RFID – the ”next step” in
consumer-product relations or
Orwellian nightmare?
Nordic Consumer Policy Research Conference 2007
TOWARDS A NEW CONSUMER?
TOWARDS A NEW CONSUMER POLICY?
Helsinki, October 3-5, 2007
RFID (radio-frequency identification)
1) RFID tag (transponder)
• Chip for data storage
• Antenna
2) RFID reader (tranceiver)
• Reads data from tag
• Using radiofrequencies or
induction
3) Database
RFID-tag vs. barcode
Advantage of RFID:
• RFID can uniquely identify items through an
Electronic Product Code (EPC).
• Itmes can be identified, counted, traced, analyzed…
• Items become individually identifiable –
• Barcode can only identify a product category.
• Barcode needs line-of-sight to be read
• Barcodes can store very little information
RFID-tag
Barcode
NB! Today, about 5 billion barcodes are scanned daily worldwide. Need a massive alteration to replace such a successful technology
Active tag:
• long read range
• continually radiates
information
• battery powered
• fairly large/bulky
• expensive
Passive tag:
- short read-range
- only gives away data when
activated by a reader
- small (grain of sand)
- long-life span, little
maintenance
- low cost (but still not
competing with printed
barcodes)
Active/passive RFID tags
2 product groups
Group 1:
Products with RFID being a central
feature to the product itself
(access control, automated toll
collection)
Group 2):
Products tagged with RFID, but RFID
not being central for the functioning of
the product
(tagging of any consumer goods)
In the future:
more hybrid versions between these two, where RFID is implanted in traditional consumer goods, not only attached to packaging…
RFID applications today…
• Supply chain management
• Inventory control
• Automated toll collection
• Theft reduction
Source: www.soumu.go.jp
Example:
Supply chain managment of an apparel company:
Managment of stock, orders and distribution
Perceived advantages:
-Increased automation
- Unique identification
- Improved visibilty
- Real-time information
- Enhanced product information
- Instant verification of products (trust)
- Post-sales services (product recall,
notice of default, product upgrades)
- Improved efficiency /cost savings
Other RFID applications (1)…
Source: www.bisonium.com Source: www.gizmodo.com
Source: www.ece.ndsu.nodak.edu
Tracking livestock; monitoring the
wellbeing of animals
RFID wristbands for tracking children’s
movements in amusement parks.
Subdermal implants for identification,
verification and transaction, i.e. in
bars.
Other RFID applications (2)…
* Monitoring health and medication needs
of patients…
* Tracking pets, babies in hospitals
(prevent abduction) and pasients (autists
or dementia patients)…
* Identifying employees and access to
offices…
* Tracking various foods due to recent
food scandals.
Source: http://hyperdogtechnologies.com
Source: www.identipet.com
Manufacturing and retail interest in
implementing RFID ”closer to the
consumer”:
-
Create closer relationship between
product and consumer (loyalty)
- Identify and track items that people
carry - couple with a person’s profile
Dawning RFID interest in retail
RFID in retail
RFID in retail; interesting application in terms of consumer-related issues:
- Deterring shoplifting
- Profiling according to interests and shopping behavior - In-aisle companion for product suggestions
- Instant recognition of preferences
- Marketing methods – more targeted and instant marketing, based on predictions
- Less excess product inventory and right products at the right time - Address consumer demands for improved and more correct service - Product recalls and product updates / upgrades
- Removing check-out lines. Consumers equipped with RFID in mobile devices. Consumers can leave the store and a reader will scan all the items and bill the customer’s account
Consumer concerns (1)…
RFID has become controversial;Mixed experiences with pilots performed in retailing, for example by supermarket giants such as Walmart, Metro and Tesco…
Covert use of RFID has been disclosed and has led to public outcry and
consumer/ privacy organisations has engaged themselves through boycotts and critical articles in the press.
Walmart has pushed for its top suppliers to implement RFID as it did with the barcode…
* * *
Retailers and RFID proponents have called for ”counter-strategies” to educate consumers about potential benefits and debunk myths that surround this nascent technology…
Consumer concerns (2)
Consumer advocates focus on key concerns:
Privacy issues - tracking
• covert tracking – scanning consumer items from a distance – consumers
being ”spied on”.
• recordings about location - when a consumer engaged with a specific
product.
• RFID in products leaves an ”information trail”.
Privacy issues - behavioural profiling
• privacy invading technology; profile data can be coupled with instant data
gathered from RFID-enabled products that consumers buy or carry with
them.
• can enable price discrimination.
• provide ”deep” information on consumers’ shopping habits
• predictive capability.
The Big Brother label has been unavoidable; the idea of a seamless network of millions of RFID readers, billions of tags placed everywhere, huge databases, a constant reading, processing and evaluation of consumer data, predicting consumer behavior, tracking of consumer movements – and hence the fulfillmen of an inescapable private sector-lead Orwellian surveillance
Consumers’ own concerns and awareness of the technology?
Little research on RFID with a consumer perspective;Study 1):
Capgemini studies:
- RFID awareness in the US: 23% (42% favorable) - RFID awarenss in Europe: 18% (52% favorable) Top concerns (both US and Europe):
• Consumer data being used by third party • More targeted/direct marketing
• Tracking consumers through product purchases • Tags being read covertly from a distance
Study 2):
Consumers mistrusting both business AND government intentions regarding RFID Study 3):
On prototype item-level RFID retail system; reveals that RFID should not be activated out of store and in homes for post-sale services; consumer control more important than potential commercial benefits. Study 4):
Performed in Metro’s Future Store in Germany, focused on consumers’ privacy fears. A dominant perception: deep-seated mistrust in RFID-based environments (73% want RFID deactivated at the counter). Feeling of helplessness when confronting intelligent environments control important.
Concluding remarks…
RFID experience:Consumers – have hands-on experience with RFID without knowing (automated toll collection, anti-theft tags on clothes).
RFID ambivalence:
RFID’s advantages are its biggest drawbacks (tracking, recording and transferring data). RFID myths:
Some claims – too far-fetched. Still: technological advancement prove that ”anything is possible”. Fully-fledged surveillance problably will probably materialise, due to proprietary systems, regualtion, costs and the use of passive tags, not active.
However; the invisibility and omnipresence of RFID systems, potentially evading consumer conciousness, is a real concern.
RFID and consumer responsibility:
Increased burden by leaving all choices to the consumer – fighting an ”invisible enemy”. RFID opportunities:
Aside from the privacy invasion: potential for an empowered, concious consumer (RFID provides visibilty in terms of products content, life-cycle, origin, ethical matters + efficiency gains).
RFID a in Nordic context:
Learn from mistakes in the US and Europe.
Address consumer issues in RFID application testing + in-depth research on RFID in context. Need for coordinated effort between developers, legislators, consumer/privacy groups and research.