gain; the one brings pain at the

mo-ment, the other for all time.

❥ The humblest citizen of all land, when clad in the armour of righ-teous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error.

❥ To be vanquished and yet not surrender, that is victory.

❥ What you cannot say before your enemy, do not say before your friend.

❥ Criticism breeds criticism.

❥ Is not country more important than community ?

❥ There are some students who are playing the fool at the back of the class but such are surely the boys who roam the streets in the end.

❥ Be neither saint, nor sophist-led, but a man. ❥ Praise is a debt, flattery is a present.

❥ Success is never ending, failure is never final. ❥ Be the best you can be.

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Rebirth of Hubble Space

Telescope

The Hubble space telescope, the object of NASA’s fifth and the last servicing mission, is a veritable time machine that has revolutionalised humankind’s vision and comprehen-sion of the universe. Put into orbit at an altitude of 600 km by the shuttle Discovery on April 25, 1990, Hubble has transmitted more than 7,50,000 spectacular images and streams of data from the ends of the Universe, opening a new era. But the Hubble telescope, the fruit of a collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency, had a troubled start and did not become operational until three years after its deployment.

Its lense in effect had to be fixed because of a flaw in its shape, a sen-sitive operation that was not carried out until 1993 in the first shuttle-borne service mission, which installed corrective lenses. From that timeo n Hubbles p a c etelescope transmitted stupefying images of supernovas, gigantic explosions that marked the death of a star and revealed mysterious black holes in the centre of virtually all galaxies.

Helping Hand : In this image taken from NASA video, Hubble is captured by the space shuttle Atlantis’ robotic arm as it begins its mission to service the space telescope.

Thanks to these observations, delivered with 10 times clarity of the most powerful telescopes on the Earth, the astronomers have been able to confirm that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate and to calculate its age with greater

precision as an estimated 13·7 billion years. The universe’s acceleration

is the result of an unknown force dubbed dark energy that consti-tutesthree-quartersof the Universe and counterbalances the force of gravity. The rest of the cosmos is composed of five per cent visible matter and about 20% shadow matter or anti-matter.

Among the other discoveries, credited to Hubble, figures the detec-tion of the first organic molecule in the atmosphere of a planet orbiting another star and the fact that the process of formation of planets and solar systems is relatively common in our galaxy, the Milky Way. Hubble also has observed small proto-galaxies that were emitting rays of light when the Universe was less than a billion years old, the farthest back in time that a telescope has been able to peer so far.

Eye in the sky : A few of the stunning images taken by the Hubble space tele-scope over the years.

In space, Hubble was captured by the space shuttle Atlantis’ robotic arm as it began its mission to service the space telescope. Two astronauts Mike Massimino and Mike Good emerged from the airlock of the shuttle Atlantis and began work on Space Telescope.

In addition to the partial revival of the Advanced Camera for surveys, theyinstalledtwo new scientific instru-ments and a crucial science computer as well as replaced gyroscopes and batteries to sustain the Observatory’s pointing and power systems. The overhauling prepared Hubble to search for the oldest and the most

distant galaxies, map the large scale structure of the Universe and study the planet forming processes around other stars.

Thetwonewinstalledinstruments will enable Hubble to look out in time as far as 500 to 600 million years after the Universe’s birth with the big bang.

Closer to home, Hubble has observed radical changes in the direction of Saturn’s winds and revealed that Neptune has seasons. Hubblehas also examined mysterious lightning flashes on Jupiter and taken astonishing pictures of Mars.

New York-Sized Ice Shelf

Collapses in Antarctic

An area of ice shelf, almost the size of New York City, broke into ice-bergs in April 2009 after the collapse of an ice-bridge widely blamed on global warming.

Warming Disaster (Top) A satellite image of the Wilkins Ice Shelf, taken on April 27, shows icebergs covering an area of 700 sq km that have broken off.

Professor Angelika Humbert, a glaciologist of the University of Muenster (Germany) analysed the European Space Agency Satellite images of the Shelf of Antarctic and

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came to this conclusion. She (Prof. Humbert) said about 700 sq km of ice–bigger than Singapore or Bahrain andalmost of the size of New York City–broke off the Wilkins and shattered into a mass of icebergs.

She said 370 sq km of the ice had cracked in recent days from the Shelf, the latest of about 10 shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula to retreat in a trend linked by the U.N. Climate Panel to global warming.

The new icebergs added to 330 sq km of ice that broke up earlier in April 2009withthe shattering of an ice bridge apparently pinning the Wilkins in place between Charkot island and the Antarctic Peninsula.

Nine other ice shelves have receded or collapsed around the AntarcticPeninsula during the past 50 years, often abruptly like the Larsen A in 1995 or the Larsen B in 2002. The trend is widely blamed on climate change caused by heat-trapping gases from burning fossil fuels.

Most Distant Object in

the Universe Spotted

Astronomers have spotted the most distant object in the universe, which is self-destructing star that exploded 13·1 billlion light years from Earth. It detonated just 640 million years after the big bang, around the end of the cosmic ‘dark ages’, when the first stars and galaxies were lighting up space. The object is a gamma-ray burst—the brightest type of stellar explosion. Gamma-rays bursts occur when massive spinning stars collapse to form black holes and spew out jets of gas at nearly the speed of light.

Stars ‘Eat Up’ Planets

Cannibalism is rampant in our universe. Stars ‘eat’ the exoplanets that venture near them. The new study has revealed that the exoplanets are doomed to premature deaths even before they could get close to be ripped apart by the host star’s gravity, a finding that may help explain why few exoplanets are found next to host stars. The research team

is lead by Professor Brian Jackson of the University of Arizona (U.S.A.).

In accordance with this research, a star’s gravity can put a nearby planet on a ‘fast track’ to spiralling into the star and may also cause the planetto lose much of its atmosphere. More than 300 exoplanets have been catalogued to date. Many are situated close to the host stars. But the closestin ones are commonly found some 0·05 astronomical units (AU) from their host stars. But, no one is sure why the planets seem to pile up there. Very close to a star, at a boundary called the Roche limit, planets are dismembered by the star’s gravity. But the migration of planets seems to stop there ? Some models suggest gas and dust in the disc around a star could drag the planets inward.

Forthcoming Space

Telescopes to Peek into

Future

A couple of space telescopes, that are going to be launched very shortly, will answer some of the biggest questions of the universe. Scientists hope that the probes will answer questions such as how did we get to, where we are now, and where are we likely to end up.

Each telescope is designed to probe the deepest reaches of space to unravel the origins of matter, from the earliest beginnings of the universe, some 13·7 billion years ago to the creation of the stars, galaxies and planets. One of the telescopes called, ‘Planck’, will study in unprecedented detail of the ancient ‘fossilized’ radiation left over as a relic of the big bang. The analysis could help to explain how the universe formed through a process of rapid expansion in the first fractions of a second after the big bang itself.

The other space telescope to be launched is ‘Herschel’. It will concen-trateonthe invisible, infrared radiation emitted by the star-forming regions of the galaxies on the hope of explaining how stellar objects from stars like the Sun to planets such as Earth, can

form from clouds of cosmic gas, dust and debris. Scientists involved in the twin missions hope that the data gleaned from instruments on board each space telescope will enable them to fill in the remaining mysteries of how the universe came into exis-tence, how it evolved and how it is likely to end—if indeed it ever will.

Flowers May Bloom on

Jupiter’s Icy Moon

Scientists have suggested that spacecraft should hunt for signs of life on Jupiter’s ice-covered moon, Europa, since it would be detectable there in the form of blooming flowers.

Life could be visible from orbiting spacecraft, however, if it made a hole in cracks in Europa’s shell that con-nect the surface to the interior, physicist and futurist, Professor Freeman Dyson reported. Such life might take the form of flowers that focus sunlight on the interior of the plant.

Europa flowers could be detect-able through retro-reflection, an optical effect that is seen in light reflected from animals’ eyes.

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UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2

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Whitley Award—Wildlife

bio-logist M. D. Madhusudan has been awarded the Whitley Award in recog-nition of his work to reduce human-wildlife conflict. He is the Director of the Mysore-based Nature Conser-vation Foundation. The award carries a cash of £ 30,000.

Nikkei Asia Prize—Kiran

Mazumdar Shaw, Chairman and Managing Director of ‘Biocon’ has been awarded the Nikkei Asia Prize, 2009 for promoting regional growth in Asia. Former winners of this award are the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh’s Nobel Laureate, Mohammad Yunus.

Elected

FRCP—Neuropsychia-trist E.S.Krishnamoorthy Professor of the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Chennai, has been elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) for his contributions to the advancement of neurology. This is one of the most prestigious inter-national honour for a physician.

BOOKS

Payment for Ecosystem Ser-vices—Pushpam Kumar and Roldan Muradian (The book consists of a

variety of issues dealing with the evaluation of ecosystems and chal-lenges to PES (Payment for Eco-system Services).

Ancient to Modern—Ishita Banerjee Dube and Saurabh Dube

(This enthology explores different aspects of religion in the context of identity and articulation of power).

Money, Finance and Political Economy—Deena Khakhate (The

book is a collection of selected writ-ings. The essays dealing directly with the Indian experience in economic and social development are largely polemics justifying and defending the reform process started in 1991. One of them also deals with the decline

and fall of the Indian intellectuals in post-independent India).

Democracy and Human Deve-lopment in India—Naresh Gupta

(The author has touched upon the constitutional setting, demographic profile and different aspects of human development and well-being).

DAYS

June 4—International Day of

Innocent Children Victims of Aggres-sion

June 5—World Environment Day June 25—U. N. Charter Signing

Day

June 26—International Day

against Drug Abuse and Illicit Traf-ficking

June 27—World Diabetes Day June 28—Poor’s Day

Prabhakaran—The curtains

came down on the 33-month-old-long Eelam War as the Sri Lankan military succeeded in decimating the military capabilities of the LTTE resulting in death of its all top brass including its

Roaring Tiger Silenced

Chief Velupillai Prabhakaran. He had successfully transformed the Tigers

from an archetypal guerilla outfit into a conventional army. This ultimately proved to be his downfall. He was a dogged fighter for a separate home-land for Tamils in Sri Lanka.

The 54-year-old son of a govern-ment officer, and a school dropout, Prabhakaran pioneered suicide bom-bing and cynide death for cadres under attack in war for Tamil Eelam that consumed more than 70,000 lives, including those of a score of Sinhalese and Tamil leaders apart from former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi.

Born on November 26, 1954 in the northern coastal town of Velvettithurai on the Jaffna peninsula, Prabhakaran, the youngest of four children, began attending political meetings and practising martial arts and soon became involved in the Tamil protest movement.

He got married on October 1, 1984 in Tirupporur near Chennai and had a daughter name Duwaraka and two sons—Charles Anthony and Balachandran. While Charles was killed in battlefront, the whereabouts of others are not known, but it is widely speculated that they are not in Sri Lanka.

Prakash Mehra—Noted film

producer-director,PrakashMehra(69) passed away on May 17 in Mumbai due to pneumonia and multiple organs failure. He is survived by three sons. Noted films produced-directed by him are—Zanjeer, Hera Pheri, Khoon Paseena, Lawaris, Muquaddar Ka Sikandar, Sharabi, Namak Halal.

Admiral S. M. Nanda—The

former Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Nanda passed away in New Delhi on May 12, 2009. He was 94. He took the charge as Navy Chief in 1970 and commanded the force successfully during the 1971 India-Pakistan war. India-Pakistan Navy was crumbled and the Indian Navy had complete control over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea.

Admiral S. M. Nanda was born in Karachi and had joined Royal Indian Navy in 1941.

Wajed Mia—Nuclear scientist

and Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s husband, Wajed Mia (66), died of prolonged illness and multiple complications in Dhaka on May 9, 2009.

General Elections 2009—India

voted decisively for continuity and stability in the general election to the 15th Lok Sabha, giving the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) another five-year term in office. People of India spoke and spoke with great clarity. In contrast to 2004, the UPA won close to 260 of the total 543 seats did not need the support of Left Parties. The allies of Congress are— Nationalist Congress Party, the All India Trinamool Congress, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, the National Conference, and the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen. Now, Manmohan Singh is the first Prime Minister since Indira Gandhi to have two full terms.

Parties and their Vote Share

Party Total seats Change from 2004 Vote share (%) Congress 206 61 29·67 BJP 116 – 22 19·29 JD (U) 20 12 1·58 CPM 16 – 27 5·52 CPI 4 – 6 1·46 BSP 21 2 6·27 AIADMK 9 9 1·79 DMK 18 2 1·91 TC 19 17 3·43 NCP 9 0 2·24 SP 23 – 13 3·44 TDP 6 1 1·53 SS 11 – 1 1·67 RLD 5 2 0·49 SAD 4 – 4 0·92 NC 3 1 0·13 RJD 4 – 20 1·31 LJP 0 – 4 0·48 TRS 2 – 3 0·63 BJD 14 3 1·35 AGP 1 – 1 0·45 INLD 0 0 0·33 JD(S) 3 0 0·89 JMM 2 – 3 0·43 IUML 2 1 0·23 IND 9 2 4·16 Others 16 – 9 8·4

The triumph of the Congress was actually an aggregation of specific successes across different states. The party retained its base in Andhra Pradesh, cut its losses in Madhya Pradesh, recovered lost ground in West Bengal, Keral and Rajasthan and combined well with its allies in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

The BJP and Left parties are the big losers in the current general election.

Ashok Chawla (New Finance Secretary)—Economic Affairs

Secre-tary, Ashok Chawla, took over as the Union Finance Secretary, succeeding Arun Ramanathan who retired. Mr. Chawla is an IAS officer of 1973 batch of Gujarat cadre.

P. K. Barbora (New Vice Chief of Air Staff)—Air Marshal P. K.

Barbora has been appointed as the new Vice Chief of Air Staff. He will assume the charge on June 1, 2009. Currently, he has been serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Western Air Command.

Deepak Verma (New Judge, Supreme Court)—Justice Deepak

Verma (61), Chief Justice of Rajas-than, has been appointed as the

Judge of Supreme Court. He hails from Madhya Pradesh and will have a tenure of about four years.

Balbir Singh Chauhan (New Judge, Appex Court)—President

PratibhaPatilcleared the appointment of Justice Balbir Singh, Chief Justice of Orissa High Court, as the judge of the Supreme Court.

Naveen Patnaik (CM, Orissa)—

Biju Janta Dal President Naveen Patnaik was sworn-in as Chief Minister of Orissa for the third conse-cutive term. Twenty other legislators were also sworn-in as the Ministers. Patnaik’s Party won 103 seats in the 147 member Assembly.

PawanChamling(CM,Sikkim)—

Pawan Chamling was sworn-in as Chief Minister of Sikkim for a fourth successive term, making him the longest serving Chief Minister in the state. Eleven other Ministers were also sworn-in. Chamling’s Sikkim Democratic Front created history by winning in all 32 Assembly seats.

D.D.Lapang(CM,Meghalaya)—

A seven member Congress and United Democratic Party coalition Ministry, headed by D. D. Lapang, was sworn-in at the Raj Bhavan Shillong.

Zuma (New President, S.A.)—

Jacob Zuma, the indefatigable fighter against apartheid was sworn-in as liberated South Africa’s fourth Presi-dent.

Dr. Manmohan

Singh—Presi-dent Pratibha Patil administered the oath of office and secrecy to Dr. Manmohan Singh as the Prime Minister of India alongwith his cabinet colleagues in Rashtrapati Bhavan on May 22, 2009. This is Dr. Singh’s second successive term.

President Pratibha Patil is administer-ing the oath of Office and Secrecy to Dr. Singh

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was born on September 26, 1932, in a village in the Punjab province of undivided India. Dr. Singh completed his Matriculation examinations from the Punjab University in 1948. His acadmic career took him from Punjab to the University of Cambridge, UK, where he earned a First Class Honours degree in Economics in 1957. Dr. Singh followed this with a D. Phil in Economics from Nuffield College at Oxford University in 1962. His book, ‘‘India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth’’ [Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964] was an early critique of India’s inward-oriented trade policy.

In 1971, Dr. Singh joined the Government of India as Economic Advisor in the Commerce Ministry. This was soon followed by his appointment as Chief Economic Advisor in the Ministry of Finance in 1972.Among the many Governmental positions that Dr. Singh has occupied are Secretary in the Ministry of Finance; Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission; Governor of the Reserve Bank of India; Advisor of the Prime Minister; and Chairman of the University Grants Commission.

In what was to become the turning point in the economic history of independent India, Dr. Singh spent five years between 1991 and 1996 as India’s Finance Minister. His role in ushering in a comprehensive policy of

economic reforms is now recognized worldwide. In the popular view of those years in India, that period is inextricably associated with Dr. Singh.

Among the many awards and honours conferred upon Dr. Singh in his public career, the most prominent are India’s second highest civilian honour,thePadma Vibhushan (1987); the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary AwardoftheIndian Science Congress (1995); the Asia Money Award for Finance Minister of the Year (1993 and 1994); the Euro Money Award for Finance Minister of the Year (1993), the Adam Smith Prize of the Univer-sity of Cambridge (1956), and the Wright’s Prize for Distinguished Performance at St. John’s College in Cambridge (1955). Dr. Singh has also been honoured by a number of other associations including the Japanese Nihon Keizai Shimbun.

Dr. Singh and his wife Mrs. Gursharan Kaur have three daugh-ters.

During the last 26 years, LTTE rewrote many of the standards of terrorism. The Sri Lankan armed forces won a comprehensive victory over the LTTE in a military campaign that began in the eastern province in August 2006. With its entire top leadership and thousands of fighting cadres are killed in action, its military structure, assets and capabilities are destroyed, its political organization decimated,the LTTE no longer exists. Belying conventional wisdom, Sri Lanka has found a military solution to what used to be regarded as an intractable armed secessionist and terrorist challenge. Over a quarter of century, this war waged and claimed tens of thousands of lives.

The images of terrified children, women and men fleeing the tiny sliver of coastal land in which they were confined by the Tigers for use as human shieled. Senior LTTE leaders made a final hopeless stand for a lost cause will continue to haunt the memories of journalists and others who witnessed these scenes.

As the years went by and numerous proposals for a negotiated political solution fell by wayside, the

one thing that remained constant was the LTTE’s uncompromising seces-sionism and militarism, and the rising graph of its terrorist crimes, which included the assassination of the former Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, Sri Lankan President Premdasa, a Sri Lankan Defence Minister, a Foreign Minister and countless others.

Now, in the post Prabhakaran era, the Sri Lankan Government needs to address two big tasks— rehabilitation of hundreds of thou-sands of Tamils who have been through a prolonged nightmare and crafting an enduring political solution based on far-going devolution of power to the Tamils in their areas of historical habitation. India, which has excellent relations with its southern neighbour, can make a constructive difference by coming up with a massive rehabilitation package for the North and encouraging Colombo to fast-track the political solution.

SPORTS

Cricket

IPL-2—The final of Indian

Premier League cricket match was played in Johannesburg between Deccan Chargers and Royal Challen-gers, Bangalore on May 24, 2009 at the Wanderers. Anil Kumble was the ‘Captain of Royal Challengers, Bangalore’ while Adam Gilchrist was the Captain of Deccan Chargers. A fighting unbeaten half century by Herschelle Gibbs (53 runs not out) took Deccan Chargers 143 for six wicket.

But then it appeared initially to be an innings dominated by a bowler, leg spinnerAnilKumble,who finished four wicket for sixteen runs. Three of his scalps were—Adam Gilchrist, A. Symonds and Rohit Sharma. In a brilliant play, Kumble picked himself to bowl the first over after inviting Chargers to bat.ItwasCaptain versus Captain when Kumble operated to the in-form.

Finally, the Royal Challengers, Bangalore could score only 137 runs for 9 wickets and lost to Deccan Chargers by six runs.

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35/-Physics

1. What is the relation between v, ω and r (in vector

form) ?

➠

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

2. What does the plug marked infinity in a resistance box have below it ?

➠ only air gap 3. What is the moment of inertia for elliptical lamina ?

➠

4. How many protons and neutrons does an α-particle possess ?

➠ Two protons and two neutrons 5. What is tractive force ?

➠

6. What is conserved in the case of a freely falling body ?

➠ sum of kinetic and potential energies 7. What is the pressure-temperature law ?

➠

8. An astronomical telescope is made of two lenses of powers 5 D and 20 D. Its magnifying power for nor-mal vision is

➠ 4 9. What is Poynting vector ?

➠

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

→

10. To which region does the electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of the order of 1 °A belong ?

➠ X-ray radiation 11. What is ratio of the reflected intensity and incident

intensity ?

➠

(

)

12. A 4 μF condenser is charged to 400 volt and then its plates are joined through a resistance. Heat produced in the resistance is

➠ 0·32 joule 13. What is polarization vector ?

➠

14. How will you connect three capacitors of 3 μF each so that the capacitance of the combination is 4·5 μF?

➠ Two in series and then one in their parallel 15. What is the trajectory of a charged particle when it is

projected perpendicular to a magnetic field ?

➠

16. When a radioactive nucleus emits a β-particle, the neutron to proton ratio

➠ decreases 17. What is the dimensional formula of Hubble’s constant

is

➠

18. In nuclear reactor what is the function of moderators? ➠ To slow down fast fission neutrons 19. What will be the force when dipoles are along the line

joining their centres ?

➠

4ππππ · 6M₁ M₂

r4 (along r)

20. What provides the centripetal force to enable an earth satellite to move in a circular orbital ?

➠ The gravitational force of attraction between the

earth and the satellite

Chemistry

21. The esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols are commercially known as

➠

22. The lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom in the visible region are termed as

➠ Balmer series 23. Both mass and volume are extensive properties but the ratio of mass of a sample to its volume is an

intensive property, known as

➠

24. The idea of elliptical orbits was propounded by ➠ Sommerfeld 25. The scientist who first pointed out that an element is any substance that cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance

➠

26. Certain materials like potassium emit electrons when irradiated with visible light. This is known as

➠ Photoelectric effect 27. The term isotope was introduced by

➠

28. High lattice energy of an ionic compound is favoured by

➠ Small inter-ionic distance and high

charge on ions

29. 1 mol of O is equal to 16·0 gm and 1 mol of O₂ will be equal to

➠

30. The chemical compounds which exist over a range of chemical composition are known as

31. When neutron is outside the nucleus, it is unstable and it changes into a proton, and electron and ano-ther elementry particle, known as

➠

32. The product of the net positive or negative charge and distance between the two charged ends is known as

➠ Dipole-moment 33. When a neutron collides with a proton, a nucleus of

➠

34. Who discovered chlorine ?

➠ C. W. Scheele (1774) 35. A cold glow given out by some substances is called

➠

36. Entire mountain ranges in Italy consist of mineral dolomite. Chemically dolomite is

➠ MgCO₃·CaCO₃

37. The crystals that can detect ultrasound and produce ultrasound are known as

➠

38. Fluoroapatite is commercially important as a source of phosphate. The composition of fluoroapatite is

➠ [3{Ca₃(PO₄)₂}·CaF₂]

39. The SI unit of pressure is

➠

40. Aluminium articles are often given decorative finish by electrolysing dil. H₂SO₄ with the aluminium anode. This process is known as

➠ Anodising

Zoology

41. What is the name of the hormone that causes deposi-tion of fat in breast and hips in female humans during puberty ?

➠

42. A group of coelomate metazoans in which the first embryonic opening is associated with the mouth is

➠ Protostome 43. Which ion must be present for binding of the cross

bridges in muscles ?

➠

44. Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood stream of humans is

➠ Bicarbonate ion 45. What is called the form of enzymes that are encoded

by different allelic genes ?

➠

46. A small calcareous granules found in the inner ear of many mammals, is

➠ Otolith 47. Over production of which neurotransmitter has been associated with the mental disorder, called schizophrenia ?

➠

48. Ridges or folds found in the lining of vertebrate stomach is called

➠ Rugae 49. Where each restriction enzyme cleaves a molecule ?

➠

50. A rod of bone or cartilage that forms the only ear ossicle in amphibians, birds and reptiles is called

➠ Collumelar auris 51. Where the spermatogenesis occurs ?

➠

52. In cerebrum, the roof of each paracoel is called ➠ Pallium 53. Which hormone prevents dehydration of human

body ?

➠

54. Part of coelom in mammals containing lungs and lined by pleura is

➠ Viscera 55. Which area of human brain is responsible for arousal

and wakefulness ?

➠

56. Large marine mammals well adapted for aquatic life are collectively known as

➠ Cetacea 57. Which ion is most concentrated outside a resting

potential ?

➠

58. The endocrine part of pancreas consists of

➠ Islets of Langerhans 59. Which kind of cells transmit the sensory impulses in

human eye to optic nerve ?

➠

60. The cells from Graafian follicle that surround the ovu-lated mammalian egg are known as

➠ Cumulus cells

Botany

61. Who prepared an infectious extract from tobacco plants that were suffering from mosaic disease ?

➠

62. When does chromosome number becomes halved ? ➠ In meiosis during anaphase-I 63. What type of lysine, an amino acid, is ?

➠

64. What food is used by fungal partner made by algal partner in a lichen ?

➠ Mannitol 65. What refers to the number of death per unit time ?

➠

66. What is the major role of phosphorus in plant metabolism ?

➠ To generate metabolic energy

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is that branch of physics in which heat is converted into other forms of energy and other forms of energy are converted into heat. This branch deals the transformation of heat into mechanical work and the inter-relationship between them.

Thermodynamical Variables

Thermodynamical variables are those parameters which define the thermodynamical system completely. These are pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), internal energy (U) and entropy (S). These are also called thermodynamical coordinates.

Thermodynamical Equilibrium

A system is said to be in thermodynamical equili-brium if the temperature of its various parts is the same and equal to that of surroundings.

External Work done (W)

When a body is heated, it expands. This is opposed by external atmospheric pressure. The work done against external atmospheric pressure during expansion of a body is called external work.

∴ Work done = Force × displacement

= Pressure×area× displacement = Pressure × change in volume or ΔW = P ΔV

ΔW = P (V2 – V1) where,

V₁ = Initial volume of gas, V₂ = Final volume of gas (i) If V₂ > V₁, then ΔW = +ve, then work is done by

the system

(ii) If V₂ < V₁, then ΔW = –ve, then work is done on the system

(iii) If V₁ = V₂ or V = constant, then ΔW = 0 ● If pressure is constant, then work done

W = P(V₂ – V₁)

● If pressure and volume both are variable then the work done

W =

∫

P d V

= Area between P -V curve and volume axis ● If the system expands into vacuum (free expansion),

then

ΔW = 0

P-V diagram or indicator diagram—A graph

bet-ween pressure (P) and volume (V) is known as P-V diagram or indicator diagram.

Area under P-V diagram = Work done.

Area = Work done by the gas in path AB A

P

V B

Cyclic Process (or Closed Path)

Cyclic process is that process in which the system returns to its original state (P, V, T) after doing work or after work being done on it.

The work done on the system or work done by the system depends upon the area of cycle. If the cycle traced in clockwise direction then the network is done by the gas and if the cycle is traced in anticlockwise direction the net work is done on the gas.

Conversion of units—Work is measured in joule or

erg and heat is measured in kilo calorie or calorie. In the relation W = JH, J is conversion factor.

In C.G.S. system J = 4·2 × 107 erg/cal In M.K.S. system J = 4·2 × 103 _{joule/k cal}

= 4·2 joule/cal In F.P.S. system

J = 778 foot-pound/B.Th.u.

Example 1. When a body falls from a great height

(e.g., water in a waterfall), potential energy is finally

converted into heat energy. Here the temperature increases slightly.

mgh = J × ms Δt

∴ Δt = gh_Js

Example 2. When a bullet is fired at a target, kinetic

energy is converted into heat energy and the temperature increases too much.

Here

If bullet does not melt and If bullet melts 1 2mv2 = J (ms Δt) 1 2mv2 = J (ms Δt + m L)

Example 3. When a piece of ice (hail) falls from a

great height, if a part of it melts, then

mgh = J (m′L) m′ → Mass of ice melts

m → Total mass of ice

If whole of ice melts, then

mgh = J × mL

⇒ h = JL_g ≈ 34 km

Internal Energy (U)

Every substance is made of tiny particles, known as molecules. The molecules of a substance possess kinetic energy due to the translatory motion or temperature. Translational K.E. of molecules is proportional to absolute temperature. The molecules also possess potential energy (E_p) due to their position, or inter-molecular force of attraction.

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of all molecules of a system is called internal energy or intrinsic energy of the system.

● In a perfect gas or ideal gas, there is no force between its molecules, hence their potential energy is zero, they have only kinetic energy. Therefore, internal energy of a perfect gas is entirely in the form of kinetic energy of its molecules.

● Since kinetic energy of molecules is proportional to temperature, therefore, internal energy of a perfect gas depends only on temperature and not on its pressure and volume. It is called Joule’s law. Thus, for a perfect gas

∂U ∂V _T = 0, ∂U ∂P _T = 0 ∂U ∂T _P ≠ 0, ∂U ∂T _V ≠ 0

● For isothermal change temperature T remains constant. Hence, U remains constant, i.e., ΔU = 0.

● In real gases, since there is a force of attraction between molecules of the gas, hence their potential energy is not zero. Therefore, internal energy of a real gas is in the form of kinetic energy and potential energy of its molecules. Hence, internal energy of a real gas depends upon all pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T).

In the figure

U_i = Internal energy of the gas in initial state (i) U_f = Internal energy of the gas in final state (f)

Then change in internal energy ΔU = Uf – Ui

ΔU does not depend upon the path chosen. Hence, internal energy is called unique function (but work done by a gas depends upon the path chosen).

For a closed path—Change in internal energy

ΔU = 0. Hence, U = Constant ΔW ≠ 0 and ΔQ ≠ 0

First Law of Thermodynamics

According to Clausius, “When some amount of heat is given to a system, then a part of it is used to do work and remaining part is used to change internal energy of the system.”

Let Q be the amount of heat given to a system. Then ΔU = U_f – U_i⇒ Change in internal energy of the system.

W (or P ΔV) = Work done by the system Then Q = ΔU + W

= ΔU + P ΔV)

Applications of first law of thermodynamics

(a) For isothermal change (in case of perfect gas)— Since, temperature

T = Constant So, ΔU = 0 In this case Q = W

(b) For adiabatic change—In this process heat is neither given to the system nor taken from it, i.e.,

exchange of heat

Q = 0 In this case ΔU = – W

So in adiabatic compression in the system since W = –ve hence, ΔU = +ve i.e., there will be rise in internal energy of the system or adiabatic compression always causes heating.

Similarly if there is expansion in the system (adiabatic expansion) since W = +ve, so ΔU = –ve. Hence, internal energy or temperature of the gas falls or adiabatic expansion causes cooling.

(c) For isochoric change—Since volume V = Constant Hence, ΔV = 0 or W = PΔV = 0

∴ Q = ΔU = m C_vΔt

Therefore, in isochoric change the heat supplied to the system is used up in increasing internal energy of the system.

(d) For isobaric change—In this process P = Constant. Q = m CpΔt

ΔU = m CvΔt

Here, C_p is specific heatofgasatconstantpressure. Therefore, in isobaric change the heat supplied to the system is used partly in changing the volume and partly in changing temperature.

(e) For isolated system—An isolated system is one which is completely cut off from the surroundings, therefore, Q = 0, and there is no change in internal energy

i.e., ΔU = 0 and hence, ΔW = 0. So system does not

perform any work.

(f) For cyclic process—For this process change in internal energy ΔU = 0.

Hence, Q = W

i.e., whole of the heat supplied to the system is used

in doing work against external pressure.

Specific Heat of Gases

Specific heat of a gas depends on the condition of pressure and volume of the gas during its heating. Accordingly specific heat of a gas may be anything from zero to infinity.

In general two modes of heating a gas has been selected. They are (a) At constant pressure (b) At cons-tant volume.

Accordingly there are two specific heats in case of gases.

(i) Specific heat at constant pressure (C_p) (ii) Specific heat at constant volume (C_v)

C_p > C_v—In case of C_v, volume V = Constant ⇒ ΔV = 0

Hence, work done by gas W = P ΔV = 0 but in case of C_p, pressure P = constant. Therefore, when gas is heated its volume increases and some work (W = P ΔV) is done by the gas. Hence extra amount of heat should be given to the gas to do this work. So C_p > C_v.

C_p – C_v = Extra work done = P ΔV = PV₂ – PV₁ = RT₂ – RT₁ = R (T + 1) – RT = R ∴ C_p – C_v = R It is known as Mayer’s formula For one gm mole gas

C_p – C_v ~_{– 2 cal/mole-K}

Molar Specific Heat

It is equal to specific heat multiplied by the molecular weight M.

Thus, C_p = M × C_p and C_v = M × C_v

Values of Specific Heats C

and C

for Gases

C_v = 3 2 R ~– 3 cal/mole-K C_p = 5 2 R ~– 5 cal/mole-K γ = Cp C_v = 1·67

(b) Diatomic gases (e. g., H2, O2, N2 etc.) C_v = 5 2 R ≈ 5 cal/mol-K C_p = 7 2 R = 7 cal/mole-K γ = C_Cp v = 1·4 (c) Polyatomic gases C_v = 3 R = 6 cal/mole-K C_p = 4R ~_{– 8 cal/mole-K} γ = C_Cp v = 1·33

● For n moles of gas

ΔU = n CvΔT

and ΔQ = n C_pΔT

∴ ΔW = ΔQ – ΔU = n R ΔT

Nature of Internal Energy

Every thermodynamic system has some internal energy which is characteristic of its state. It consists of kinetic energy due to molecular motion and potential energy due to molecular attraction.

We know that monoatomic molecules undergo only translational motion, i.e., the centre of mass of the

mole-cule moves [fig. (a)]. Hence, these molemole-cules have kinetic energy due to translational motion.

Translational Motion (a) Rotational Motion (b) Vibrational Motion (c)

Diatomic and polyatomic molecules undergo not only the translational motion inside the substance; but also rotate about the axis passing through the centre of mass of the molecule [fig. (b)] and also vibrate relative to each other[fig.(c)]. Thus,indiatomic and polyatomic molecules, in addition to translational motion, there is also internal

rotational motion and vibrational motion. Hence, these molecules in addition to translational kinetic energy, have rotational kinetic energy and vibrational kinetic energy also.

Thus, the internal energy of a substance consists of : (i) The translational kinetic energy of molecules. (ii) The internal rotational and vibrational kinetic

energies of molecules (if they are polyatomic). (iii) The potential energy of the molecules due to

inter-atomic forces.

Important Points to Note

1. Ideal gases—In case of ideal gases there is no

molecular attraction between the molecules. Hence, they have no potential energy. Thus, the internal energy of an ideal gas is only the kinetic energy of its molecules.

2. Real gases—In real compressed gases the

molecules come closer and so exert appreciable force on one another. Hence, potential energy also adds to their internal energy. Since, potential energy is negative, it follows that internal energy of a compressed gas is less than its internal energy in rarefied state at the same temperature.

3. Liquids—Molecules in liquids are very close to

one another exert stronger forces and possess sufficient potential energy. But their translation motion is very limited in comparison to gas molecules. Since potential energy is negative, the internal energy of the liquids is very small compared to the internal energy of the gas at the same temperature.

4. Solids—In solids molecules are fixed in definite

positions in a lattice. These molecules vibrate to and fro about these positions but can not leave these positions permanently. These vibrations are called lattice vibrations. In solids the potential energy of molecules is very large. Since this is negative, the internal energy of solids is less than that of liquids.

5. Translational K. E. of molecules—According to

the kinetic theory, the translational kinetic energy of the molecules (and not the whole internal energy of the substance) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the substance. Hence the temperature of the substance rises on increasing the translational kinetic energy of its molecules.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics states the equi-valence heat and mechanical work when one is completely converted into the other. It simply tells that when ever work is obtained an equivalent amount of heat is used up, or vice-versa. It does not say anything either

about the limitation in the conversion of heat into work or about the condition necessary for such a conversion.

The quest for deciding these points led to the formulation of Second Law of Thermodynamics. This law is generalisation of certain experiences and observations and is concerned with the direction in which energy transfers take place. This law has been stated in various forms but all the statements are equivalent. Below are given two simple forms of this law. According to one statement :

‘It is impossible to convert ‘all’ the heat extracted

from a hot body into work’

According to a second statement :

‘It is impossible to transfer heat from a cold body

to a hot body without expenditure of work by an external agency’.

As an illustration we take the case of a heat engine. Here the working substance takes heat Q₁ from the hot body (source), converts a part of it

into work W and gives the rest Q₂ to a cold body (sink)

No engine has ever been designed which may convert ‘all’ the heat Q taken from the source into work W without giving any heat to the sink. For obtaining continuous work a sink is necessary. In other words, all the heat taken from a body cannot be converted into work.

⎯⎯→W Hot Body (Source) Cold Body (Sink) Q2 Q1

● A refrigerator is a heat engine running in the reverse direction. In it, the working substance (a gas) takes in heat from a cold body and gives out to the hotter body (external atmosphere). For doing this it uses electrical energy. No refrigerator has yet been designed which may transfer heat from a cold body to a hot body without using an external source of energy. It implies that it is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to transfer heat from a cold body to a hot body.

Efficiency of Heat Engine

η = Amount of heat converted into mechanical work_{Amount of heat taken from the source}

= Q1 – Q2 Q₁ = 1 – Q2

Q₁

Carnot engine (Reversible cycle)

For a reversible cycle Q₁ Q₂ = T₁ T₂ ∴ η = 1 – T_T2 1 Refrigerator ←⎯⎯Mechanical work Q1 Q₂ W = Q₁ – Q2 Hot Body T K₁ Cold Body T K₂

The efficiency of rever-sible thermodynamic cycle (Carnotcycle)depends not on the nature of the gas, but only on the temperature range between which it operates.

Carnot’s theorem—No

engine can be more efficient than a reversible engine working between the same temperatures.

W = Amount of mechani-cal work given from outside which changes into amount (Q₁ – Q₂) of heat.