M.H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
8, Saboo Siddik Polytechnic Road, Byculla, Mumbai - 400 008. (Department Of Civil Engineering)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students of Fourth Year of Four Year Degree Course in Civil Engineering have successfully completed their partial (part A) of project “ON AESTHETIC AND ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING USING GREEN CONCEPT (EMERALD CITY)” in VII Semester (Aug 2009 to Nov 2009) in a satisfactory manner as per the curriculum laid down by the University of Mumbai.
FARMAN MANSUR SATARKAR AQUEEL KHALIL SHAIKH
MOHD REHAN KAPADIA SAALIM KHAN
ALI M RAZA
_______________________ _______________________ Dr. Moinuddin Ahmed Prof. Zaheer Khan
(PRINCIPAL) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) __________________________ _______________________
Prof. ASIF MAZHAR ANSARI (PROJECT GUIDE)
(EXAMINER)
INDEX
SR NO
TOPIC
PAGE NOS.
1. Introduction and Site Selection. 2
2. Principle of Planning and Building Byelaws. 5
3. Green concept and implementation in the bldg. 10
4. Architectural Drawings.
5. Structural Design and Drawings.
6. Rainwater harvesting system and its
implementation.
7. Solar Panel system.
8. The Green Building Rating System.
9. Bamboo Restaurant.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
AND
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The project is a G+2 storey mall cum office building comprising of a terrace on each floor to enhance the aesthetic view of the structure. The main idea behind this project is to learn the GREEN CONCEPT of design and architecture which is the most upcoming field in developing countries like INDIA.
The exceptional plan of the structure and the unique elevation enhances the aesthetic view of the building an even proves to be distinct amongst the adjacent structures by displaying exceptional elegance and comfort.
The lifts situated are provided to serve the desired purpose of vertical circulation inside the building premises. The planning of a complex is done very carefully by keeping the eco-friendly concept in mind. It is planned in such a way that maximum benefit from environment is gained for e.g. The position of door and window is planned in such a direction were the wind velocity is more so that good ventilation is used and we can save the electricity.
According to the green concept, there should be “Maximum use of natural light during day time” by providing sufficient windows & ventilators.
SITE SELECTION
The site has been selected by considering the following factors:
➢ The primary need for the commercial complex is to serve the recent growth
of residents in that locality.
➢ Also there is an airport proposed to be constructed at a 2 kilometer distance
from the site.
➢ Because of the airport the mall will prove to be very useful as a recreation
centre to passengers.
➢ Since there are various industries nearby the aesthetic view of the mall will
surely add to the beauty of the site.
ADDRESS OF SITE
At Post Dahisar, Dist-Thane,
Mumbra Panvel Road, Near Ekta Developers, Thane 400612
CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING
AND
CHAPTER 2
PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING AND BUILDING BYELAWS
Design Criteria:Design criteria are of paramount importance and they should be carefully considered and checked before finalization of the plan. The following principles are given due consideration.
Grouping:
(a) Service area: Areas of Shop, Super market, Office at 1st and 2nd floor, bath
room and toilet. Service area that we have provided is 535.8 Sqm per floor. This is 55.23% of the total plan area.
(b) Circulation area: Areas for passage, lobby, corridor etc., has minimum but
well ventilated & lighted.
Circulation area provided is 280 Sqm per floor. This is 29.7% of the total plan area of ground floor
Circulation area provided is 120 Sqm per floor. This is 12.47% of the total plan area of 1st and 2nd.
Roominess is the accomplishment of economy of space. Enough space is provided in every department such that there is a feeling of comfort for everyone using the particular structure.
Circulation:-A certain amount of space is required for movement and access to different rooms, kitchen, etc, known as circulation area. According to our plan circulation is provide horizontally as well as vertically and is so designed that it will preserve the privacy of every shop as well as office. Horizontal circulation is provided in forms of passages and lobbies and vertical circulation is provided in form of lifts and staircase.
Horizontal
circulation:-Lobby area: - 55.6 Sqm per floor
Vertical circulation:
Escalator:-14.4 Sqm per floor Lift area:-12.5 Sqm per floor
Privacy:-External privacy has been provided in terms of providing compound wall trees, lawn and landscaping.
Internal privacy has been provided by properly aligning the various compartments according to its use.
BUILDING BYELAWS CONSIDERED IN THE PLANNING OF STRUCTURE
OPEN SPACES
In commercial plot ad measuring 1000 sqm or more in area, 10% of the total area shall be provided as an amenities open space subjected to maximum of 2500 sqm.
FRONT MARGIN: Minimum space 12m from the road or 37m from the national highway
SIDE AND REAR OPEN SPACE: Side and rear marginal distances to be left open shall not be less then 6m wide
LIGHTING AND VENTILATION
According to the adequacy and manner of provision all parts of any room shall be adequately lighted and ventilated for this purpose every room shall have
one or more apertures excluding doors with area not less than 1/6th of the floor area
of the room, with no part of any habitable room being more then 7.5m away from the source of light and ventilation however, staircase shall be deemed to be adequately lighted and ventilated, if it has one or more openings there area taken together measuring not less than 1 sqm per landing on the external wall.
In commercial building all the walls, containing the opening for the light and ventilation fully exposed to an exterior open space either directly should not exceed 12m.
FIRE PROTECTION
The planning , design and construction of any building shall be such as to ensure safety from fire, for this purpose, the approach to the building open spaces on all side upto 6m width and there layout shall confirmed to the requirement of the chief fire officer. They shall be capable of taking the weight of a fire engine weighing upto 18 tonnes these open spaces shall be free of any obstruction and shall be motarable.
LIFT
The planning and designing of the lift including their number, type and capacity depending on the occupancy of the building, the population of each floor based the occupant load and the building height shall be in accordance with section 5-installation of lift and escalator, National Building Code of INDIA
FLOOR SPACE INDEX (F.S.I)
According to the DEVELOPMENTCONTROL REGULATION FOR GREATER BOMBAY, 1991, the FSI for the suburb area of Mumbai is 1
IMPLEMENTATION OF BYE LAWS IN THE PROJECT
1. The total open space of 500 sqm Approx is provided in planning of the
2. The total ventilation and lighting area of 248.5 sqm is provided in the project.
3. The total front, rear and side margin of 10m is provided which is sufficient
for the movement of fire brigade vehicle.
4. The planning and designing of lift is done on the basis of population on each floor, which will be sufficient for imparting its use.
5. The F.S.I of the suburb region according to the rules and regulation of DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATION OF MUMBAI SUBURBS is taken as 1.
GREEN CONCEPT
AND
IMPLEMENTATION
IN THE BLDG
CHAPTER 3
GREEN CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION IN THE BLDG
Green Building, also
known as green construction or sustainable building, is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle
To begin with the green concept the first and foremost thing to know is that the design and the architecture should be such that maximum of the gift of nature is utilized and minimum energy consumption and maintenance is required which is the basic requirement of a particular structure to be economical.
“For every one million sq.ft of constructed green building footprint, the CO 2 reductions around 12,000 tonnes per annum”
NECESSICITY FOR THE GREEN
CONCEPT:-Buildings account for:
• 72% of electricity consumption, • 39% of energy use,
• 38% of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,
• 40% of raw materials use,
• 30% of waste output (136 million tons annually), and • 14% of potable water consumption.
Hence, because of the above consequences the green building concept has to be used for our future generations to breathe in fresh air and be out of the danger of environmental impacts.
Benefits of Green Building Environmental benefits:
• Enhance and protect ecosystems and
biodiversity
• Improve air and water quality
• Reduce solid waste
• Conserve natural resources
Economic benefits:
• Reduce operating costs
• Enhance asset value and profits
• Improve employee productivity and
satisfaction
• Optimize life-cycle economic
performance
Health and community benefits:
• Improve air, thermal, and acoustic environments
• Enhance occupant comfort and health
• Minimize strain on local infrastructure
• Contribute to overall quality of life
Siting and structure design
efficiency:-The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a various materials and components each constituting various designs variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.
Energy efficiency
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy loads.
Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a building.
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas of the country, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.
Materials efficiency
Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed, ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Polyurethane heavily reduces carbon emissions as well. Polyurethane blocks are being used instead of CMTs by companies like American Insulock. Polyurethane blocks provide more speed, less cost, and they are environmentally friendly. Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building
site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because manufacture is in one location), high quality elements, less noise and dust.
Indoor environmental quality
enhancement:-Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC's, and other air impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and air filtration as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions will improve IAQ. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOC's and formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health and productivity as well. Avoiding these products will increase a building's IEQ.
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous environment through the careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lighting quality of a structure.
Operations and maintenance optimization:
No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied
during the design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place.
Waste reduction:
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings during the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.
To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes. Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s. Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process
Cost:
The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend to cost more money. Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire life of the building. The stigma is between the
knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle cost. The savings in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost deductions. Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment It is projected that different sectors could save $130 Billion on energy bills
REQUIREMENTS OF A STRUCTURE USING THE GREEN CONCEPT 1. BIOMETHANATION PLANT
2. RAINWATER HARVESTING 3. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
STRUCTURAL PLANNING
AND
CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGNING
POSI TIONI
POSITIONING OF BEAMS
PARTICULARS BEAMS GRADE OF
CONCRETE NOS
EXTERNAL BEAMS
B1 M25 16
B3 M25 4
PARTICULARS SPECIFICATION TOTAL NUMBER
EXTERNAL COLUMNS C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C11, C16, C17, C18, C19, C20, C21, C24, C27, C34, C35, C36, C37, C38, C39, C40, C61, C62, C63, C64, C65, C66, C67, C68, C69, C74, C79, C80, C81, C82, C83, C84. 38 INTERNAL COLUMNS C7, C8, C9, C10, C12, C13, C14, C15, C22, C23, C25, C26, C28, C29, C30, C31, C32, C33, C41, C42, C43, C44, C45, C46, C47, C48, C49, C50, C51, C52, C53, C54, C55, C56, C57, C58, C59, C60, C70, C71, C72, C73, C75, C76, C77, C78. 46
B5 M25 2 B6 M25 4 B7 M25 1 B9 M25 2 B14 M25 2 B40 M25 2 B41 M25 2 B42 M25 2 B43 M25 1 INTERNAL BEAMS B2 M25 16 B4 M25 12 B8 M25 4 B10 M25 2 B11 M25 2 B12 M25 2 B13 M25 1 B15 M25 2 B16 M25 2 B17 M25 2 B18 M25 1 B19 M25 1
B20 M25 2 INTERNAL BEAMS B21 M25 2 B22 M25 2 B23 M25 2 B24 M25 2 B25 M25 2 B26 M25 2 B27 M25 2 B28 M25 2 B29 M25 2 B30 M25 2 B31 M25 2 B32 M25 2 B33 M25 1 B34 M25 2 B35 M25 2 B36 M25 2 B37 M25 2 B38 M25 2 B39 M25 2
SPANNING OF SLABS
This is decided by the positions of the supporting beams or walls. When the supports are only on opposite sides or only in one direction the slab acts as a one way supported slab. When this slab is supported in two perpendicular directions it acts as a two way supported slab. However the two way slab does not only depend on the manner in which is supported but also on the aspect ratio of the long span Ly/Lx, the ratio of the reinforcement in the two directions and the boundary conditions. Therefore the designer is free to decide as to whether the slab he is to be designed as a one way or as the two ways.
This decision may be taken considering following points:
1. A slab acts as a two way slab when the aspect raito Ly/Lx <2. A slab
with Ly/Lx >2 is designed as a one way slab.
2. A two way slab is generally economical compared to one way slab
because the steel along both the spans acts as main steel transfers the load to all the four supports. While in one way main steel reinforcement is provided along the shorts span and the load is transferred to two opposite supports only the steel along the long span just acts as distribution steel and he is not designed transferring for the loads.
SLABS Nos. GRADEOFCONCRETE LY/LX RATIO REMARK S1 16 M25 1.25 TWO WAY S2 4 M25 3.77 ONE WAY S3 2 M25 1.12 TWO WAY S4 2 M25 1.53 TWO WAY S5 2 M25 1.39 TWO WAY S6 4 M25 1.04 TWO WAY S7 1 M25 1.19 TWO WAY S8 1 M25 1.31 TWO WAY S9 2 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL S10 1 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL S11 1 M25 4.09 ONE WAY S12 2 M25 3.43 ONE WAY S13 1 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL S14 2 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL S15 2 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL S16 2 M25 1.48 TWO WAY S17 2 M25 - TRAPEZOIDAL S18 2 M25 - TRIANGULAR S19 1 M25 - TRIANGULAR
There Are Total 8 Two Way Slabs, 3 One Way Slabs, 6 Trapezoidal Slabs and 2 Triangular Slabs on each Floor.
DESIGN OF SLAB
Ly/lx=1 hence two way slab CALCULATION FOR DEPTH:
d =leffective/26*m.f
assuming m.f=1.3
d=4200/26*1.3 =124.26mm
Using clear cover 15mm and dia of bar 10mm, D=124.26+15+5 =144.26mm say 150mm dx=150-15-5=130mm, dy=150-15-10-5=120mm, LOAD CALCULATION: A) Dead load=0.15*25=3.75 KN/m2 B) Floor finish=1 KN/m2 C) Live load =3 KN/m2 Total load=7.75 KN/m2
BENDING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS:
Along shorter span Along longer span
at mid span at support 0.028 0.037 0.028 0.037 BENDING MOMENT B.Ms=kx*wu*lx2 & B.Ml=ky*wu*lx2 Along shorter span
Along longer span ` At mid span At support 5.74 KNm 7.587 KNm 5.74 KNm 7.587 KNm MAIN REINFORCEMENT Astreq=0.5fckbd(1-(1-(4.6*Mu/fckbd2))0.5
Along shorter span Along longer span
At mid span At support 124.84 mm2 180.857 mm2 124.84 mm2 180.857 mm2 Astmin=0.12% of bD Astmin=180 mm2 SPACING
Spacing reqd=0.25π*r2*1000/A
Along shorter span Along longer span At mid span At support 436.33 mm 434.26 mm 436.33 mm 434.26 mm Maximum spacing=3d or 300mm (whichever less)
=300 mm
Provide 10 mm dia bar @300 mm in both direction i.e, along shorter and longer direction. Astprovided=261.8 mm2 , pt=0.201% CHECKS a) Shear: vu=0.6×wu×leff =29.295 KN tu=vu/bd =0.225 N/mm2 For M20 & pt=0.201% tc=0.32 N/mm2 tuc=ktc , k=1.3, tuc=0.417 N/mm2> tu safe in shear b) Flexure (depth): dreqd=√Mumax0.138fckb
=52.43 mm < dprovided Safe c) Deflection:
dmin=leff/26*m.f
fs=0.58fy*(Astreq/Astprovid)
fs≈120 MPa & Pt=0.2%
Therefore m.f=2
dmin=80.769 mm < dprovided safe
d) Development length: Ld=0.87fy∅/4tbd =470 mm 1.3 Mu1Vu + l o≥ Ld Xu=6.564mm Mu1=6.01 KN-m Vu=0.4wdle + 0.45wile Vu=20.475 KN 1.3 Mu1Vu + l o =381.58+100 = 481.58 mm ≥ Ld (safe) e) Edge Reinforcement:
Provide 2 bars of 8 mm dia Nominal
Layout of Escalator
The type of Escalator and its layout is governed essentially by the available size of room and position of beams and columns along its boundary.
According to our plan following are guidelines regarding staircase:
PARTICULARS SPECIFICATION
TYPE Escalator
SPAN Simply supported span of 7.2m
PLANNING 1)STAIRCASE HALL 2)FLOOR TO FLOOR HT 3)RISER 4)TREAD 5)NOS OF RISER 6)NOS OF TREAD 7.2m * 4.4m 4.8 m 0.20 m 0.30 m 24 24
CHAPTER 6
RAINWATER HARVESTING
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENT IN BLDG AND
DESIGNING
CHAPTER 6
RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
“Rain water harvesting means the
optimum use of rain water or the activity of direct
collection of rain water which can be recharged
into the water to prevent fall of
ground-water level or storing in surface or underground
water tank..”
BENEFITS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING
1. Rain water harvesting replenishes the ground water table and enables the dug wells and bore wells to yield in a sustained manner.
3. Due to presence of iron salts, water becomes yellow and rain water harvesting leach out these salts; leaching to clean the water availability in the long run.
4. Flooding of low lying areas and roads can be avoided to a large extent, since rain water that is not harvested both within house as well as outside is responsible for flooding.
5. Rain water can be used for conservation and harvesting for irrigation purpose.
6. It promotes conjunctive use of river, rain ground, and sea and sewage water. 7. It prevents unsustainable exploitation of the aquifer.
8. It ensures efficiency, economy and equity in the water use through co-operative management of water sheds and command area.
9. It regulates the expansion of water market.
UTILITY OF RAIN WATER:
The advantages of utilizing rain water to supply house-hold needs and Quality can easily be maintained; the system is simple to construct; there is no negative environmental impacts; it helps reduce problems such as soil erosion and flood hazards; and reduce reliance on ground water allows replenishment of ground water tables.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING:
1. Roof Top Water Harvesting.
2. Surface Water Harvesting.
Our project aims at the first type: “Roof Top RainWater Harvesting” ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING
Roof top water harvesting can be constructed where ever there are permanent settlements experiencing difficult water supply conditions usually they require
roof areas of more than 30
sq. m. , but even in smaller
areas can provide partial
supply to relieve some of
the burden of fetching water.
Roof top harvesting is
comprised of the roof top as
the catchment areas,
connected by gutters and pipes to a storage container. The most suitable roof top surfaces are corrugated iron sheet.
DESIGN OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Fig. 4 (a)
The total amount of water that is received in the form of rainfall over an area is called the rainwater endowment of that area. Out of this, the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential. Refer Fig. 4 (a)
INFLUENCING FACTORS
Among the several factors that influence the rainwater harvesting potential of a site, eco-climatic conditions and the catchment characteristics are considered to be the most important.
RAINFALL Quantity
Rainfall is the most unpredictable variable in the calculation and hence, to determine the potential rainwater supply for a given catchment, reliable rainfall data are required, preferably for a period of at least10 years. Also, it would be far better to use rainfall data from the nearest station with comparable conditions.
Pattern
The number of annual rainy days also influences the need and design for rainwater harvesting. The fewer the annual rainy days or longer the dry period, the more the need for rainwater collection in a region. However, if the dry period is too long, big storage tanks would be needed to store rainwater. Hence in such regions, it is more feasible to use rainwater to recharge groundwater aquifers
rather than for storage.
Catchment area characteristics:
Runoff depends upon the area and type of the catchment over which it falls as well as surface features.
All calculations relating to the performance of rainwater catchment systems involve the use of runoff coefficient to account for losses due to spillage, leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. (Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface).
Runoff coefficients for various catchment surfaces
Type of catchment Coefficient of runoff
Roof catchments - tiles 0.8 – 0.9
Roof catchments - Corrugated metal sheets
0.7 – 0.9
Concrete paved ground catchment 0.6 – 0.8
Brick paved ground catchment 0.5 - 0.6
Unpaved ground catchments
a) Soil on slopes less than 10 per cent
b) Rocky natural catchments
0.1 – 0.3
0.2 – 0.5
Based on the above factors the water harvesting potential of a site could be estimated using the formula given below.
= Rainfall (mm) x Area of catchment x Runoff coefficient
Design of storage tanks
The volume of the storage tank can be determined by the following factors:
• Number of persons in the household: The greater the number of persons, the
greater the storage capacity required to achieve the same efficiency of fewer people under the same roof area.
• Per capita water requirement: This varies from household to household
based on habits and also from season to season. Consumption rate has an impact on the storage systems design as well as the duration to which stored rainwater can last.
• Average annual rainfall
• Period of water scarcity: Apart from the total rainfall, the pattern of rainfall
-whether evenly distributed through the year or concentrated in certain periods will determine the storage requirement. The more distributed the pattern, the lesser the size.
• Type and size of the catchment: Type of roofing material determines the
selection of the runoff coefficient for designs. Size could be assessed by measuring the area covered by the catchment i.e., the length and horizontal width. Larger the catchment, larger the size of the required cistern (tank).
Dry season demand versus supply approach
In this approach there are three options for determining the volume of storage: 1. Matching the capacity of the tank to the area of the roof
2. Matching the capacity of the tank to the quantity of water required by its users
3. Choosing a tank size that is appropriate in terms of costs, resources and construction methods.
In practice the costs, resources and the construction methods tend to limit the tanks to smaller capacities than would otherwise be justified by roof areas or likely needs of consumers. For this reason elaborate calculations aimed at matching tank capacity to roof area is usually unnecessary. However a simplified calculation based on the following factors can give a rough idea of the potential for rainwater collection.
Illustration
Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting drinking water requirement of a five-member family living in a building with a rooftop area of 100 sq. m. The average annual rainfall in the region is 600 mm (average annual rainfall in Mumbai is 611 mm). Daily drinking water requirement per person (drinking and cooking) is 10 litres.
Design procedure:
Area of the catchment (A) = 965 sq. m
Average annual rainfall (R) = 800 mm (0.8 m) Runoff coefficient (C) = 0.85 00
STEPS:
1) Calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that can be harvested from the rooftop:
Annual water harvesting potential = 965 x 0.8 x 0.85
= 656.2 cu. m. (650,000 litres) 2) Determine the tank capacity:
As a safety factor, the tank should be built 20 per cent larger than required, i.e., 780,000 litres. This tank can meet the basic drinking water requirement of a commercial building for the dry period. A typical size of a rectangular tank constructed in the basement will be about 15 m x 15 m x 3.5 m.
1. Simplest approach to system design but is relevant only in areas where distinct dry seasons exist
2. Provides a rough estimate of storage volume requirements
3. This method does not take into account variations between different years, such as the occurrence of drought years. It also entirely ignores rainfall input and the capacity of the catchment to deliver the runoff necessary to fill the storage tank.
4. This technique can be used in the absence of any rainfall data and is easily understandable to the layperson. These points are especially relevant when designing systems in the remote areas of developing countries where obtaining reliable rainfall data can be difficult.
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 7
SOLAR PANEL
SYSTEM
Types of Solar Panels
There are two main types of solar panel
1. Solar electric panels
How PV Panels Work
PV panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity. “Photo” refers to light and “voltaic” to electricity. A PV cell is made of a semiconductor material, usually crystalline silicon, which absorbs sunlight. You’ve seen PV cells at work in simple mechanisms like watches and calculators. You’ve probably even seen them for signs on the road. More complex PV systems produce solar electricity for houses and the utility grid. The utility grid is the power source available to your local electricity provider.
PV cells are typically combined into modules, or panels, containing about 40 cells. Roughly ten modules constitute a PV array, or grouping of panels.
Details on How PV Panels Work
Most PV panels contain a top protective layer, two specially treated layers of silicon with collecting circuitry attached to the top layer, and a polymer backing layer.
The top layer of silicon is treated to make it electrically negative; the back layer is treated it make it electrically positive. When sunlight knocks electrons loose from the silicon, electrons move up from the bottom layer of silicon and crowd the electrons in the top layer. The electrons freed from the top layer are collected by electrical contacts on the surface of the top layer and routed through an external circuit, thus providing power to the electrical system attached to the panels.
New technology, which we’ll get to in a later section, uses different, less expensive materials than silicon in PV panels to capture sunlight more affordably.
Where is PV Panels Installed?
Most PV panels go on solar south-facing roofs parallel to the roof’s slope in the northern hemisphere, and on solar north-facing roofs in the southern hemisphere. Some arrays can be mounted on poles or on the ground, but such placement could be prohibited by local regulations or homeowners’ association rules. An important consideration is how many peak sun hours your system will get. Will your solar panels get year-round unshaded sun exposure from 9 a.m. - 3 p.m. (the ideal)? Is your climate stormy, foggy, and dusty? The power of your system will vary depending on your geographical location. People in the northeastern US, for example, will need more solar panels on their roofs to provide the same amount of solar electricity as someone in Arizona.
What Happens at Night and on Cloudy Days?
Because solar electric systems only produce power when the sun is shining, many consumers also connect their solar system to a utility power grid that provides additional electricity when the solar panels are not producing enough. That type of solar system is called a grid-tied system.
Off-Grid vs. Grid-Tied Systems
Costs also vary depending on whether your solar energy system is grid-tied or off-grid. The cost of installing a typical off-grid PV system in a home ranges from $15,000-$20,000 per kilowatt hour. The cost lowers when the solar system is installed as part of the initial house construction, because it is easier and more cost-efficient to incorporate energy-saving design, PV panels and other equipment during construction than to add them after the house is already built.
Off-grid systems require batteries to store electricity and a charge regulator to make sure the batteries are not under- or overcharged. However, with the cost of extending power lines from the utility grid averaging from $20,00-$80,000 per mile, a PV system can be a wise investment for electricity in remote areas.
There are several varieties of off-grid systems:
Small stand-alone solar electricity systems are often used for RV power, lighting, cabins, back-up and portable power systems.
A complete stand-alone solar system provides independence from both fossil fuels and electric utility companies.
A typical complete stand-alone system uses two inverters to make sure power is available for large loads such as air conditioners, and one inverter can supply power when the other may not be working or needs servicing.
Such systems require sizable battery storage capacity so electricity is available when adverse weather diminishes solar power.
Batteries are an expensive component of stand-alone solar systems, initially costing between $80-$200 per kWh for residential use.
Hybrid systems combine PV panels with additional power sources such as fossil-fuel generators.
A hybrid system uses fewer solar panels than a typical stand-alone system, because a gasoline, propane or diesel generator produces power when solar panels are not producing enough.
Such systems can be used for cabins, remote homes and to power small medical facilities in third-world countries.
Off Grid advantages:
1. Freedom from electric bills
2. Independence of the public utility grid
3. Cost-effective for remote areas without power lines
1. Higher initial investment than grid-tied systems
2. Expense and maintenance of more system components such as batteries and charge regulators
3. Possibility of power outage in extended periods of adverse sun conditions
Grid Tied advantages:
1. Backup power if the solar system isn’t producing enough 2. Net metering if the solar system is producing too much power 3. Lower initial investment than for most off-grid systems
Grid Tied disadvantages:
1. Some dependence on the utility grid
2. May not be able to use solar system in the event of a grid power failure 3. Some incentives require that contractors demonstrate proper licensing and
capability in areas specific to grid-tied installation
What Happens if a Solar System Produces More Energy Than the Home Needs?
In a grid-tied system, homeowners can get credit when their system produces more solar electricity than the house itself needs. Many utility companies use “net metering” or “net billing” for customers with solar energy systems. The utility credits a homeowner’s account for excess solar electricity, which goes back to the utility grid, then applies the credit to other months when the system produces less electricity.
CASAnova
Data sheet
Geometry:
Length of north and south facade: 50.0 m Length of west and east facade: 27.3 m Height (without roof): 14.2 m Number of floors: 3 Height of roof: 1.0
Roof ridge: in north-south-direction Deviation from south direction (east positiv): -35.0 °
Ground area: 1365.0 m² Useful area: 3276.0 m² Volume total: 19383.0 m³ Air volume: 16052.4 m³ Facade north resp. south: 710.0 m² Facade east resp. west: 387.7 m² Surface-to-volume value: 0.2 1/m
Insulation:
U values of the walls:
north: 0.20 W/(m² K) south: 0.20 W/(m² K) east: 0.20 W/(m² K) west: 0.20 W/(m² K) Roof:
Towards: outside air U value: 0.20 W/(m² K) Lower floor:
Towards: non-heated cellar (with insulation) U value: 0.20 W/(m² K)
Door (north facade):
Area: 0.0 m²
U value: 1.50 W/(m² K)
Wärmebrücken: increase U-values of surrounding planes by 0.10 W/(m² K) (normal construction)
Building:
Interior temperature: 20.0 °C Limit of overheating: 36.0 °C Ventilation:
Natural ventilation (infiltration): 0.60 1/h Mechanical ventilation: 0.00 1/h
Heat recovery (only mech. ventilation): 0 %
Internal gains: 25.0 kWh/(m² a) Kind of indoor walls: medium construction Kind of outdoor walls: medium construction Walls towards another heated area: east, west
Climate:
Climate station: New Delhi (Bharat Ganarajya)
Windows:
North:
Windows area: 248.5 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 35.0 %
Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 % South: Window area: 248.5 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 35.0 %
Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 % East: Window area: 0.0 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 50.0 %
Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K) U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58 Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 % West: Window area: 0.0 m² Fraction of windows area at the facade: 5.0 %
Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.4 W/(m² K)) U value glazing: 1.40 W/(m² K)
U value frame: 1.50 W/(m² K) g value glazing: 0.58
Fraction of frame: 20.0 % Shading: 20.0 %
Energy:
Heating system: low temperature burner, boiler and distribution
inside the thermal zone
Heat transfer / system temperature: radiators (outside walls), thermostatic valves (layout temperature: 1K), system temperature:
70/55°C
Source of energy: fuel oil
CHAPTER 8
THE GREEN BUILDING
RATING SYSTEM
CHAPTER 8
THE GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM
In the rating system the particular structure is given points depending upon how strictly the clauses laid down by the a)LEED B)IGBC C)USGBC etc … are followed and how eco-friendly the structure is or will be.
NEED FOR THE RATING SYSTEM
➢ To demonstrate that building is truly ‘green’
➢ To give building owners the tools to have a measurable impact on their
buildings’ performance.
THE LEED RATING SYSTEM
The LEED System is a point based system. The building projects earn points based on their satisfying Green building criteria. They must satisfy certain requirements and earn credit points based on six different categories. The six categories
• Sustainable sites
• Water efficiency
• Energy and atmosphere
• Materials and resources
• Indoor environmental quality
• Innovation and design process
Depending on the number of points the building project earns, it is awarded a certification level. There are four LEED certification levels – Certified, Silver Gold and Platinum.
The LEED system is used by designers, architects, engineers, construction managers, government officials among others to make sustainable buildings. Many U.S state and federal agencies are adopting LEED certification. The LEED certification has gained worldwide acceptance as a benchmark for sustainable buildings with LEED certified projects in 41 different countries including Canada, Mexico, Brazil and India.
IGBC (INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL)
The guidelines detailed under each credit enable the design and construction of green homes of all sizes and types. IGBC Green Homes addresses green features under the following categories:
➢ Site Selection and Planning
➢ Water Efficiency
➢ Energy Efficiency
➢ Materials
➢ Indoor Environmental Quality
➢ Innovation & Design Process
Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the total credits earned. However, every Green Home should meet certain mandatory requirements, which are non-negotiable.
The various levels of rating awarded are:
➢ ‘Certified’ to recognize best practices
➢ ‘Silver’ to recognize outstanding performance
➢ ‘Gold’ to recognize national excellence
➢ ‘Platinum’ to recognize global leadership
RATING PROJECT WITH
INTERIORS PROJECT WITHOUT INTERIORS CERTIFIED 32-39 30-36 SILVER 40-47 37-44 GOLD 48-59 44-55 PLATINUM 60-80 56-75
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
BAMBOO RESTAURANT
INTRODUCTION
Bamboo is a naturally occurring composite material which grows abundantly in most of the tropical countries. It is considered a composite material because it consists of cellulose fibers imbedded in a lignin matrix. Cellulose fibers are aligned along the length of the bamboo providing maximum tensile flexural strength and rigidity in that direction. Over 1200 bamboo species have been identified globally. Bamboo has a very long history with human kind. Bamboo chips were used to record history in ancient China. Bamboo is also one of the oldest building materials used by human kind. It has been used widely for household products and extended to industrial applications due to advances in processing technology and increased market demand. In Asian countries, bamboo has been used for household utilities such as containers, chopsticks, woven mats, fishing poles, cricket boxes, handicrafts, chairs, etc. It has also been widely used in building applications, such
As flooring, ceiling, walls, windows, doors, fences, housing roofs, trusses, rafters and purlins; it is also used in construction as structural materials for bridges, water transportation facilities and skyscraper scaffoldings.
There are several differences between bamboo and wood. In bamboo, there are No rays or knots, which give bamboo a far more evenly distributed stresses throughout its length.
DETAIL SPECIFICATION OF BAMBOO
Bamboo is a hollow tube, sometimes with thin walls, and consequently it is more difficult to join bamboo than pieces of wood. Bamboo does not contain the same chemical extractives as wood, and can therefore be glued very well. Bamboo’s diameter, thickness, and internodal length have a macroscopically graded structure while the fiber distribution exhibits a microscopically graded architecture, which lead to favorable properties of bamboo.
Various uses of bamboo
VARIOUS USES OF BAMBOO
Ornamental horticulture Ecology
A variety of utensils
Stabilize of the soil Houses Uses on marginal land
Agro-forestry Parquet Natural stands Local industries Artisanat Furniture
Wood and paper industries
Hedges and screens Strand boards
Minimal land use Medium density fiberboard Laminated lumber
Paper and rayon
Nutritional industries
Plantations Young shoots for human consumption
Mixed agro-forestry systems Fodder
Chemical industries Biochemical products Pharmaceutical industry Energy Charcoal Pyrolysis Gasification
STRENGHT OF BAMBOO AS CONSTRUCTION MATERAIL
Bamboo has tensile strength superior to mild steel (withstands up to 52,000 Pounds of pressure psi) and a weight-to-strength ratio surpassing that of graphite, bamboo is the strongest growing woody plant on earth with one of the widest ranging habitats of more than 1500 species thriving in diverse terrain from sea level to 12,000 feet on every continent but the poles. It also grows the fastest: clocked shooting skyward at 2 inches an hour. Some species grow one and a half meters a day.
BAMBOO AS A HOUSING MATERAIL
Bamboo related industries already provide income, food, and housing to over 2.2 billion people worldwide. There is a 3-5 year return on investment for a new bamboo plantation versus 8-10 years for rattan. The governments of India and China, with 15 million hectares of bamboo reserves collectively, are poised to focus attention on the economic factors of bamboo and its protection. In Limon, Costa Rica, only bamboo houses from the national Bamboo Project stood after their violent earthquake in 1992. Flexible and lightweight, bamboo enables structures to "dance" in earthquakes.
