Index
Adding: cubes, 80
rectangles, with diagonals, 71, 72 Aerial perspective, 173–180
as stylistic device, 174, 180 as compositional tool, 174 atmospheric density, 173 constructing, 177–180
clarity related to position in space, 7, 174
effects of darkness and, 176 gray scale guide, 179
how aerial perspective works, 175 setting up aerial perspective, 177–180 spheres of disappearance, 176
vanishing plane, 178–179
Aerial spheres of disappearance, 176 Aids, perspective drawing, 262 Airplane, perspective views, 230–231 Angles:
finding, 21–22
of objects to picture plane, 41 Angular reflections, 134, 138–141 Apexes, curves, plotting, 103–104 Arcade, perspective view, 238–239 Arc(s):
of circle, 98 sketching, 146 Arches:
from elevation to perspective view, 238–239
construction, 102, 106, 107–108, 110 pointed arches and vaults, 212–213 Atmospheric density, 173
Automobiles, perspective view, 224–227 Axis:
center vertical, 17
drawing curves on one axis, 106 drawing curves on two axes, 107 Axonometrics, 29, 34, 35
Bank, perspective views, 206–207 Bicycle, perspective views, 220–221 Binocular vision, 12 Boat hull: perspective views, 112–113, 228–229, 234–235 oblique views, 28 Boolean operations, 188
Boxes, perspective views, 194–195 CAD (Computer Aided Design), 184 Camera, metaphorical, 190–192 Camera obscura, 262
Center vertical axis, 17
Chairs, perspective view, 198–203
Church interior, perspective view, 212–213 Circles, 95–102
arc of, 98
in complex forms, 96
curved forms based on, 97, 117–119 drawing, inside squares, 98
perspective:
drawing, from plan, 99–100 examples, 101–102
sketching, 146
Cityscapes, perspective views, 214–217 Clarity, depth and, 7, 173–180
Classic automobile, perspective views, 224–225
Clothing, 160–161, 169–170 Communicating visual ideas, 145 Computer, and perspective drawing,
181–192 extruded objects, 189 free-form objects, 189 lathed objects, 189 mapped/wrapped objects, 189 skinned objects, 189 solid modeling, 189
Computer, and perspective drawing (cont’d) surface models, 187
swept objects, 189 3–D models, 184–185
constructing, 186
and metaphorical camera, 190–192 viewing, 190
and traditional methods, 182–183 wireframe models, 187
Computer aided design (CAD), 184 Cone of vision, 11–12, 18, 54
frame and, 18, 39 interior views and, 54 limits of, 39
and optics of eye, 12 overlapping, 11
using, to establish frame, 39 Conference center, perspective views,
244–246
Construction/analysis of perspective views: airplane, 230–231 automobiles, 224–227 courtyard, 238–239 bank, 206–207 bicycle, 220–221 boat hull, 228–229, 234–235 boxes, 194–195 chairs, 198–203 church interior, 212–213 cityscapes, 214–217 classic automobile, 224–225 conference center, 244–246 contemporary automobile, 226–227 cup, 256 exterior sculpture, 247–249 glass, 256 house exterior, 204–205 house interior, 208–211 human figures, 253–255 landscape, 236–237 motorcycle, 222–223 museum interior, 250–253
paraline drawing in perspective, 240–241 schooner, 234–235
spacecraft, 232–233 spiral staircase, 218–219 spoon, 256
table, 196–197
“Container shapes,” sketching, 147, 151 Contemporary automobile, perspective views,
226–227 Contrast, high, 171 Creating visual ideas, 145 Cubes, 76–80 adding, 80 characteristics of, 76 dividing, 80 drawing, in perspective, 77–79 multiplying, 80
Cues, suggesting depth, 7 Cup, perspective views, 256 Curves, 95, 103–124
circles, curved forms based on, 117–119 complex curved shapes, drawing, 112–113 planes, curved:
drawing, on one axis, 106 drawing, on three axes, 108 drawing, on two axes, 107 intersecting, 109–112
reference point/apexes, plotting, 103–104 sketching, 153
spirals, 120–121 surfaces, curved:
constructing grids on, 114–116 irregular, 122–124
shading, 165
techniques for drawing, 104–113 tools for, 105
Darkness, effects of, 176 Depth, cues suggesting, 7
Depth perception, 12 Diagonals, 69–72
adding rectangles with, 71, 72 dividing rectangles with, 70, 72 of squares, 73, 76
Dimetrics, 34 Dividing:
cubes, 80
rectangles, with diagonals, 70, 72 Ducks, drawing curves with, 105 Elevation obliques, 29, 32–33
determining lengths of receding lines in, 33
drawing, 31
setting into a perspective scene, 240–241
Elevations, 3, 26–28. See Paraline drawings/projections
drawing perspective views from, 48–51, 238–239
superimposing plans, view, and, 51 Ellipses, sketching, 146
Exterior sculpture, perspective views, 247–249
Extruded objects, computer models of, 189
Eye level, ground plane, and, 8 height of, 37
Flexible curves, 105
Flexible surfaces, shading, 169–170 Frame:
cropping, 40
establishing with cone of vision, 18, 39 Free-form objects, computer models of,
289
Freehand sketching, see Sketching French curves, 105
Geometric tools, 69–80 cubes, 76–80
diagonals, 69–72 squares, 73–75
Glass, perspective views, 256 Gray scale guide, 179
Grid systems, see Perspective grid systems Ground plane, 8
tilted examples, 232–235 House, perspective views:
exterior, 204–205 interior, 208–211
Human figure in perspective, 155–162 basic proportions, 156–157
clothing, 160 details, figure, 159 fleshing out, 159
male/female differences, 157 and physical maturity, 156
setting figures in perspective, 161–162 variation, figure, 160 views, 253–255 Interior views, 54–55 examples, 208–209, 210–211, 212–213, 240–241,250–252 planning for, 54 setups for, 55 Intersection: of curved planes, 109–112 of sloping planes/surfaces, 86–89 Intuitive triangulation, 12 Irregular surfaces: curved surfaces, 122–124 sketching, 153 Isometric projections, 31, 35 distortions in, 34 drawing, 34
Landscape, perspective views, 236–237 Lathed objects:
computer models of, 189 sketching, 153
Light source positions, shadows and, 126–131
behind viewer:
not perpendicular to the picture plane, 130
perpendicular to the picture plane, 129
in front of the viewer, 128 multiple, 132
parallel to the picture plane, 127 radiating light sources, 131 Linear perspective, 3 Lines, 163 bending, 153 parallel, 8, 165 quality of, 164 shading/hatching, 164 sketching, 146 weight of, 1645 Lines of sight, 19, 35, 44
Mapped objects, computer models of, 189 Materials, for perspective drawing, 262 Measured angle, drawing, in perspective,
90–92
Measured slope plane, drawing in perspective, 93–94 Monocular vision, 12
Motorcycle, perspective views, 222–223 Multiple shadows, 132 Museum interior, 250–252 Oblique projection, 35 Object points, 19 Objects: angle of, 41
cones of vision and, 11
distance between station point and, 40 light and, 5
receding, 9 scanning, 1
viewer-to-, distance, 40
Observed reality, rendering perspective view from, 19–23
one-point perspectives, 23 three-point perspectives, 25 two-point perspectives, 24
One-point perspective grid, constructing, 57–60
One-point perspective view: drawing, from plan, 42–44 parallel, 14
rendering from observed reality, 23–25 Optical perspective, 35
Orthographic projection, see Elevations; Plans
Overlapping, depth and, 7 Pans, 184
Paraline drawing set in perspective, 240–241 Paraline drawings/projections:
advantages of, 29
elevation obliques, 29, 32–33 drawing, 31
Isometric projections, 31 perspective compared to, 35 plan obliques, 29 drawing, 30–31 sketching, 148 Parallel lines, 8 shading with, 165 Parallel reflections, 134–137 Perception of visual world, 1–3
Perspective circles:
drawing, from plan, 99–100 examples of, 101–102 Perspective grid systems:
constructing, 56–68
one-point perspective grid, 57–61 two-point perspective grid, 62–68 sketching using, 149 Perspective machine, 262 Perspective views, 13–18 angles, finding, 21–22 constructing, 36–68 angle of object, 41
cone of vision used to establish frame, 18, 39
eye level height, 37 picture plane location, 38 viewer-to-object distance, 40 defined, 13
drawing, from plans/elevations, 48–51 examples of, 193–256
human figure, see Human figure in perspective
one-point:
drawing, from, from plans/elevations, 42–44, 48–51
parallel, 14
rendering from observed reality, 23 proportions, finding, 20
rendering from observed reality, 19–23 sketching, 150–153
three point: angular, 17–18 parallel, 17–18
rendering from observed reality, 25 two-point:
angular, 16
drawing from plans/elevations, 45–51 parallel, 15
rendering from observed reality, 24
Picture plane, 6–7
perspective angles, 13–18 Plane(s):
curved:
drawing, on one axis, 106 drawing, on three axes, 108 drawing, on two axes, 107 intersecting, 109–112 ground, 8, 37 picture, 6–7 perspective angles, 13–1`8 sloping, 81–94 intersecting, 86–89
measured angle in perspective, drawing, 90, 92
measured slope plane in perspective, drawing, 93–94
rectangles, drawing slopes off, 84–85 reflections of, 143
Plan obliques, 29–32
Plans, 3, 26–28. See also Paraline drawings/projections
drawing perspective circles from, 99–100 drawing perspective views from, 48–51 interior views, 54–55
obliques, plan, 29 drawing, 30–31
procedures/setups for taking into views, 52–54
reflections and, 142
superimposing elevation, view, and, 51 Proportions, finding, 20
Radiating light sources, shadows, and, 131 Recording visual ideas, 145
Rectangles:
adding with diagonals, 71, 72 dividing with diagonals, 70, 72 drawing slopes off, 84–85
Reference points, curves, 103–104 Reflections, 125
angular, 134, 138–141 parallel, 134–137 plan and, 142
off sloping planes, 143 off tilted mirror, 144
Rendering, see Shading/rendering Representational systems, 4
several points of view, 3, 4 single point of view, 3–5 Rigid surfaces, shading, 168 Scanning, 1
Schooner, 234–235
Shading/rendering, 163–172 for aerial perspective, 178–180 continuous tones, 166–167, 171 and depth, 7
discrete tones, 171 flexible surfaces, 169, 170 high contrast, 171
with parallel lines, 165 rigid surfaces, 168, 170 styles, 163, 172, 180 surface tones, 164 Shadows, 125–133
cast on various surfaces, 133 and light source position, 125–131
behind viewer/not perpendicular to picture plane, 130
behind viewer/perpendicular to picture plane, 129
in front of viewer, 128 parallel to picture plane, 127 radiating light sources, 131 multiple, 132
Shape, depth, and, 7 Size, position, depth, and, 7
Sketching, 145–154 basics of, 146 curves, 153
general to specific, proceeding from, 147 grids, using, 149 irregular surfaces, 153 in paraline, 148–149 in perspective, 150–153 styles of, 154
Skinned objects, computer models of, 189 Slide projector, 262
Sloping planes/surfaces, 81–94 intersecting, 86–89
measured angle in perspective, drawing, 90–92
measured slope plane in perspective, drawing, 93–94
rectangles, drawing slopes off, 84–85 reflections of, 143
Solid modeling, 188 SP, see Station point
Spacecraft, perspective views, 232–233 Spheres of disappearance, 9–10, 18
aerial, 176 Spirals, 120–121
Spiral staircase, perspective views, 218–219
Splines, drawing curves with, 105 Spoon, perspective views, 256 Squares, 16, 73–75
characteristics of, 73
drawing, in perspective, 74–75 drawing circles inside of, 98 Station point (SP), 6, 35
distance between object and, 40 interior views and, 54
view from behind, 8 Stereo vision, 12 Surface modeling, 187
Surfaces: curved:
constructing grids on, 114–116 irregular, 122–124 shading, 165 shading/rendering, 164–170 sketching irregular, 153 sloping, 81–94 intersecting, 86–89
measuring angle in perspective, drawing, 90–92
measured slope plane in perspective, drawing, 93–94
rectangles, drawing slopes off, 84–85 reflections of, 143
two-dimensional, 6, 7, 182–183 Swept objects, computer models of, 189 Table, perspective views, 196–197 Three-dimensional models, 184–185
constructing, 186
and metaphorical camera, 190–192 viewing, 190
Three-point perspectives: angular, 17–18
parallel, 178–18
rendering from observed reality, 25 Titled mirror, reflections of, 144
Titled ground plane, examples of, 232–235 Tools, perspective drawing, 262
Trimetrics, 34
Two-dimensional surfaces, 6, 7 computer with, 182–183 Two-point perspectives:
angular, 16
drawing, from plan, 45–48
grid, constructing two-point perspective, 62–68
parallel, 15
rendering from observed reality, 24 Vanishing plane, 178–179
Vanishing point (VP), 8
Vertical measuring line (VML), 66, 94 Vertical measuring point (VMP), 94 Vertical perspective, 13
Vertical vanishing line ( VVL) , 81
Vertical vanishing points (VVP), 17, 80, 81 Viewer-to-object distance, 40 Vision: binocular, 12 cone of, 11–12, 18, 39, 54 monocular, 12 stereo, 12
Visualization, rapid, 145. See also Sketching
Weight, line, 164 Window card, 262 Wireframe modeling, 187
Wrapped objects, computer models of, 189 XYZ coordinates, 186
Yacht club exterior, perspective views, 242–243
