Challenges for Climate Change
Mainstreaming and Tracking the
Effectiveness of Mitigation Projects
-Cases from JICA Projects
Climate Change Expert Group Global Forum
18-19 September 2013
OECD Conference Centre, Paris
Yukichi USUI (Mr.), Deputy Director, Office for Climate Change
/ Environmental Management Group,
Global Environment Department
Contents
(1) JICA’s Challenges for Mainstreaming Climate
Change
(2) Case Studies for Tracking Effectiveness of
Mitigation Projects
(1) JICA’s Challenges for
Japan’s Role for Climate Change and Development
◆JICA and Japan’s ODA
• Since 1954, Japan has been providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries through ODA (Official Development Assistance). JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) is in charge of administering all ODA except contributions to international organizations.
• JICA, taking advantage of accumulated experiences, the results of assisting of developing countries and Japan's technology, conducts multi-benefit assistance, which contributes to sustainable developments in developing countries and simultaneously contributes to resolve various development subjects. JICA assists by mixing organically financial and technical assistance for mitigation measures, which contribute to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and for adaptation measures to the negative effects caused by climate change in various sectors .
*This excludes Grant Aid which the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs will continue to directly implement for the necessity of diplomatic policy. Bilateral assistance ODA Multilateral Assistance JICA Technical Cooperation ODA loans* ,
Overseas investment and loan Grant Aid
Disaster relief
Cooperation through citizen participation
Financ
ial
Ass
istanc
e
＜Mitigation: Low-carbon Society＞
＜Adaptation: Climate Resilient Society＞
T
ec
hnic
al
Co
oper
ation
Policy Dialogue Public-Private Partnership Research / Studies Strategic Mitigation Actions
（NAMA、MRV、REDD+, etc.）*
Low-carbon Technologies
（Renewables, Energy Efficiency, etc.)
Efficient Use of Resources, etc.
（Mass Transit, Smart-grid, etc.） Comprehensive
Assistance
Modeling / Vulnerability Assessment （Climate Prediction, GIS**, etc.）
Enhancing Adaptive Capacity
（Awareness, Early Warning System, etc.) Resilient Infrastructure
（Irrigation, Flood Control, etc.）
Energy, Transport, Forestry, Waste Management, etc.
Equitable Growth
Human Security Climate Change, A Global Agenda Climate Compatible Sustainable Development
• NAMA (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) MRV (measurable, reportable, verifiable)
REDD+ (Reduction of Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) **GIS (Geographic Information System)
JICA’s Approach: Low-Carbon and Climate Resilient
Development Cooperation
Policy & Institutional Reform, Finance Mechanism,
Human Resource Development
Reduction of GHG Emission Enhancing Adaptive Capacity Responding to Climate Change Sustainable Development
Disaster Risk Management, Water, Agriculture. Sanitation, etc.
Co-Benefits Approach -Examples
An approach to reduce GHG emission compatible with sustainable
development
Reducing methane emissions with semi-aerobic landfill systems
Reducing methane emissions with wastewater technology/equipment
Saving energy with high efficiency boilers/processes
Reducing Air Pollution from Cars
<Project Formulation Process> <Process of Climate Change Mainstreaming> Preparatory Survey Feasibility Study (F/S) Appraisal Intergovernmental Agreement Project Implementation
(1) Pre-Screening of Mitigation/Adaptation Potentials
(2) Climate Change Mainstreaming through dialogue between Implementing Agency and JICA
Utilization of JICA Climate-FIT (Finance Impact Tool)
<Mitigation> Identification of Mitigation Options and Data Collection for GHG Estimation
<Adaptation> Vulnerability Assessment and Identification of Adaptation Options
(Mitigation/Adaptation to be Specified as Project Purpose, Expected Outcomes, Project Indicators, etc.)
(4) Official Agreement with Recipient Government
on Contribution to Mitigation/Adaptation in Official Intergovernmental Agreement
(6) Application of Rio-Marker
Application of Rio-Marker according to OECD-DAC Definitions
Adoption of Project Concept
(3) Confirmation with Implementing Agency on
Contribution to Mitigation/Adaptation in Decision-Making Documents
(5) Completion of Ex-ante Evaluation Sheet with
Specification of Contribution to Adaptation/Mitigation, to be Open to Public in JICA Website
Essential Elements for
‘Development Effectiveness’
Capacity Development
“The process in which individuals, organizations, institutions, and societies develop “abilities” either individually or collectively (to respond to issues) to perform
functions, solve problems, and set and achieve objectives.”
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DAC Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance
-Relevance
The extent to which the aid activity is suited to the priorities and policies of the target group, recipient and donor.
-Effectiveness
A measure of the extent to which an aid activity attains its objectives.
-Efficiency
Outputs -- qualitative and quantitative -- in relation to the inputs
-Impact
The positive and negative changes produced by a development intervention, directly or indirectly, intended or unintended.
-Sustainability
Whether the benefits of an activity are likely to continue after donor funding has been withdrawn
JICA Climate Finance Impact Tool (JICA Climate-FIT)
Draft Ver. 1.0 【June 2011】
JICA has prepared Climate Finance Impact Tool (JICA Climate-FIT) , a reference document which contains the following components in order to
facilitate consideration of policies and formulation of projects for assisting climate change related measures in developing countries.
1.Methodologies for implementing measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) related to
quantitative evaluation of mitigation projects that contribute to reduction or sequestration of
greenhouse gases (GHG) (25 sub-sectors)
2.Concepts and guidelines for mainstreaming adaptation considerations into projects that contribute to reduction of vulnerability against climate change, and sustaining and increasing adaptive capacity and resilience (15 sub-sectors)
Framework of Mitigation Report Framework of Adaptation Report
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 3 Basic Concept and Guidelines for the Quantitative Evaluation of
GHG Emission Reduction (Sequestration)
Chapter 2 Selection of Target Sub-sectors and Review of Existing Methodologies
Chapter 4 Methodology Sheets and Calculation Sheets
■ Selection of Target Subsectors ① Past JICA ODA Loan Projects
(Classification of yen loan projects from 1995 to 2010)
② Trend of Other Donors ■ Methodologies of Other Certification Organizations, etc.
① Reviewed Methodologies ② Existing Methodologies for Targeted Sub-sectors ■ Basic Concept
① Quantitative Evaluation ② Basic Concept
■ Outline of Methodology Sheet and Calculation Sheet
① Aim and Application ② Outline of Methodology Sheet ③ Outline of Calculation Sheet
Identification of Mitigation Projects Outline of Methodology and Calculation
Sheets for Each Sub-sector Target Sub-sectors
Methodology Sheet 1. Typical project outline 2. Applicability
3. Methodology on emission reduction (1) Baseline emission
(2) Project emission 4. Data required for estimation and monitoring
<Timing of calculation> <Data acquisition methods> <Priority among options> 5. Others
(1) Project boundary (2) Leakage
(3) Reviewed methodologies and major differences
Calculation Sheet (1) Input Sheet (2) Result Sheet
Forest and natural resources conservation 1. Afforestation 2. Forest conservation Traffic and transportation
3.Freight / passenger transportation improvement 4.MRT 5.Mono-rail 6. Bus Energy conservation (Industry) 7.Energy efficiency improvement 8.Cogeneration (electricity and heat supply) 9.Fuel switching
Energy
10.Energy plant with fuel switching 11.Thermal power cogeneration (electricity and heat supply) 12.Thermal power with fuel switching 13.Thermal power with higher efficiency 14.Power transmission with improved efficiency 15.Power distribution with improved efficiency 16.Rural electrification
Renewable energy
17.Hydro power 18.Wind power
19.Photovoltaic power / solar heat 20.Geotherma 21.Biomass
Sewerage, urban sanitation 22.Landfill disposal of waste 23.Intermediate treatment of waste 24.Drainage treatment 25.Sewerage
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Review of Existing Resources
Chapter 3 Definitions and Steps in Adaptation Planning
Chapter 4 Selection of Target Sub-sectors
■ The Basic Concept ■ Vulnerability Assessment
■ Adaptation Project and Business-as-Usual (BAU) Development with Adaptation Options ■ Maladaptation
■ Evaluation and Monitoring ■ Required Data
■ Categorization of Typical Adaptation Measures ■ Past JICA ODA Loan Projects
(Classification of yen loan projects from 1995 to 2010)
■ Integration of Detailed Classifications into Target Sub-sectors
■ Trends of Projects by Other Donors ■ Selection of Target Sub-sectors
Chapter 5 Basic Concept and Guidelines for Adaptation Measures
Identification of Adaptation Projects
Structure of Sub-sector Profiles Target Sub-sectors
1) Basic Concept
i) General concept ii) Vulnerability iii) Adaptation iv) Maladaptation 2) “Adaptation Project” Guideline i) General concept
ii) Vulnerability assessment
iii) Project evaluation of adaptation measures iv) Necessary consideration for planning of adaptation measures
v) Required data
3) “BAU Development with Adaptation Options” Guideline
i) General concept
ii) Vulnerability assessment (risk and change) iii) Planning adaptation options
iv) Project evaluation of adaptation options v) Necessary consideration for planning of adaptation options
vi) Required data
Understanding future climate change
Water Resources 1.Water resources Agriculture
2.Irrigation and drainage
3.Enhancement of farm management Forestry and natural resources conservation 4.Forest preservation, afforestation 5.Ecosystem integrity
Disaster Management
6.Flood control 7.Coastal protection 8.Sediment-related disaster prevention 9.Information system
Urban-regional Development 10.Rural/urban development Transportation
11.Bridge, road and railway 12.Port and airport Sanitary Improvement 13.Water supply 14.Sewerage and drainage 15.Medical healthcare
Framework of JICA Climate-FIT
(2) Case Studies for Tracking
Effectiveness of Mitigation Projects
Case 1 “Renewable Energy Development
Project” in Bangladesh (ODA Yen Loan)
Loan Agreement: March 10, 2013 Loan Amount: 11,335 million Yen Executing Agency: Infrastructure
Development Company Limited (IDCOL) Operation and Maintenance System: Sponsor
agencies
#Financial Intermediary Loan (Two-Step Loan) implemented through the financial institutions of the recipient country based on the policy-oriented financial system
Project Background
• Insufficient electricity supply with increasing
electricity demand, per capita electricity consumption remaining at the lowest level in the world (252 kWh)
• Challenge to facilitate increase of power
supply capacity through development of new power sources through diversification of
energy resources including renewable energy, especially in rural areas
12
Project Objective
To promote the increase of power supply and the diversification of energy source, by financing the installation of solar PV power generation and biomass power generation mainly in the rural area, thereby contributing to sustainable economic development, improvement of the people’s living conditions and mitigation of climate change
Project Components
1) Provision of funds to sponsor agencies in charge of sales and maintenance and
management of equipment in order to
implement sub-projects for renewable energy 2) Consulting services: monitoring, sub-project screening support, technical assistance, etc. Schedule
To be implemented from March 2013 to December 2016 (46 months in total)
Targeted Outcomes
(1) Quantitative Effects
<Performance Indicators>
<Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) >
sub-projects with their EIRR over 12% are to issue loans with regard to the
project components other than the SHS (Solar Home System)
(2) Qualitative Effects
Sustainable economic development, livelihood improvement, and climate
change mitigation.
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Indicator (Unit) Target (2018)
Yearly Power Generation Volume (MWh/year) 63,162 Installed Generation Capacity (MW) 43.632 Effect of the Reduction of CO2 (CO2 conversion
tons/year)
Case 2 “Delhi Mass Rapid Transport
System Project Phase 3” (ODA Yen Loan)
Loan Agreement: March 29, 2012 Loan Amount: 127,917 million yen Executing Agency: Delhi Metro Rail
Cooperation Limited (DMRC)
Project Background
Rapid urbanization and surging
number of automobiles and
motorcycles (with annual average
growth of 11% since 1997),
resulting in heavy traffic
congestion and air pollution
14
Project Objective
Extending the mass rapid transport system totaling approximately 103 km (total 245km throughout phase 1-3) in length, thereby contributing to regional
economic development and improvement of the urban environment
Project Components
1) Civil works (underground section of 17.3 km on Line 8 (including 12 underground stations), tracks for all the lines, etc.)
2) Electrical and Signaling & Telecommunication System 3) Procurement of Rolling Stocks (enhancement of the transportation capacity of the above-mentioned four sections and some existing lines)
4) Consulting services (design review, construction monitoring and supervision etc.)
Schedule
Targeted Outcomes
(1) Quantitative Effects <Performance Indicators>
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) : 16.33%
(2) Qualitative Effects
Improvement of traffic conditions, mitigation of traffic pollution, mitigation of climate change, improvement of convenience through punctuality with regard to travel times, and economic growth in the Delhi metropolitan area
15
Indicator Target (2022)
Operation rate (%/year) 92
Running distance (1000km/day) 227.8 Number of running trains (number of trains/day, one direction) 782 Volume of transportation (million persons-km/day) 38.0 Income from Passengers (million rupees/day) 71.1
Estimated GHG emission reduction as “Project Impact”
-About 22 million tons (in terms of CO2 equivalent: total amount of the reduction between 2008 and 2032 achieved by Phases 1 to 3) , due to both of below:
・Introduction of regenerative braking systems for electricity powered vehicles, and ・Development of a modal shift (cf. JICA Climate-FIT)
<Case 3> Bangkok Master Plan on
Climate Change 2013 – 2023
(Technical Cooperation) Project Period: 2013-2015
Output 1： Preparation of Bangkok Master Plan on Climate Change 2013-2023
• Assessment of the Bangkok Action Plan on Global Warming Mitigation 2007 – 2012 • Improvement of Data Collection,
Methodologies for Estimation and Monitoring of GHG Emission
• Development of Sectoral Strategies
• Public consultation, Workshops and Seminars • Dissemination of the Master Plan
Project Purpose：The Bangkok Master Plan
on Climate Change 2013-2023 is prepared with strengthened capacity for
implementation.
Output 2：Strengthened Capacity of BMA officials
• Training Programs for BMA officials
• Seminars/Workshops for Related Stakeholders • Development of Educational Materials
Japanese Expert Team Yokohama-City （’Future City Initiative’） Local Consultants Experiences of Low-Carbon Policy-Planning and Implementation in JAPAN ＜Background＞
Total GHG emission of Thailand is ranked 23th in the world（IEA, 2009） GHG emission of Bangkok accounts for 24% of total emission in Thailand,
and per capita emission is as high as that of NY
High potential of GHG reduction, especially in Energy and Transport Sector
Steering Committee chaired by Deputy-Governor of BMA
Participants: Representatives from the
participating departments of BMA, TGO, OTP, PCD, NESDB, ONEP, DEDE, etc.
5 Working Groups
Environmentally Sustainable Transport Energy Efficiency and Alternative Energy
Efficient Solid Waste Management and Wastewater Treatment
Green Urban Planning Adaptation Initiatives Secretariat（Department of Environment, BMA） Inter-Organizational Coordination
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA)
Overall Goal, Project Purpose and
Objectively Verifiable Indicators
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Narrative Summary Objectively Verifiable Indicators
<Project Purpose>
The Bangkok Master Plan on Climate
Change (including its action plan(s) is fully prepared with strengthened capacity for
implementation.
1 The Bangkok Master Plan on Climate Change is officially approved by BMA by the end of the project duration.
2 The resources made available for implementation of the Master Plan.
3 Intra/inter-organizational cooperation
and implementation structure is
established to implement the Master Plan.
<Overall Goal>
1. Bangkok Master Plan on Climate Change is well implemented by BMA in a
sustainable manner.
2. The responsible departments of the BMA are able to manage, monitor and
evaluate the progress of the Master Plan.
1 Sufficient budget and staff are allocated by each responsible
department in BMA to implement the Master Plan.
2 Positive effects on adaptation and
mitigation are recognized by mid-term
