The “Equ
The “Equity” ity” Essence of Essence of Implied Implied TTrustsrusts G.R. No. 108121 May 10, 1994
G.R. No. 108121 May 10, 1994
HERMINIA L. RAMOS and HEIRS OF HERMINIO RAMOS, HERMINIA L. RAMOS and HEIRS OF HERMINIO RAMOS, vs.
vs.
HON. COURT OF APPEALS, SPOUSES HILARIO CELESTINO and HON. COURT OF APPEALS, SPOUSES HILARIO CELESTINO and LY
LYIA CELESTINIA CELESTINO,O, The
The!"#a$ %o&"!'(!"#a$ %o&"!'( decision is premised on decision is premised on the following findings andthe following findings and conclusion:
conclusion:
T)* Co&"!, &+on !)* *#d*n%* add&%*d, -#nd( !)a! an #+$#*d o" T)* Co&"!, &+on !)* *#d*n%* add&%*d, -#nd( !)a! an #+$#*d o" "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! a( %"*a!*d y o+*"a!#on o- $a )*n !)* (&*%! "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! a( %"*a!*d y o+*"a!#on o- $a )*n !)* (&*%! +"o+*"!y a( (o$d y !)* PHHC, #!) !)* $*/a$ !#!$* *#n/ *(!*d #n +"o+*"!y a( (o$d y !)* PHHC, #!) !)* $*/a$ !#!$* *#n/ *(!*d #n H*"#n#o a( !)* %o""*(+ond#n/ TCT a( #((&*d #n )#( na*, &! H*"#n#o a( !)* %o""*(+ond#n/ TCT a( #((&*d #n )#( na*, &! #!) !)* *n*-#%#a$ !#!$*, )o**", *#n/ *(!*d #n Lyd#a a( ()* #!) !)* *n*-#%#a$ !#!$*, )o**", *#n/ *(!*d #n Lyd#a a( ()* a( !)* on* )o +a#d !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* !)* +"o+*"!y o&! a( !)* on* )o +a#d !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* !)* +"o+*"!y o&! o-)*" -&nd( a-!*" H*"#n#o )ad *a"$#*" (o$d and !"an(-*""*d !o o-)*" )*" -&nd( a-!*" H*"#n#o )ad *a"$#*" (o$d and !"an(-*""*d !o )*" )#( "#/)!( !o &y !)* +"o+*"!y and ()* )ad -&$$y +a#d )# !)* )#( "#/)!( !o &y !)* +"o+*"!y and ()* )ad -&$$y +a#d )# !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* -o" (a#d "#/)!(3 a%%o"d#n/$y, #! a++*a"#n/ !)a! +&"%)a(* +"#%* -o" (a#d "#/)!(3 a%%o"d#n/$y, #! a++*a"#n/ !)a! #n(!*ad o- "*%o/n##n/ and a#d#n/ y (a#d !"&(!, H*"#n#a and !)* #n(!*ad o- "*%o/n##n/ and a#d#n/ y (a#d !"&(!, H*"#n#a and !)* o!)*" d*-*ndan!( 5)o a( H*"#n#o'( (&%%*((o"6#n6#n!*"*(! *"*$y o!)*" d*-*ndan!( 5)o a( H*"#n#o'( (&%%*((o"6#n6#n!*"*(! *"*$y (!*++*d #n!o )#( ()o*( &+on )#( d*a!)7 )a* "*+&d#a!*d !)* !"&(! (!*++*d #n!o )#( ()o*( &+on )#( d*a!)7 )a* "*+&d#a!*d !)* !"&(! y %$a##n/ !)* +"o+*"!y -o" !)*(*$*( (oon a-!*" H*"#n#o'( y %$a##n/ !)* +"o+*"!y -o" !)*(*$*( (oon a-!*" H*"#n#o'( d*a!) #n 198, Lyd#a and )*" (+o&(* H#$a"#o *"* -&$$y a""an!*d d*a!) #n 198, Lyd#a and )*" (+o&(* H#$a"#o *"* -&$$y a""an!*d #n "#n/#n/ !)*#" (a#d %o+$#an! )*"*#n, (**#n/ a( #! do*(, !)* #n "#n/#n/ !)*#" (a#d %o+$#an! )*"*#n, (**#n/ a( #! do*(, !)* *n-o"%**n! o- !)* !"&(! !)"& d*-*ndan!(' *:*%&!#on o- !)* *n-o"%**n! o- !)* !"&(! !)"& d*-*ndan!(' *:*%&!#on o- !)* %o""*(+ond#n/ %on*yan%* d**d !o !)* *nd !)a! !)* !"&* %o""*(+ond#n/ %on*yan%* d**d !o !)* *nd !)a! !)* !"&* *n*-#%#a$ !#!$* ay * "*-$*%!*d #n !)* %o""*(+ond#n/ !#!$* *n*-#%#a$ !#!$* ay * "*-$*%!*d #n !)* %o""*(+ond#n/ !#!$* %*"!#-#%a!*3 and, a/
%*"!#-#%a!*3 and, a/a#n, (#n%* a#n, (#n%* #! a( *%a&(* o- d*-*nd#! a( *%a&(* o- d*-*ndan!'(an!'( &na""an!*d "*+&d#a!#on o- !)* !"&(! !)a! +$a#n!#--( *"* &na""an!*d "*+&d#a!#on o- !)* !"&(! !)a! +$a#n!#--( *"*
%o+*$$*d !o "#n/ !)*#" %o+$a#n! #n C##$ Ca(* No. ;6492<2 and %o+*$$*d !o "#n/ !)*#" %o+$a#n! #n C##$ Ca(* No. ;6492<2 and *n/a/* !)*#" %o&n(*$'( (*"#%*( !)*"*-o", !)* Co&"! -#nd( !)a! *n/a/* !)*#" %o&n(*$'( (*"#%*( !)*"*-o", !)* Co&"! -#nd( !)a! a(#d* -"o !)* +"#n%#+a$ "*$#*- (o&/)! #n !)* %o+$a#n! and !)* a(#d* -"o !)* +"#n%#+a$ "*$#*- (o&/)! #n !)* %o+$a#n! and !)* %o(!(, "*%o*"y y +$a#n!#--( -"o d*-*ndan!( !)* (& %o(!(, "*%o*"y y +$a#n!#--( -"o d*-*ndan!( !)* (& o-P20,000.007 a( "*a(ona$* a!!o"n*y'( -**( #( &(!
P20,000.007 a( "*a(ona$* a!!o"n*y'( -**( #( &(! and *=&#!a$*and *=&#!a$* . . . . . . ..
T)* -a%! !)a! H*"#n#a n* o- and %on(*n!*d !o !)* (&*%! T)* -a%! !)a! H*"#n#a n* o- and %on(*n!*d !o !)* (&*%! !"an(a%!#on *!**n H*"#n#o and Lyd#a #( a+$y #nd#%a!*d y !)* !"an(a%!#on *!**n H*"#n#o and Lyd#a #( a+$y #nd#%a!*d y !)* (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y, E:). E, *:*%&!*d #n Lyd#a'( -ao" y (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y, E:). E, *:*%&!*d #n Lyd#a'( -ao" y H*"#n#o and H*"#n#a (o*!#* on No**" 2>, 19<4. No H*"#n#o and H*"#n#a (o*!#* on No**" 2>, 19<4. No "*a(ona$* *:+$ana!#o
"*a(ona$* *:+$ana!#on %an n %an * /$*an*d -"o !)* * /$*an*d -"o !)* *#d*n%**#d*n%* add&%*d -o" H*"#n#o'( and H*"#n#a'( *:*%&!#on o- (a#d (+*%#a$ add&%*d -o" H*"#n#o'( and H*"#n#a'( *:*%&!#on o- (a#d (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y o!)*" !)an !)* -a%! !)a! !)*y "*%o/n#*d !)a! #! +o*" o- a!!o"n*y o!)*" !)an !)* -a%! !)a! !)*y "*%o/n#*d !)a! #! a( Lyd#a )o +a#d !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- !)* (&*%! +"o+*"!y !o a( Lyd#a )o +a#d !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- !)* (&*%! +"o+*"!y !o !)* PHHC o&! o- )*" on -&nd( and !)a! ()* a( !)* *n*-#%#a$ !)* PHHC o&! o- )*" on -&nd( and !)a! ()* a( !)* *n*-#%#a$ on*" !)*"*o-. O- %o&"(*, H*"#n#a o&$d )a* !)* Co&"! -#nd !)a! on*" !)*"*o-. O- %o&"(*, H*"#n#a o&$d )a* !)* Co&"! -#nd !)a! !)* (#/na!&"* a++*a"#n/ o*" )*" +"#n!*d na* #n E:). E #( no! )*" !)* (#/na!&"* a++*a"#n/ o*" )*" +"#n!*d na* #n E:). E #( no! )*" (#/na!&"*. ?&!, %*"!a#n$y, H*"#n#a'( a"* %$a# %anno! +"*a#$ (#/na!&"*. ?&!, %*"!a#n$y, H*"#n#a'( a"* %$a# %anno! +"*a#$ a/a#n(! !)* no!a"y +&$#%'( %*"!#-#%a!* #n !)* a%no$*d/*n! a/a#n(! !)* no!a"y +&$#%'( %*"!#-#%a!* #n !)* a%no$*d/*n! +o"!#on o- !)* do%&*n!, #n (& a((*"!#n/ !)a! o!) H*"#n#o and +o"!#on o- !)* do%&*n!, #n (& a((*"!#n/ !)a! o!) H*"#n#o and H*"#n#a +*"(ona$$y a++*a"*d *-o"* !)* no!a"y +&$#%, !)a! !)*y H*"#n#a +*"(ona$$y a++*a"*d *-o"* !)* no!a"y +&$#%, !)a! !)*y a"* !)* (a* +*"(on( )o *:*%&!*d !)* (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y, a"* !)* (a* +*"(on( )o *:*%&!*d !)* (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y, and !)a! !)*y a%no$*d/*d !o !)* no!a"y +&$#% !)a! !)*y
and !)a! !)*y a%no$*d/*d !o !)* no!a"y +&$#% !)a! !)*y
&nd*"(!ood !)* %on!*n!( o- !)* do%&*n! and !)a! !)*y *:*%&!*d &nd*"(!ood !)* %on!*n!( o- !)* do%&*n! and !)a! !)*y *:*%&!*d !)* (a* a( !)*#" o$&n!a"y a%! and d**d3 and #nd**d, H*"#n#a'( !)* (a* a( !)*#" o$&n!a"y a%! and d**d3 and #nd**d, H*"#n#a'( (+*%#*n (#/na!&"*( 5E:). 2 !)"& 7, +"*(*n!*d a! !)* !"#a$, %anno! (+*%#*n (#/na!&"*( 5E:). 2 !)"& 7, +"*(*n!*d a! !)* !"#a$, %anno! +"o+*"$y * d*(%"#*d a( *a"#n/ no a"*d (##$a"#!y, nay, +"o+*"$y * d*(%"#*d a( *a"#n/ no a"*d (##$a"#!y, nay, #d*n!#!y, #!) !)* (#/na!&"* a++*a"#n/ o*" )*" +"#n!*d na* E:). #d*n!#!y, #!) !)* (#/na!&"* a++*a"#n/ o*" )*" +"#n!*d na* E:). E.
E.
T)*n, a/a#n, !)* -a%! !)a! H*"#n#a a++a"*n!$y (*%&"*d !)* !a: T)*n, a/a#n, !)* -a%! !)a! H*"#n#a a++a"*n!$y (*%&"*d !)* !a: d*%$a"a!#on
d*%$a"a!#on( and +a#d !)* ( and +a#d !)* "*a$!y !a:*( and +*na$!#*( on !)*"*a$!y !a:*( and +*na$!#*( on !)* (&*%! +"o+*"!y on$y a-!*" H*"#n#o'( d*a!) #n 198 5E:)(. < !)"& (&*%! +"o+*"!y on$y a-!*" H*"#n#o'( d*a!) #n 198 5E:)(. < !)"& 8617, !*nd( !o #nd#%a!* !)a! H*"#n#a )*"(*$- n**"
8617, !*nd( !o #nd#%a!* !)a! H*"#n#a )*"(*$- n**" "*/a"d*d"*/a"d*d H*"#n#o and )*"(*$- a( !)* (&*%! +"o+*"!y'( on*"( #n -** H*"#n#o and )*"(*$- a( !)* (&*%! +"o+*"!y'( on*"( #n -** (#+$* &!, "a!)*", *"*$y a( !"&(!**( -o" Lyd#a @ !)a! #(, &n!#$ (#+$* &!, "a!)*", *"*$y a( !"&(!**( -o" Lyd#a @ !)a! #(, &n!#$ H*"#n#a, !o/*!)*" #!) !)* o!)*" d*-*ndan!(, "*+&d#a!*d !)* !"&(! H*"#n#a, !o/*!)*" #!) !)* o!)*" d*-*ndan!(, "*+&d#a!*d !)* !"&(! (oon a-!*" H*"#n#o'( d*a!) #n 198.
(oon a-!*" H*"#n#o'( d*a!) #n 198.99
The defendants appealed from the decision to the
The defendants appealed from the decision to the Court of AppealsCourt of Appeals which docketed the appeal as CA-G.R. CV No.
which docketed the appeal as CA-G.R. CV No. !"##.!"##. $C:
$C:
T)* a((&+!#on, )o**", #( #!)o&! a(#(
T)* a((&+!#on, )o**", #( #!)o&! a(#(. As correctl% pointed out. As correctl% pointed out &% the petitioners' which the private respondents failed to re&ut' &% the petitioners' which the private respondents failed to re&ut' Lyd#aLyd#a C*$*(!#no )ad %and#d$y ad#!!*d #n )*" !*(!#ony !)a! a$!)o&/) C*$*(!#no )ad %and#d$y ad#!!*d #n )*" !*(!#ony !)a! a$!)o&/) ()* a( a C*n!"a$ ?an *+$oy**, ()* a( no! =&a$#-#*d !o ()* a( a C*n!"a$ ?an *+$oy**, ()* a( no! =&a$#-#*d !o a%=&#"* any PHHC $o! &nd*" !)* a/"***n! *n!*"*d #n!o *!**n a%=&#"* any PHHC $o! &nd*" !)* a/"***n! *n!*"*d #n!o *!**n !)* PHHC and !)* C*n!"a$ ?an *%a&(* ()* #( a$"*ady !)* on*" !)* PHHC and !)* C*n!"a$ ?an *%a&(* ()* #( a$"*ady !)* on*" o- a $o! #n ;&*on C#!y
o- a $o! #n ;&*on C#!y. Thus' on . Thus' on cross-e(amination she declared:cross-e(amination she declared:
H*" d#(=&a$#-#%a!#on #( !)* +"oa$* "*a(on )y ()* d#d no! H*" d#(=&a$#-#%a!#on #( !)* +"oa$* "*a(on )y ()* d#d no! (&#! -o" a++"oa$ y !)* PHHC !)* !"an(-*" #n )*" -ao" (&#! -o" a++"oa$ y !)* PHHC !)* !"an(-*" #n )*" -ao" o-H*"#n#o Rao(' "#/)! !o &y !)* $o! #n =&*(!#on. T)* PHHC'( H*"#n#o Rao(' "#/)! !o &y !)* $o! #n =&*(!#on. T)* PHHC'( a++"oa$ a( n*%*((a"y -o" !)* a$#d#!y o-
a++"oa$ a( n*%*((a"y -o" !)* a$#d#!y o- !)* !"an(-*" !)* !"an(-*" .. )the sale of more than one lot per person shall not &e permitted.) )the sale of more than one lot per person shall not &e permitted.) 22
This polic% is supported &% the
This polic% is supported &% the law. *ne of the purposes of the +,,Claw. *ne of the purposes of the +,,C was to acuire' develop' improve' su÷' lease and sell
was to acuire' develop' improve' su÷' lease and sell lands andlands and construct' lease and sell &uildings or an%
construct' lease and sell &uildings or an% interest therein in the citiesinterest therein in the cities and populous towns in the
and populous towns in the +hilippines with the o&ect of providing+hilippines with the o&ect of providing decent housing for those who ma% &e
decent housing for those who ma% &e found una&le otherwise tofound una&le otherwise to provide themselves therewith.
provide themselves therewith.
T)* (a* aa"*n*(( o- !)* -a!a$ -$a o- !)* !"an(-*" #(
T)* (a* aa"*n*(( o- !)* -a!a$ -$a o- !)* !"an(-*" #( !)* o(!!)* o(! $o/#%a$ *:+$ana!#on )y Lyd#a C*$*(!#no !oo no -&"!)*" a%!#on !o $o/#%a$ *:+$ana!#on )y Lyd#a C*$*(!#no !oo no -&"!)*" a%!#on !o (*%&"* a n* !"an(-*" %*"!#-#%a!* o- !#!$* d*(+#!* !)* -a%! !)a! ()* (*%&"* a n* !"an(-*" %*"!#-#%a!* o- !#!$* d*(+#!* !)* -a%! !)a! ()* )ad a$ay( **n #n !)* +o((*((#on o- TCT No. 2041< )#%) a( )ad a$ay( **n #n !)* +o((*((#on o- TCT No. 2041< )#%) a( #((&*d !o H*"#n#o Rao( on 21 No**" 19<4 y*!.
#((&*d !o H*"#n#o Rao( on 21 No**" 19<4 y*!. 2>2> In(!*ad o- In(!*ad
o-"*=&#"#n/ H*"#n#
"*=&#"#n/ H*"#n#o Rao( !o *:*%&!* o Rao( !o *:*%&!* a d**d o- a d**d o- (a$* #n )*" (a$* #n )*" -ao"-ao" and !o o!a#n !)* PHHC'( %on-o"#!y !)*"*!o, ()* a( (a!#(-#*d and !o o!a#n !)* PHHC'( %on-o"#!y !)*"*!o, ()* a( (a!#(-#*d #!) !)* (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y, *:*%&!*d -#* day( a-!*" !)* #!) !)* (+*%#a$ +o*" o- a!!o"n*y, *:*%&!*d -#* day( a-!*" !)* #((&an%* o- !)* !#!$*, o" on 2> No**" 19<4, a&!)o"##n/ )*" !o #((&an%* o- !)* !#!$*, o" on 2> No**" 19<4, a&!)o"##n/ )*" !o BSELL, MORTGAGE, LEASE, LET, o" RENTB !)#( $o!.
BSELL, MORTGAGE, LEASE, LET, o" RENTB !)#( $o!. 2<2< S&%) S&%)
a&!)o"#!y #( #n%on(#(!*n! #!) Lyd#a C*$*(!#no'( %$a# -o" a&!)o"#!y #( #n%on(#(!*n! #!) Lyd#a C*$*(!#no'( %$a# -o" on*"()#+ *%a&(* !)* /"an!o" !)*"*#n, H*"#n#o Rao(, on*"()#+ *%a&(* !)* /"an!o" !)*"*#n, H*"#n#o Rao(, (o$*n$y d*%$a"*d !)a! )* #( B!)* on*" #n -** (#+$*B o- !)* $o! (o$*n$y d*%$a"*d !)a! )* #( B!)* on*" #n -** (#+$*B o- !)* $o! d*(%"#*d #n TCT No. 2041<.
d*(%"#*d #n TCT No. 2041<.
F#na$$y, #! a( on$y on 21 Ma"%) 198>, o"* !)an -#-!**n y*a"( a-!*" F#na$$y, #! a( on$y on 21 Ma"%) 198>, o"* !)an -#-!**n y*a"( a-!*" H*"#n#o Rao( a$$*/*d$y (o$d !o )*" )#( "#/)!( o*" !)* $o! and H*"#n#o Rao( a$$*/*d$y (o$d !o )*" )#( "#/)!( o*" !)* $o! and ao&! !*$* y*a"( a-!*" !)* %*"!#-#%a!* o- !#!$* on !)* $o! a( ao&! !*$* y*a"( a-!*" !)* %*"!#-#%a!* o- !#!$* on !)* $o! a( #((&*d !o H*"#n#o Rao(, )*n Lyd#a C*$*(!#no -#"(! +&$#%$y #((&*d !o H*"#n#o Rao(, )*n Lyd#a C*$*(!#no -#"(! +&$#%$y "**a$*d, y -#$#n/ LRC Ca(* NO. ;68<58>7, !)a! H*"#n#o (o$d !o "**a$*d, y -#$#n/ LRC Ca(* NO. ;68<58>7, !)a! H*"#n#o (o$d !o )*" )#( "#/)!( !)*"*on. A$$ !)*(* *"*$y (&//*(! !)a! Lyd#a d#d )*" )#( "#/)!( !)*"*on. A$$ !)*(* *"*$y (&//*(! !)a! Lyd#a d#d **"y!)#n/ !o )#d* )*" d#(=&a$#-#%a!#on !o on !)* $o! &n!#$ ()* **"y!)#n/ !o )#d* )*" d#(=&a$#-#%a!#on !o on !)* $o! &n!#$ ()* %o&$d no $on/*" ao#d !)* dan/*"o&( +"*%#+#%* )*"* ()* a( %o&$d no $on/*" ao#d !)* dan/*"o&( +"*%#+#%* )*"* ()* a( "o&/)! y )*" %$and*(!#n* !"an(a%!#on #!) H*"#n#o Rao(. "o&/)! y )*" %$and*(!#n* !"an(a%!#on #!) H*"#n#o Rao(. The inevita&le conclusion then is that
The inevita&le conclusion then is that /%dia Celestino' knowing of her/%dia Celestino' knowing of her disualification to acuire a lot from the
disualification to acuire a lot from the +,,C at the su&division+,,C at the su&division reserved for ualified Central 0ank emplo%ees' tried to get one
reserved for ualified Central 0ank emplo%ees' tried to get one throughthrough the &ackdoor. *therwis
the &ackdoor. *therwise stated' she wanted to get e stated' she wanted to get indirectl% that whichindirectl% that which she could not do so directl%.
she could not do so directl%. Ha#n/ a%!*d #!) *#d*n! ad -a#!),Ha#n/ a%!*d #!) *#d*n! ad -a#!), ()* d#d no! %o* !o %o&"! #!) %$*an )and( )*n ()* a(*d -o" ()* d#d no! %o* !o %o&"! #!) %$*an )and( )*n ()* a(*d -o" !)* "*%on*yan%* o- !)* +"o+*"!y on !)* a(#( o- a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! !)* "*%on*yan%* o- !)* +"o+*"!y on !)* a(#( o- a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! &nd*" A"!#%$* 1448 o- !)* C##$ Cod*.
&nd*" A"!#%$* 1448 o- !)* C##$ Cod*.
A "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! #( an B#n!*n!6*n-o"%#n/B !"&(!, a(*d on a -#nd#n/ A "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! #( an B#n!*n!6*n-o"%#n/B !"&(!, a(*d on a -#nd#n/ y !)* %o&"! !)a! #n #* o- !)* "*$a!#on()#+ o- !)* +a"!#*( !)*#" y !)* %o&"! !)a! #n #* o- !)* "*$a!#on()#+ o- !)* +a"!#*( !)*#" a%!( *:+"*(( an #n!*n! !o )a* a !"&(!, **n !)o&/) !)*y d#d no! a%!( *:+"*(( an #n!*n! !o )a* a !"&(!, **n !)o&/) !)*y d#d no! &(* $an/&a/* !o !)a! *--*%!. T)* !"&(! #( (a#d !o "*(&$! #n $a -"o &(* $an/&a/* !o !)a! *--*%!. T)* !"&(! #( (a#d !o "*(&$! #n $a -"o !)* a%!( o- !)* +a"!#*(. Ho**", #- !)* +&"+o(* o- !)* +ayo" o- !)* !)* a%!( o- !)* +a"!#*(. Ho**", #- !)* +&"+o(* o- !)* +ayo" o- !)* %on(#d*"a!#on #n )a#n/ !#!$* +$a%*d #n !)* na* o- ano!)*" a( !o %on(#d*"a!#on #n )a#n/ !#!$* +$a%*d #n !)* na* o- ano!)*" a( !o *ad* (o* "&$* o- !)* %oon o" (!a!&!* $a, !)* %o&"!( #$$ no! *ad* (o* "&$* o- !)* %oon o" (!a!&!* $a, !)* %o&"!( #$$ no! a((#(! !)* +ayo" #n a%)#*#n/ )#( #+"o+*" +&"+o(* y *n-o"%#n/ a a((#(! !)* +ayo" #n a%)#*#n/ )#( #+"o+*" +&"+o(* y *n-o"%#n/ a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! -o" )# #n a%%o"dan%* #!) !)* B%$*an
"*(&$!#n/ !"&(! -o" )# #n a%%o"dan%* #!) !)* B%$*an )and(B)and(B do%!"#n*. T)* %o&"! /*n*"a$$y "*-&(*( !o /#* a#d !o %$a#( -"o do%!"#n*. T)* %o&"! /*n*"a$$y "*-&(*( !o /#* a#d !o %$a#( -"o "#/)!( a"#(#n/ o&! o- an #$$*/a$ !"an(a%!#on, (&%) a( )*"* !)* "#/)!( a"#(#n/ o&! o- an #$$*/a$ !"an(a%!#on, (&%) a( )*"* !)* +ayo" %o&$d no! $a-&$$y !a* !#!$* !o $and #n )#( on na* and )* +ayo" %o&$d no! $a-&$$y !a* !#!$* !o $and #n )#( on na* and )* &(*d !)* /"an!** a( a *"* d&y !o )o$d -o" )# and *na$* &(*d !)* /"an!** a( a *"* d&y !o )o$d -o" )# and *na$* )# !o *ad* !)* $and
)# !o *ad* !)* $and $a(,
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+ay( -o" #! and )a( !)* !#!$* +&! #n !)* na* o- a %#!#*n. +ay( -o" #! and )a( !)* !#!$* +&! #n !)* na* o- a %#!#*n. O!)*"#(* (!a!*d, a( an *:%*+!#on !o !)*
O!)*"#(* (!a!*d, a( an *:%*+!#on !o !)* $a on !"&(!(, BaD !"&(!$a on !"&(!(, BaD !"&(! o" a +"o#(#on #n !)* !*"( o- a !"&(! #( #na$#d #- !)* *n-o"%**n! o" a +"o#(#on #n !)* !*"( o- a !"&(! #( #na$#d #- !)* *n-o"%**n! o- !)* !"&(! o" +"o#(#on o&$d * a/a#n(! +&$#% +o$#%y, **n o- !)* !"&(! o" +"o#(#on o&$d * a/a#n(! +&$#% +o$#%y, **n !)o&/) #!( +*"-o"an%* do*( no! #no$* !)* %o#((#on o- a !)o&/) #!( +*"-o"an%* do*( no! #no$* !)* %o#((#on o- a %"##na$ o" !o"!#o&( a%! y !)* !"&(!**.B
%"##na$ o" !o"!#o&( a%! y !)* !"&(!**.B 2929 T)* +a"!#*( &(! T)* +a"!#*( &(!
n*%*((a"#$y * (&*%! !o !)* (a* $##!a!#on( on a$$oa$* n*%*((a"#$y * (&*%! !o !)* (a* $##!a!#on( on a$$oa$* (!#+&$a!#o
(!#+&$a!#on( #n n( #n o"d#na"y %on!"a%!(,o"d#na"y %on!"a%!(,i i ..ee., !)*#" (!#+&$a!#on( &(! no!., !)*#" (!#+&$a!#on( &(! no! * %on!"a"y !o $a, o"a$(, /ood %&(!o(, +&$#% o"d*", o" +&$#% * %on!"a"y !o $a, o"a$(, /ood %&(!o(, +&$#% o"d*", o" +&$#% +o$#%y.
+o$#%y.00 )a! !)* +a"!#*( !)*n %anno! *:+"*(($y +"o#d* #n !)*#" )a! !)* +a"!#*( !)*n %anno! *:+"*(($y +"o#d* #n !)*#"
%on!"a%!( -o" *#n/ %on!"a"y !o $a and +&$#% +o$#%y, !)*y %anno! %on!"a%!( -o" *#n/ %on!"a"y !o $a and +&$#% +o$#%y, !)*y %anno! #+$#*d$y o" #+$#%#!$y do (o #n !)* /&#(* o- a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(!. #+$#*d$y o" #+$#%#!$y do (o #n !)* /&#(* o- a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(!. A$!)o&/) !)* %on!"a%! ()o&$d * o#d*d -o" *#n/ %on!"a"y !o A$!)o&/) !)* %on!"a%! ()o&$d * o#d*d -o" *#n/ %on!"a"y !o +&$#% +o$#%y, * d** #! *=&#!a$* !o a$$o !)* +"#a!* +&$#% +o$#%y, * d** #! *=&#!a$* !o a$$o !)* +"#a!*
"*(+ond*n!( !o "*%o*" )a! !)*y )ad +a#d -o" !)* $and #!) $*/a$ "*(+ond*n!( !o "*%o*" )a! !)*y )ad +a#d -o" !)* $and #!) $*/a$ #n!*"*(! !)*"*on %o*n%#n/ -"o !)* da!* o- !)* -#$#n/ o- !)* #n!*"*(! !)*"*on %o*n%#n/ -"o !)* da!* o- !)* -#$#n/ o- !)* %o+$a#n! #n C##$ Ca(* No. ;6492<2. T)&(, ()* #( *n!#!$*d !o !)* %o+$a#n! #n C##$ Ca(* No. ;6492<2. T)&(, ()* #( *n!#!$*d !o !)* "*!&"n !)* ao&n! ()* )ad +a#d !o H*"#n#o #n !)* (& "*!&"n !)* ao&n! ()* )ad +a#d !o H*"#n#o #n !)* (& o-P,800.00 and !)* "*-&nd o- !)* #n(!a$$*n!( ()* )ad +a#d !o !)* P,800.00 and !)* "*-&nd o- !)* #n(!a$$*n!( ()* )ad +a#d !o !)* PHHC 5P4.11 on!)$y -o" a +*"#od o- !*n y*a"(7, #!) $*/a$ PHHC 5P4.11 on!)$y -o" a +*"#od o- !*n y*a"(7, #!) $*/a$ #n!*"*(! !)*"*on.
In Rao( . Co&"! o- A++*a$(, 22 SCRA 48 519947, )*"* !)* +ayo" o- !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- !)* +"o+*"!y )ad #n!*nd*d !)a! #! * )*$d y +&"+o"!*d !"&(!** -o" )*" *%a&(* ()* a( no! =&a$#-#*d !o )o$d (&%) +a"%*$ o- $and, a$!)o&/) a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! ()o&$d )a* a"#(*n &nd*" !)* +"o#(#on( o- A"!#%$* 1448 o- !)* C##$ Cod*, non*!)*$*((, !)* Co&"! "*-&(*d !o /"an! !o !)* +ayo" !)* "*$#*- o-%o+*$$#n/ !)* +&"+o"!*d !"&(!** !o %on*y !)* $and !o )*", "&$#n/ !)a! Ho**", #- !)* +&"+o(* o- !)* +ayo" o- !)* %on(#d*"a!#on #n )a#n/ !#!$* !#!$* +$a%*d #n !)* na* o- ano!)*" a( !o *ad* (o* "&$* o- !)* %oon o" (!a!&!* $a, !)* %o&"!( #$$ no! a((#(! !)* +ayo" #n a%)#*#n/ )#( #+"o+*" +&"+o(* y *n-o"%#n/ a "*(&$!#n/ !"&(! -o" )# #n a%%o"dan%* #!) !)* %$*an )and( do%!"#n*. T)* %o&"!( /*n*"a$$y "*-&(*( !o /#* a#d !o %$a#( -"o "#/)!( a"#(#n/ o&! o- an #$$*/a$ !"an(a%!#on, (&%) a( )*"* !)* +ayo" %o&$d no! $a-&$$y !a* !#!$* !o $and #n )#( on na* and )* &(*d !)* /"an!** a( a *"* d&y !o )o$d -o" )# and *na$* )# !o *ad* !)* $and $a(, #.*., an a$#*n )o #( #n*$#/#$* !o )o$d !#!$* !o $and, )o +ay( -o" #! and )a( !)* !#!$* +&! #n !)* na* o- a %#!#*n. O!)*"#(* (!a!*d, a( an *:%*+!#on !o !)* $a on !"&(!, aD !"&(! o" a +"o#(#on #n !)* !*"( a !"&(! #( #na$#d #- !)* *n-o"%**n! o-!)* !"&(! o" +"o#(#on o&$d * a/a#n(! +&$#% +o$#%y, **n !)o&/) #!( +*"-o"an%* do*( no! #no$* !)* %o#((#on o- a % "##na$ o" !o"!#o&( a%! y !)* !"&(!**.
T"&(!( o No! C"*a!* a S*+a"a!* &"#d#%a$ En!#!y, ?&! !)* Na*d T#!$* !)* T"&(!** #o"%*( !)* T"&(! P"o+*"!#*( -"o !)* R*(! o-!)* T"&(!**J( E(!a!*
I! ()o&$d * no!*d !)a! !)*"* #( no (!a!&!o"y +"o#(#on o" %a(*6$a )#%) "*%o/n#*( a !"&(! "*$a!#on()#+ a( %"*a!#n/ a (*+a"a!* &"#d#%a$ *n!#!y. Ind**d, !)* *((*n%* o- )a! %on(!#!&!* a !"&(! #(
!)* "*%o/n#!#on !)a! !)* !"&(!** )o$d( d#"*%!$y $*/a$ o" na*d !#!$* !o !)* !"&(! +"o+*"!#*(. N**"!)*$*((, !)* na*d o" $*/a$ !#!$* )*$d y !)* !"&(!** ()o&$d * $oo*d &+on a( )*$d #n )#( o--#%#a$ %a+a%#!y a( !"&(!** and %anno! * d***d #n%$&d*d #n )#( *(!a!* !o )#%) )* )a( -&$$ on*"()#+ and y )#%) )* o*( no -#d&%#a"y d&!#*(.
T)*(* +"#n%#+$*( a"* *(! *:*+$#-#*d #n **$o+*n! ?an o- !)* P)#$#++#n*( . COA, 422 SCRA 4> 520047, )*"* !)* ?P
%on!"#&!*d -&nd( #n!o a "*!#"**n! +$an -o" #!( o--#%*"( and *+$oy**(, and %on(!#!&!*d a oa"d o- !"&(!**( *(!#n/ #! #!) !)* %on!"o$ and ad#n#(!"a!#on o- !)* -&nd. A&/*n!a!#on !o !)* "*!#"**n! -&nd *"* ad* !)"o&/) $oan( *:!*nd*d !o !)* =&a$#-#*d o--#%*"( and *+$oy**(, )#%) *"* #n*(!*d #n ()a"*( o- (!o%( and o!)*" a"*!a$* (*%&"#!#*(, and !)* *a"n#n/( -"o )#%) *"* d#"*%!*d !o * d#(!"#&!*d !o !)* *n*-#%#a"#*( **n *-o"* !)*y )a* "*!#"*d.
T)* COA o*%!*d !o !)* d#(!"#&!#on o- !)* *a"n#n/( -"o !)* #n*(!*n!( ad* !)"o&/) !)* "*!#"**n! -&nd on !)* /"o&nd !)a! #( a( %on!"a"y !o an *:+"*(( +"o#(#on o- $a )#%) +"o)##!( !)* d#(!"#&!#on o- "*!#"**n! *n*-#!( !o /o*"n*n! *+$oy**( +"#o" !o !)*#" a%!&a$ "*!#"**n!. COA a$(o d#"*%!*d !)a! !)* *a"n#n/( -"o !)* #n*(!*n! * #n%$&d*d #n ?PJ( oo( o- a%%o&n! a( +a"! o- #!( on *a"n#n/(, (#n%* !)* "*!#"**n! and #!( #n%o* *"* a%!&a$$y on*d y ?P )a#n/ ad* !)* %on!"#&!#on( !)*"*!o. ?P o*%!*d !o !)* COA "*(o$&!#on on !)* /"o&nd !)* *:+"*(( !"&(! %"*a!*d -o" !)* *n*-#! o- =&a$#-#*d ?P *+$oy**( &nd*" !)* T"&(! A/"***n! . . . /a* !)* F&nd a (*+a"a!* $*/a$ +*"(ona$#!y, and !)*"*-o"* !)* *a"n#n/( +*"!a#n*d !o !)* *+$oy**( and ()o&$d * %"*d#!*d a( #n%o* o- ?P.
)#$* ?P . COA %)a"a%!*"#*d an *+$oy**(J !"&(! a( a !"&(! a#n!a#n*d y an *+$oy*" !o +"o#d* "*!#"**n!, +*n(#on o" o!)*" *n*-#!( !o #!( *+$oy**( . . . and D #( a (*+a"a!* !a:a$* *n!#!y *(!a$#()*d -o" !)* *:%$&(#* *n*-#! o- !)* *+$oy**(, 5a! +. 4<7 (!#$$ !)* Co&"! d#d no! %on(#d*" !)* (&%) *+$oy**(J !"&(! a( a (*+a"a!* &"#d#%a$ +*"(on. T)* Co&"! "&$*d !)a! T)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* o- !)* F&nd o- *+$oy**(J !"&(!D o&$d * (*+a"a!* and d#(!#n%! -"o !)* -&nd( o- ?P, on !)* /"o&nd !)a! ?P a( !"&(!o" a$"*ady %on*y*d $*/a$ !#!$* !)*"*!o !o !)* ?oa"d o-T"&(!**( o- !)* *+$oy**(J !"&(!, and #!) ?P o--#%*"( and *+$oy**( )a#n/ *n*-#%#a$ !#!$* !)*"*!o, !)&(K
In a !"&(!, on* +*"(on )a( an *=&#!a$* on*"()#+ #n !)* +"o+*"!y )#$* ano!)*" +*"(on on( !)* $*/a$ !#!$* !o (&%) +"o+*"!y, !)* *=&#!a$* on*"()#+ o- !)* -o"*" *n!#!$#n/ )# !o !)*
+*"-o"an%* o- %*"!a#n d&!#*( and !)* *:*"%#(* o- %*"!a#n +o*"( y !)* $a!!*". . .
In !)* +"*(*n! %a(*, ?P, a( !)* !"&(!o", *(!*d #n !)* !"&(!**( o-!)* F&nd $*/a$ !#!$* o*" o-!)* F&nd a( *$$ a( %on!"o$ o*" o-!)* #n*(!*n! o- !)* on*y and a((*!( o- !)* F&nd. T)* +o*"( and d&!#*( /"an!*d !o !)* !"&(!**( o- !)* F&nd &nd*" !)* A/"***n! *"* +$a#n$y o"* !)an &(! ad#n#(!"a!#* &! #n%$&d*d !)* +o*" o- %on!"o$, !)* "#/)! !o )o$d $*/a$ !#!$*, and !)* +o*" !o #n*(! and "*#n*(!D . . . 5a! +. 4<4.7
: : : . C$*a"$y, !)* !"&(!**( "*%*#*d and %o$$*%!*d any #n%o* and +"o-#! d*"#*d -"o !)* F&nd, and !)*y a#n!a#n*d (*+a"a!* oo( o- a%%o&n! -o" !)#( +&"+o(*. T)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* o- !)* F&nd #$$ no! "**"! !o ?P **n #- !)* !"&(! #( (&(*=&*n!$y od#-#*d o" !*"#na!*d. T)* A/"***n! (!a!*( !)a! !)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* &(! * &(*d !o (a!#(-y a$$ o- !)* $#a#$#!#*( !o !)* *n*-#%#a"y o--#%#a$( and *+$oy**( &nd*" !)* G"a!&#!y P$an . . . 5a! +. 4<.7
On !)* #((&* !)a! !)* ?P o--#%#a$( and *+$oy**( )ad no "#/)! !o !)* -&nd no" !o !)* #n%o* *a"n*d &n!#$ !)*y a%!&a$$y "*!#"*, )#%) !)*"*-o"* d#d no! =&a$#-y !)* !o * %on(#d*"*d %*(!&# =&* !"&(! o" *n*-#%#a"y, and !)*"*-o"* !)* (a* ()o&$d (!#$$ a%%"&* !o ?P, !)* Co&"! "&$*d
T)* *n*-#%#a"#*( o" %*(!&# =&* !"&(! o- !)* F&nd a"* !)* ?P o--#%#a$( and *+$oy**( )o #$$ "*!#"* : : :.
A( COA %o""*%!$y o(*"*d, !)* "#/)! o- !)* *+$oy**( !o %$a# !)*#" /"a!&#!#*( -"o !)* F&nd #( (!#$$ #n%)oa!*. T)* $aD, do*( no! a$$o *+$oy**( !o "*%*#* !)*#" /"a!&!#!#*( &n!#$ !)*y "*!#"*. Ho**", !)#( do*( no! #na$#da!* !)* !"&(! %"*a!*d y ?P o" !)* %on%o#!an! !"an(-*" o- $*/a$ !#!$* !o !)* !"&(!**(. A( -a" a% a( #n Go*"n*n! . Aad#$$a, !)* Co&"! )*$d !)a! #! #( no! a$ay( n*%*((a"y !)a! !)* %*(!&# =&* !"&(! ()o&$d * na*d, o" **n * #n *((* a! !)* !#* !)* !"&(! #( %"*a!*d #n )#( -ao". I! #( *no&/) !)a! !)* *n*-#%#a"#*( a"* (&--#%#*n!$y %*"!a#n o" #d*n!#-#a$*. 5a! ++. 4<>64<<.7
T)* Co&"! "*(o$*d #n ?P . COA, !)a! T)* A/"***n!
#nd#(+&!a$y !"an(-*""*d $*/a$ !#!$* o*" !)* #n%o* and +"o+*"!#*( o- !)* F&nd !o !)* F&ndJ( !"&(!**(. T)&(, COAJ( d#"*%!#* !o "*%o"*d !)* #n%o* o- !)* F&nd #n ?PJ( oo( o- a%%o&n! a( !)* #(%*$$an*o&( #n%o* ?P %on(!#!&!*( /"a* a&(*
o-d#(%"*!#on. T)* #n%o* o- !)* F&nd do*( no! -o" +a"! o- !)* "**n&*( o" +"o-#!( o- ?P, and ?P ay no! &(* (&%) #n%o* -o" #!( on *n*-#!. T)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* o- !)* F&nd !o/*!)*" %on(!#!&!* !)* "*( o" (&*%! a!!*" o- !)* !"&(!. T)* A/"***n! *(!a$#()*d !)* F&nd +"*%#(*$y (o !)a! #! o&$d **n!&a$$y * (&--#%#*n! !o +ay -o" !)* "*!#"**n! *n*-#!( o- ?P *+$oy**( &nd*" !)* $aD #!)o&! add#!#ona$ o&!$ay -"o ?P. COA #!(*$-a%no$*d/*d !)* a&!)o"#!y o- ?P !o (*! &+ !)* F&nd. Ho**", COAJ( (&(*=&*n! d#"*%!#* o&$d d#*(! !)* F&nd o- #n%o*, and d*-*a! !)* +&"+o(* -o" !)* F&ndJ( %"*a!#on.
A !"&(! #( a -#d&%#a"y "*$a!#on()#+ #!) "*(+*%! !o +"o+*"!y )#%) #no$*( !)* *:#(!*n%* o- *=&#!a$* d&!#*( #+o(*d &+on !)* )o$d*" !)* !#!$* !o !)* +"o+*"!y !o d*a$ #!) #! -o" !)* *n*-#! o-ano!)*".2<D A !"&(! #( *#!)*" *:+"*(( o" #+$#*d. E:+"*(( !"&(!( a"* !)o(* )#%) !)* d#"*%! and +o(#!#* a%!( o- !)* +a"!#*( %"*a!*, y (o* "#!#n/ o" d**d, o" #$$, o" y o"d( *#n%#n/ an #n!*n!#on !o %"*a!* a !"&(!.28D
In !)* +"*(*n! %a(*, !)* ?P ?oa"d Go*"no"(J 5no ?oa"d o-#"*%!o"(7 R*(o$&!#on No. <94 and !)* A/"***n! *:*%&!*d y -o"*" ?P C)a#"an Ra-a*$ S#(on and !)* !"&(!**( o- !)* P$an %"*a!*d an *:+"*(( !"&(!, (+*%#-#%a$$y, an *+$oy**(J !"&(!. An *+$oy**(J !"&(! #( a !"&(! a#n!a#n*d y an *+$oy*" !o +"o#d* "*!#"**n!, +*n(#on o" o!)*" *n*-#!( !o #!( *+$oy**(.29D I! #( a (*+a"a!* !a:a$* *n!#!y0D *(!a$#()*d -o" !)* *:%$&(#* *n*-#! o- !)* *+$oy**(
:::
In a !"&(!, on* +*"(on )a( an *=&#!a$* on*"()#+ #n !)* +"o+*"!y )#$* ano!)*" +*"(on on( !)* $*/a$ !#!$* !o (&%) +"o+*"!y, !)* *=&#!a$* on*"()#+ o- !)* -o"*" *n!#!$#n/ )# !o !)*
+*"-o"an%* o- %*"!a#n d&!#*( and !)* *:*"%#(* o- %*"!a#n +o*"( y !)* $a!!*".4D A +*"(on )o *(!a$#()*( a !"&(! #( !)* !"&(!o". On* #n )o %on-#d*n%* #( "*+o(*d a( "*/a"d( +"o+*"!y -o" !)* *n*-#! o- ano!)*" #( !)* !"&(!**. T)* +*"(on -o" )o(* *n*-#! !)* !"&(! #( %"*a!*d #( !)* *n*-#%#a"y.D
In !)* +"*(*n! %a(*, ?P, a( !)* !"&(!o", *(!*d #n !)* !"&(!**( o-!)* F&nd $*/a$ !#!$* o*" o-!)* F&nd a( *$$ a( %on!"o$ o*" o-!)* #n*(!*n! o- !)* on*y and a((*!( o- !)* F&nd. T)* +o*"( and d&!#*( /"an!*d !o !)* !"&(!**( o- !)* F&nd &nd*" !)* A/"***n! *"* +$a#n$y o"* !)an &(! ad#n#(!"a!#*
::
C$*a"$y, !)* !"&(!**( "*%*#*d and %o$$*%!*d any #n%o* and +"o-#! d*"#*d -"o !)* F&nd, and !)*y a#n!a#n*d (*+a"a!* oo( o-a%%o&n! -o" !)#( +&"+o(*. T)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* o- !)* F&nd #$$ no! "**"! !o ?P **n #- !)* !"&(! #( (&(*=&*n!$y od#-#*d o" !*"#na!*d. T)* A/"***n! (!a!*( !)a! !)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* &(! * &(*d !o (a!#(-y a$$ o- !)* $#a#$#!#*( !o !)* *n*-#%#a"y o--#%#a$( and *+$oy**( &nd*" !)* G"a!&#!y P$an
::
A( COA %o""*%!$y o(*"*d, !)* "#/)! o- !)* *+$oy**( !o %$a# !)*#" /"a!&#!#*( -"o !)* F&nd #( (!#$$ #n%)oa!*. RA 1>1> do*( no! a$$o *+$oy**( !o "*%*#* !)*#" /"a!&#!#*( &n!#$ !)*y "*!#"*. Ho**", !)#( do*( no! #na$#da!* !)* !"&(! %"*a!*d y ?P o" !)* %on%o#!an! !"an(-*" o- $*/a$ !#!$* !o !)* !"&(!**(. A( -a" a% a( #n Go*"n*n! . Aad#$$a,42D !)* Co&"! )*$d !)a! #! #( no! a$ay( n*%*((a"y !)a! !)* %*(!&# =&* !"&(! ()o&$d * na*d, o" **n * #n *((* a! !)* !#* !)* !"&(! #( %"*a!*d #n )#( -ao". I! #( *no&/) !)a! !)* *n*-#%#a"#*( a"* (&--#%#*n!$y %*"!a#n o" #d*n!#-#a$*. ::
T)* A/"***n! #nd#(+&!a$y !"an(-*""*d $*/a$ !#!$* o*" !)* #n%o* and +"o+*"!#*( o- !)* F&nd !o !)* F&ndJ( !"&(!**(. T)&(, COAJ( d#"*%!#* !o "*%o"d !)* #n%o* o- !)* F&nd #n ?PJ( oo( o- a%%o&n! a( !)* #(%*$$an*o&( #n%o* o- ?P %on(!#!&!*( /"a* a&(* o- d#(%"*!#on. T)* #n%o* o- !)* F&nd do*( no! -o" +a"! o- !)* "**n&*( o" +"o-#!( o- ?P, and ?P ay no! &(* (&%)
#n%o* -o" #!( on *n*-#!. T)* +"#n%#+a$ and #n%o* o- !)* F&nd !o/*!)*" %on(!#!&!* !)* "*( o" (&*%! a!!*" o- !)* !"&(!. T)* A/"***n! *(!a$#()*d !)* F&nd +"*%#(*$y (o !)a! #! o&$d **n!&a$$y * (&--#%#*n! !o +ay -o" !)* "*!#"**n! *n*-#!( o- ?P *+$oy**( &nd*" RA 1>1> #!)o&! add#!#ona$ o&!$ay -"o ?P. COA #!(*$- a%no$*d/*d !)* a&!)o"#!y o- ?P !o (*! &+ !)* F&nd. Ho**", COAJ( (&(*=&*n! d#"*%!#* o&$d d#*(! !)* F&nd o-#n%o*, and d*-*a! !)* +&"+o(* -o" !)* F&ndJ( %"*a!#on.
::
T)* #n%o* o- !)* G"a!&#!y P$an F&nd, )*$d #n !"&(! -o" !)* *n*-#! o- ?P *+$oy**( *$#/#$* !o "*!#"* &nd*" RA 1>1>, ()o&$d no! * "*%o"d*d #n !)* oo( o- a%%o&n! o- ?P a( !)* #n%o* o- !)* $a!!*".
R&$#n/K P"*(%"#+!#on
T)* "*(+ond*n!( a"/&* #n !)*#" A++*$$an!J( ?"#*- !)a!K : : : A$!)o&/) "*%on*yan%* a( *n!#on*d #n !)* !#!$*, "*%on*yan%* o- )#%) %onno!*( !)a! !)*"* a( a #(!a* #n !#!$#n/ !)* $and #n =&*(!#on #n !)* na* o- !)* "*/#(!*"*d on*" #nd#%a!*d !)*"*#n, &! #n !)* a$$*/a!#on( #n !)* ody o- !)*
a$$*/a!#on( #n !)* ody o- !)* #n(!an! %o+$a#n!, #! %$*a"$y a++*a"( !)a! !)* na!&"* o- !)* %a&(* o- a%!#on o- a++*$$an!(, (#%D !)*y an!*d !o /*! a% !)*#" "*(+*%!#* ()a"*( #n !)* (&*%! #n)*"#!an%* *%a&(* !)*y d#d no! (*$$ (a#d ()a"*( !o a++*$$** P*"-*%!o Ma%aaad a( !)* (#/na!&"*( +&"+o"!*d !o * !)*#"( )#%) a++*a"*d #n !)* E:!"a&d#%#a$ S*!!$**n! #!) S#&$!an*o&( Sa$* o- Po"!#on o- R*/#(!*"*d Land 5Lo! 41447 *"* -o"/*d.
A( a++*$$an!( "*+"*(*n!*d 2 o- !)* 8 %)#$d"*n o- !)* d*%*a(*d o"#/#na$ on*"( o- !)* $and #n =&*(!#on )o *"* P*d"o Ma(#"a/ and Pan!a$*ona Ta$a&an, !)* (a$* #( +*"-*%!$y a$#d #!) "*(+*%! !o !)* o!)*" > %)#$d"*n, and o#d a #n#!#o #!) "*(+*%! !o !)*
a++*$$an!(.4>
T)* "*(+ond*n!( $#*#(* a"/&* !)a! !)*#" a%!#on #( on* -o" !)* ann&$*n! o- !)* *:!"a&d#%#a$ (*!!$**n! o- *(!a!* and (a$* *a"#n/ !)*#" -o"/*d (#/na!&"*(. T)*y %on!*nd !)a! !)*#" a%!#on )ad no! y*! +"*(%"#*d *%a&(* an a%!#on !o d*%$a"* an
#n(!"&*n! n&$$ and o#d #( #+"*(%"#+!#$*. In !)*#" Co*n! !o !)* +*!#!#on -o" "*#*, )o**", !)* "*(+ond*n!( od#-#*d !)*#" +o(#!#on and a"/&*d !)a! !)* (a$* !o !)* +*!#!#on*"( +&"(&an! !o !)* *:!"a&d#%#a$ (*!!$**n! o- *(!a!* and (a$* a( o#d *%a&(* #! a( %a""#*d o&! !)"o&/) -"a&d3 !)&(, !)* a++"o+"#a!* +"*(%"#+!#on +*"#od #( -o&" 547 y*a"( -"o !)* d#(%o*"y o- -"a&d. Und*" !)#( a"/&*n!, "*(+ond*n!( +o(#! !)a! !)*#" %a&(* o- a%!#on )ad no! y*! +"*(%"#*d *%a&(* !)*y on$y $*a"n*d o- !)* *:!"a&d#%#a$ (*!!$**n! o- *(!a!* and (a$* #n Ma"%) 19993 !)*y -#$*d !)*#" %o+$a#n! !)* -o$$o#n/ on!).
T)* +*!#!#on*"(, on !)* o!)*" )and, a"/&* !)a! !)* "*$*an! +"*(%"#+!#* +*"#od )*"* #( !*n 5107 y*a"( -"o !)* da!* o- !)* "*/#(!"a!#on o- !#!$*, !)#( *#n/ an a%!#on -o" "*%on*yan%* a(*d on an #+$#*d o" %on(!"&%!#* !"&(!.
* *$#** and (o )o$d !)a! !)* "*(+ond*n!(J a*nd*d %o+$a#n! (&--#%#*n!$y +$*ad*d a %a&(* !o d*%$a"* !)* n&$$#!y o- !)*
*:!"a&d#%#a$ (*!!$**n! o- *(!a!* and (a$*, a( !)*y %$a#*d #n !)*#" a*nd*d %o+$a#n!. #!)o&! +"*&d/#n/ !)* #((&* !)* *"#!( o-!)* "*(+ond*n!(J %$a# and on o-!)* a((&+!#on !)a! o-!)* +*!#!#on*"( a$"*ady )y+o!)*!#%a$$y ad#!!*d !)* a$$*/a!#on( o- !)* %o+$a#n! )*n !)*y -#$*d a o!#on !o d#(#(( a(*d on +"*(%"#+!#on, !)* !"an(-*" ay * n&$$ and o#d #- #nd**d #! #( *(!a$#()*d !)a! "*(+ond*n!( )ad no! /#*n !)*#" %on(*n! and !)a! !)* d**d #( a -o"/*"y o" #( a(o$&!*$y -#%!#!#o&(. A( !)* n&$$#!y o- !)* *:!"a&d#%#a$ (*!!$**n! o- *(!a!* and (a$* )a( **n "a#(*d and #( !)* +"#a"y #((&*, !)* a%!#on !o (*%&"* !)#( "*(&$! #$$ no! +"*(%"#* +&"(&an! !o A"!#%$* 1410 o- !)* C##$ Cod*.
?a(*d on !)#( %on%$&(#on, !)* n*%*((a"y =&*(!#on !)a! n*:! a"#(*( #(K )a! !)*n #( !)* *--*%! !)* #((&an%* TCT( #n !)* na* o-+*!#!#on*"( In o!)*" o"d(, do*( !)* #((&an%* o- !)* %*"!#-#%a!*( o- !#!$*( %on*"! !)* a%!#on !o on* o- "*%on*yan%* o- !#!$*d $and )#%), &nd*" (*!!$*d &"#(+"&d*n%*, +"*(%"#*( #n !*n 5107 y*a"( P"*%*d*n!( (ay #! do*( no!3 !)* a%!#on "*a#n( #+"*(%"#+!#$*, !)* #((&an%* o- !)* %*"!#-#%a!*( o- !#!$*( no!#!)(!and#n/. In/&/6 T#"o #( a/a#n #n(!"&%!#* on !)#( +o#n!K
A"!#%$* 148 o- !)* N* C##$ Cod* +"o#d*(K B?y !)* %on!"a%! o- (a$* on* o- !)* %on!"a%!#n/ +a"!#*( o$#/a!*( )#(*$- o- !"an(-*" !)* on*"()#+ o- and !o d*$#*" a d*!*"#na!* !)#n/, and !)* o!)*" !o +ay !)*"*-o" a +"#%* %*"!a#n #n on*y o" #!( *=&#a$*n!.B I! #( *((*n!#a$ !)a! !)* *ndo"( * !)* on*"( o- !)* +"o+*"!y (o$d
o!)*"#(* !)*y %anno! d#(+o(* !)a! )#%) do*( no! *$on/ !o !)*. A( !)* Roan( +&! #!K BN*o da! =&od non )a*!.B No on* %an /#* o"* !)an )a! )* )a(. T)* (a$* o- !)* "*a$!y !o
"*(+ond*n!( #( n&$$ and o#d #n(o-a" a( #! +"*&d#%*d +*!#!#on*"(' #n!*"*(!( and +a"!#%#+a!#on !)*"*#n. A! *(!, on$y !)* on*"()#+ o-!)* ()a"*( o- L&#(a, Ma"#a and G&#$$*"a #n o-!)* d#(+&!*d +"o+*"!y %o&$d )a* **n !"an(-*""*d !o "*(+ond*n!(.
Con(*=&*n!$y, "*(+ond*n!( %o&$d no! )a* a%=&#"*d on*"()#+ o*" !)* $and !o !)* *:!*n! o- !)* ()a"*( o- +*!#!#on*"(. T)*
#((&an%* o- a %*"!#-#%a!* o- !#!$* #n !)*#" -ao" %o&$d no! *(! &+on !)* on*"()#+ o- !)* *n!#"* +"o+*"!y3 n*#!)*" %o&$d #! a$#da!* !)* +&"%)a(* !)*"*o- )#%) #( n&$$ and o#d. R*/#(!"a!#on do*( no! *(! !#!$*3 #! #( *"*$y !)* *#d*n%* o- (&%) !#!$*. O&" $and
"*/#(!"a!#on $a( do no! /#* !)* )o$d*" any *!!*" !#!$* !)an )a! )* a%!&a$$y )a(. ?*#n/ n&$$ and o#d, !)* (a$* !o "*(+ond*n!( o-!)* +*!#!#on*"(' ()a"*( +"od&%*d no $*/a$ *--*%!( )a!(o**".
S##$a"$y, !)* %$a# !)a! F"an%#(%o In/&/ d#*d #n 19> &! a++*a"*d !o * a +a"!y !o !)* E:!"a&d#%#a$ S*!!$**n! and Con-#"a!#on o- Sa$* *:*%&!*d #n 19>< o&$d * -a!a$ !o !)* a$#d#!y o- !)* %on!"a%!, #- +"o*d y %$*a" and %on#n%#n/
*#d*n%*. Con!"a%!#n/ +a"!#*( &(! * &"#(!#% *n!#!#*( a! !)* !#* o- !)* %on(&a!#on o- !)* %on!"a%!. S!a!*d o!)*"#(*, !o -o" a a$#d and $*/a$ a/"***n! #! #( n*%*((a"y !)a! !)*"* * a +a"!y %a+a$* o- %on!"a%!#n/ and +a"!y %a+a$* o- *#n/ %on!"a%!*d #!). H*n%*, #- any on* +a"!y !o a (&++o(*d %on!"a%! a( a$"*ady d*ad a! !)* !#* o- #!( *:*%&!#on, (&%) %on!"a%! #( &ndo&!*d$y (#&$a!*d and -a$(* and !)*"*-o"* n&$$ and o#d y "*a(on o- #!( )a#n/ **n ad* a-!*" !)* d*a!) o- !)* +a"!y )o a++*a"( a( on* o- !)* %on!"a%!#n/ +a"!#*( !)*"*#n. T)* d*a!) o- a +*"(on
!*"#na!*( %on!"a%!&a$ %a+a%#!y.
In a%!#on( -o" "*%on*yan%* o- !)* +"o+*"!y +"*d#%a!*d on !)* -a%! !)a! !)* %on*yan%* %o+$a#n*d o- a( n&$$ and o#d a #n#!#o, a %$a# o- +"*(%"#+!#on o- a%!#on o&$d * &naa#$#n/. BT)* a%!#on o" d*-*n(* -o" !)* d*%$a"a!#on o- !)* #n*:#(!*n%* o- a %on!"a%! do*( no! +"*(%"#*.B N*#!)*" %o&$d $a%)*( * #no*d #n !)* %a(* a! a". La%)*( #( a do%!"#n* #n *=&#!y and o&" %o&"!( a"* a(#%a$$y %o&"!( o- $a and no! %o&"!( o- *=&#!y. E=&#!y, )#%) )a( **n a+!$y d*(%"#*d a( B&(!#%* o&!(#d* $*/a$#!y,B ()o&$d * a++$#*d on$y #n !)* a(*n%* o-, and n**" a/a#n(!, (!a!&!o"y $a. A*=&*!a( n&n/&a %on!"a*n#! $*/#(. T)* +o(#!#* anda!* o- A"!. 1410 o- !)* N* C##$3 Cod* %on-*""#n/ #+"*(%"#+!##$#!y !o
a%!#on( -o" d*%$a"a!#on o- !)* #n*:#(!*n%* o- a %on!"a%! ()o&$d +"**+! and +"*a#$ o*" a$$ a(!"a%! a"/&*n!( a(*d on$y on *=&#!y. C*"!a#n$y, $a%)*( %anno! * (*! &+ !o "*(#(! !)*
*n-o"%**n! o- an #+"*(%"#+!#$* $*/a$ "#/)!, and +*!#!#on*"( %an a$#d$y #nd#%a!* !)*#" #n)*"#!an%* d*(+#!* !)* $a+(* o- !#*.4< * )a* a (##$a" "&$#n/ #n H*#"( o- Ro(a &a$#an/ . S*"an.48 The respondents1 action is therefore i mprescripti&le and the CA committed no reversi&le error in so ruling.
La%)*(
#(#((a$ a(*d on $a%)*( %anno! a$(o a++$y #n !)#( %a(*, a( #! )a( n**" "*a%)*d !)* +"*(*n!a!#on o- *#d*n%* (!a/* and )a! !)* RTC )ad -o" #!( %on(#d*"a!#on *"* *"*$y !)* +a"!#*(J +$*ad#n/(. La%)*( #( *#d*n!#a"y #n na!&"* and %anno! *
*(!a$#()*d y *"* a$$*/a!#on( #n !)* +$*ad#n/(.49 #!)o&! (o$#d *#d*n!#a"y a(#(, $a%)*( %anno! * a a$#d /"o&nd !o d#(#(( !)* "*(+ond*n!(J %o+$a#n!.
Fa%!(K
P*!#!#on*" o+*"a!*d a )a"da"* (!o"* #n a &#$d#n/ a$on/ ?on#-a%#o S!., T&/&*/a"ao, Ca/ayan, )#%) (!ood #n a%o*"%#a$ $o! on*d y Ma"#a M*ndoa, -"o )o !)*+*!#!#on*" "*n!*d !)* (a*. In 1982, +*!#!#on*" a$$o*d "*(+ond*n!( !o ana/* !)* (!o"*. In 1984, M*ndoa +&! !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y -o" (a$*. Ha#n/ no -&nd(, P*!#!#on*" a$$*/*d$y *n!*"*d #n!o a *"a$ a/"***n! #!) "*(+ond*n!( (!#+&$a!#n/ !)a! !)* $a!!*" ()a$$ &y !)* +"o+*"!y #n *)a$- o- !)* +*!#!#on*" and !)* %on(#d*"a!#on -o" !)* $o! ()a$$ * +a#d -"o !)* a%%&&$a!*d *a"n#n/( o- !)* (!o"*. On S*+!**" 20, 1984, "*(+ond*n!( "*!&"n*d !)* ana/**n! o- !)* (!o"* !o !)* +*!#!#on*" #!) an #n*n!o"y ()o#n/ a d#--*"*n%* o- P11>, 94>.1. T)* +*!#!#on*" !)*n d*and*d -"o !)* "*(+ond*n!( !)* "*%on*yan%* !#!$* o- !)* +"o+*"!y &! !)* $a!!*" "*-&(*d. P*!#!#on*" a"/&*( !)a! !)* "*(+ond*n!( a"* *"* !"&(!**( o- !)* +"o+*"!y and !)&(, a"* &nd*" o"a$ and $*/a$ o$#/a!#on !o "*%on*y !)*
+"o+*"!y !o )*". P*!#!#on*" -&"!)*" a"/&*( !)a! !)* d#--*"*n%* #n !)* #n*n!o"y +"o*( !)a! (&%) ao&n! a( &(*d !o +ay -o" !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- !)* +"o+*"!y. R*(+ond*n!(, on !)* o!)*" )and, %on!*nd !)a! !)*y )a* !)* -&$$ on*"()#+ o- !)* +"o+*"!y *%a&(* !)*y +a#d -o" #! o&! o- !)*#" on -&nd(. T)* +*!#!#on*" -#$*d a %a(* *-o"* !)* RTC )#%) "*nd*"*d a &d/*n! #n -ao" o- !)* +*!#!#on*", )#%) a( $a!*" on "**"(*d y !)* Co&"! o- A++*a$(. R&$#n/K
In #!( !*%)n#%a$ $*/a$ (*n(*, a !"&(! #( d*-#n*d a( !)* "#/)!, *n-o"%*a$* (o$*$y #n *=&#!y, !o !)* *n*-#%#a$ *noy*n! o-+"o+*"!y, !)* $*/a$ !#!$* !o )#%) #( *(!*d #n ano!)*", &! !)* o"d B!"&(!B #( -"*=&*n!$y *+$oy*d !o #nd#%a!* d&!#*(, "*$a!#on(, and "*(+on(##$#!#*( )#%) a"* no! (!"#%!$y !*%)n#%a$ !"&(!(.0 A +*"(on )o *(!a$#()*( a !"&(! #( %a$$*d !)* !"&(!o"3 on* #n )o
%on-#d*n%* #( "*+o(*d #( non a( !)* !"&(!**3 and !)* +*"(on -o" )o(* *n*-#! !)* !"&(! )a( **n %"*a!*d #( "*-*""*d !o a( !)* *n*-#%#a"y.1 T)*"* #( a -#d&%#a"y "*$a!#on *!**n !)* !"&(!** and !)* *n*-#%#a"y 5%*(!&# =&* !"&(!7 a( "*/a"d( %*"!a#n +"o+*"!y, "*a$, +*"(ona$, on*y o" %)o(*( #n a%!#on.2
T"&(!( a"* *#!)*" *:+"*(( o" #+$#*d. E:+"*(( !"&(!( a"* %"*a!*d y !)* #n!*n!#on o- !)* !"&(!o" o" o- !)* +a"!#*(. I+$#*d !"&(!( %o* #n!o *#n/ y o+*"a!#on o- $a. E:+"*(( !"&(!( a"* !)o(* )#%) a"* %"*a!*d y !)* d#"*%! and +o(#!#* a%!( o- !)* +a"!#*(, y (o* "#!#n/ o" d**d, o" #$$, o" y o"d( *#!)*" *:+"*(($y o" #+$#*d$y *#n%#n/ an #n!*n!#on !o %"*a!* a !"&(!.4 No +a"!#%&$a" o"d( a"* "*=&#"*d -o" !)* %"*a!#on o- an *:+"*(( !"&(!, #! *#n/ (&--#%#*n! !)a! a !"&(! #( %$*a"$y #n!*nd*d. Ho**", #n a%%o"dan%* #!) A"!#%$* 144 o- !)* C##$ Cod*, )*n an *:+"*(( !"&(! %on%*"n( an #oa$* +"o+*"!y o" any #n!*"*(! !)*"*#n, !)* (a* ay no! * +"o*d y +a"o$ o" o"a$ *#d*n%*.>
I! *a"( (!"*((#n/ !)a! +*!#!#on*" )a( !)* &"d*n o- +"o#n/ )*" %a&(* o- a%!#on #n !)* #n(!an! %a(* and ()* ay no! "*$y on !)* *an*(( o- !)* d*-*n(* o- "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao(. :::
T)*"*-o"*, !)* +a"!y, )*!)*" +$a#n!#-- o" d*-*ndan!, )o a((*"!( !)* a--#"a!#* o- !)* #((&* )a( !)* &"d*n o- +"oo- !o o!a#n a -ao"a$* &d/*n!. Fo" !)* +$a#n!#--, !)* &"d*n o- +"oo- n**" +a"!(. Fo" !)* d*-*ndan!, an a--#"a!#* d*-*n(* #( on* )#%) #( no! a d*n#a$ an *((*n!#a$ #n/"*d#*n! #n !)* +$a#n!#--J( %a&(* o-a%!#on, &! on* )#%), #- *(!a$#()*d, #$$ * a /ood d*-*n(* #.*., an ao#dan%* o- !)* %$a#.40
F"o !)* a$$*/a!#on( o- !)* +*!#!#on*"J( Co+$a#n! #n C##$ Ca(* No. ><2, !)* a$$*/*d *"a$ !"&(! a/"***n! *!**n +*!#!#on*" and "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( #( #n !)* na!&"* o- an *:+"*(( !"&(! a( +*!#!#on*" *:+$#%#!$y a/"**d !)*"*#n !o a$$o !)*
"*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( !o a%=&#"* !#!$* !o !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y #n !)*#" na*(, &! !o )o$d !)* (a* +"o+*"!y -o" +*!#!#on*"J( *n*-#!. G#*n !)a! !)* a$$*/*d !"&(! %on%*"n( an #oa$* +"o+*"!y, )o**", "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( %o&n!*" !)a! !)* (a* #( &n*n-o"%*a$* (#n%* !)* a/"***n! a(
ad* *"a$$y and no +a"o$ *#d*n%* ay * ad#!!*d !o +"o* !)* *:#(!*n%* o- an *:+"*(( !"&(! %on%*"n#n/ an #oa$* +"o+*"!y o" any #n!*"*(! !)*"*#n.
On !)#( (%o"*, * (&(%"#* !o !)* "&$#n/ o- !)* RTC #n #!( O"d*" da!*d 1< &$y 2000 !)a! (a#d (+o&(*( *"* d***d !o )a* a#*d !)*#" o*%!#on !o !)* +a"o$ *#d*n%* a( !)*y -a#$*d !o !#*$y o*%! )*n +*!#!#on*" !*(!#-#*d on !)* (a#d *"a$
a/"***n!. T)* "*=&#"**n! #n A"!#%$* 144 !)a! !)* *:+"*(( !"&(! %on%*"n#n/ an #oa$* o" an #n!*"*(! !)*"*#n * #n "#!#n/ #( *"*$y -o" +&"+o(*( o- +"oo-, no! -o" !)* a$#d#!y o- !)* !"&(! a/"***n!. T)*"*-o"*, !)* (a#d a"!#%$* #( #n !)* na!&"* o- a (!a!&!* o- -"a&d(. T)* !*" (!a!&!* o- -"a&d( #( d*(%"#+!#* o- (!a!&!*( )#%) "*=&#"* %*"!a#n %$a((*( o- %on!"a%!( !o * #n "#!#n/. T)* (!a!&!* do*( no! d*+"#* !)* +a"!#*( o- !)* "#/)! !o %on!"a%! #!) "*(+*%! !o !)* a!!*"( !)*"*#n #no$*d, &! *"*$y "*/&$a!*( !)* -o"a$#!#*( o- !)* %on!"a%! n*%*((a"y !o "*nd*" #! *n-o"%*a$*.41 T)* *--*%! o- non6%o+$#an%* #( (#+$y !)a! no a%!#on %an * +"o*d &n$*(( !)* "*=&#"**n! #( %o+$#*d #!). O"a$ *#d*n%* o-!)* %on!"a%! #$$ * *:%$&d*d &+on !#*$y o*%!#on. ?&! #- o-!)* +a"!#*( !o !)* a%!#on, d&"#n/ !)* !"#a$, a* no o*%!#on !o !)* ad#((##$#!y o- !)* o"a$ *#d*n%* !o (&++o"! !)* %on!"a%! %o*"*d y !)* (!a!&!*, and !)*"*y +*"#! (&%) %on!"a%! !o * +"o*d o"a$$y, #! #$$ * &(! a( #nd#n/ &+on !)* +a"!#*( a( #- #! )ad **n "*d&%*d !o "#!#n/.
P*" +*!#!#on*"J( !*(!#ony, !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y a( o--*"*d -o" (a$* y #!( on*" M*ndoa. P*!#!#on*" !o$d "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( !)a! ()* a( /o#n/ !o &y !)* $o!, &! !)* !#!$* !o !)* (a* #$$ * #n !)* $a!!*"J( na*(. T)* on*y -"o !)* )a"da"* (!o"* ana/*d y "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( ()a$$ * &(*d !o &y !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y, )#%) ()a$$ !)*n * o"!/a/*d y !)*
"*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( (o !)a! !)*y %o&$d o!a#n a $oan -o" &#$d#n/ a #//*" (!o"*. T)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- P80,000.00 a( +a#d -o" !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y. On 20 S*+!**" 1984, !)* "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( "*!&"n*d !)* ana/**n! o- !)* (!o"* !o +*!#!#on*". T)*"*a-!*", +*!#!#on*" a$$o*d )*" (on o)n(on !o #n*n!o"y !)* (!o%( o- !)* (!o"*. o)n(on -o&nd o&! !)a! !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- P80,000.00 -o" !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y a( a$"*ady -&$$y +a#d. )*n +*!#!#on*" !o$d !)* "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( !o !"an(-*" !)* !#!$* !o !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y #n )*" na*, !)* "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( "*-&(*d, !)&(, +"o+!#n/ +*!#!#on*" !o -#$* a %o+$a#n! a/a#n(! !)*.
S##$a"$y, o)n(on !*(!#-#*d44 !)a! on 22 Ma"%) 1982, +*!#!#on*" !&"n*d o*" !)* ana/**n! o- !)* )a"da"* (!o"* !o "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao(. &"#n/ !)a! !#*, an #n*n!o"y4 !)* (!o%( o-!)* (!o"* a( ad* and o-!)* !o!a$ a$&* o- o-!)* (a#d (!o%( *"* d*!*"#n*d !o * P22>,91.0. )*n "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( "*!&"n*d !)* ana/**n! o- !)* (!o"* !o +*!#!#on*" on 20
S*+!**" 1984, ano!)*" #n*n!o"y4> o- !)* (!o%( a( ad*, #!) !)* !o!a$ a$&* o- !)* (!o%( -a$$#n/ !o P110,004.88. T)* d#--*"*n%* o- P11>,94>.1> a( a!!"#&!*d !o !)* +&"%)a(* o- !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y y !)* "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( &(#n/ !)* +"o-#!( -"o !)* (a$*( o- !)* (!o"*.
A %a"*-&$ +*"&(a$ o- !)* "*%o"d( o- !)* %a(* "**a$( !)a! "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( d#d #nd**d -a#$ !o #n!*"+o(* !)*#" o*%!#on( "*/a"d#n/ !)* ad#((##$#!y o- !)* a-o"*6*n!#on*d !*(!#on#*( )*n !)* (a* *"* o--*"*d !o +"o* !)* a$$*/*d *"a$ !"&(! a/"***n! *!**n !)* and +*!#!#on*".
Con(*=&*n!$y, !)*(* !*(!#on#*( *"* "*nd*"*d ad#((#$* #n *#d*n%*. N**"!)*$*((, )#$* ad#((##$#!y o- *#d*n%* #( an a--a#" o- $o/#% and $a, d*!*"#n*d a( #! #( y #!( "*$*an%* and %o+*!*n%*, !)* *#/)! !o * /#*n !o (&%) *#d*n%*, on%* ad#!!*d, (!#$$ d*+*nd( on &d#%#a$ *a$&a!#on.4< T)&(, d*(+#!* !)* ad#((##$#!y o- !)* (a#d !*(!#on#*(, !)* Co&"! )o$d( !)a! !)* (a* %a""#*d $#!!$* *#/)! #n +"o#n/ !)* a$$*/*d *"a$ !"&(! a/"***n! *!**n +*!#!#on*" and "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*(. P*!#!#on*"J( a$$*/a!#on( a( !o !)* *:#(!*n%* o- an *:+"*(( !"&(! a/"***n! #!) "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao(, (&++o"!*d on$y y )*" on and )*" (on o)n(onJ( !*(!#on#*(, do no! )o$d a!*". A( %o""*%!$y "&$*d y !)* Co&"! A++*a$(, a "*(&$!#n/ d#--*"*n%* o-P11>,94>.1 #n !)* */#nn#n/ #n*n!o"y o- !)* (!o%( o- !)*
)a"da"* (!o"* 5*-o"* ana/**n! a( !"an(-*""*d !o "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao(7 and !)* (*%ond #n*n!o"y !)*"*o-5a-!*" ana/**n! a( "*!&"n*d !o +*!#!#on*"7, y #!(*$-, #( no! %on%$&(#* +"oo- !)a! !)* (a#d ao&n! a( &(*d !o +ay !)* +&"%)a(* +"#%* o- !)* ?on#-a%#o +"o+*"!y, (&%) a( o&$d a* #! !)* +"o+*"!y o- +*!#!#on*" )*$d *"*$y #n !"&(! y "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao(. S&%) a %on%$&(#on ado+!*d y !)* RTC #( +&"*$y (+*%&$a!#* and non (*=&#!&". T)* "*(&$!#n/ d#--*"*n%* #n !)* !o #n*n!o"#*( #/)! )a* **n %a&(*d y o!)*" -a%!o"( and !)* (a* #( %a+a$* o- o!)*" #n!*"+"*!a!#on( 5*. /., !)a! !)* ao&n! !)*"*o- ay )a* **n "#!!*n o-- a( &(#n*(( $o((*( d&* !o a ad *%ono#% %ond#!#on, o" !)a! !)* (!o%( o- !)* (!o"* #/)! )a* **n daa/*d o" o!)*"#(* !)*#" +&"%)a(* +"#%*( )a* #n%"*a(*d d"aa!#%a$$y, *!%.7, !)* *:%$&(#on o- )#%) "*(!*d &+on !)* ()o&$d*"( o- +*!#!#on*" a$on* )o )a( !)* &"d*n o- +"oo- #n !)* #n(!an! %a(*. T)#( +*!#!#on*" #(*"a$y -a#$*d !o do. T)* -a%! !)a! "*(+ond*n! (+o&(*( Rao( n**" d*n#*d !)* P11>,94>.1 d#--*"*n%*, o" !)a! !)*y -a#$*d !o +"*(*n! +"oo- !)a! !)*y #nd**d &(*d !)* (a#d ao&n! !o +ay !)* o!)*" o$#/a!#on( and $#a#$#!#*( o- +*!#!#on*" #( no! (&--#%#*n! !o d#(%)a"/* +*!#!#on*"J( &"d*n !o +"o* !)* *:#(!*n%* o- !)* a$$*/*d *:+"*(( !"&(! a/"***n!.
FACTS
6 Man&*$ Sa$ao and a$*n!#na I/na%#o */o! 4 %)#$d"*n, Pa!"#%#o, A$*and"a, &an5?an$#7 and A"o(#a. Man&*$ d#*d #n 188. Pa!"#%#o d#*d #n 188> and a( (&"#*dy )#( (on a$*n!#n. 6 )*n a$*n!#na d#*d, )*" *(!a!* a( ad#n#(!*"*d y A"o(#a. I! a( +a"!#!#on*d *:!"a6&d#%#a$$y !o A$*and"a, &an, A"o(#a and a$*n!#n. a$*n!#n a( /#*n $and )#%) )a( an a++"a#(*d a$&* o- 1,01 )#%) *:%**d*d a$*n!#n'( d#(!"#&!#* ()a"*. So #n !)* d**d o- +a"!#!#on )* a( d#"*%!*d !o +ay !o )#( %o6)*#"( !)* (& o- P,>.<
6 In 1911, +"#o" !o a$*n!#naJ( d*a!), &an and A"o(#a (*%&"*d a To""*n( !#!$* -o" a -o"!y6(**n6)*%!a"* -#()+ond $o%a!*d a! S#!#o Ca$&n&"an, L&ao, Pa+an/a. T)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond #( !)* on* o- %on!*n!#on #n !)#( %a(*
6 P$a#n!#--( a*" !)a! a$*n!#n Sa$ao and A$*and"a Sa$ao a$(o +a"!#%#+a!*d #n !)* a%=&#(#!#on o- !)* (a#d -#()+ond. *-*ndan!( %on!*nd !)a! !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond %on(#(!*d o- $and( +&"%)a(*d y &an Y. Sa$ao, S". and A"o(#a Sa$ao
6 Ho**", !)*"* %an * no %on!"o*"(y a( !o !)* -a%! !)a! a-!*" &an Y. Sa$ao, S". and A"o(#a Sa$ao (*%&"*d a To""*n( !#!$* -o" !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond #n 1911 !)*y *:*"%#(*d do#n#%a$ "#/)!( o*" #! !o !)* *:%$&(#on o- !)*#" n*+)*, a$*n!#n Sa$ao
6 On May 2<, 1911 A"o(#a Sa$ao o&/)! -o" -o&" !)o&(and +*(o( -"o !)* )*#"( o- En/"a%#o San!#a/o a +a"%*$ o- (a+ $and. A"o(#a Sa$ao and &an Sa$ao -#$*d an a++$#%a!#on -o" !)* "*/#(!"a!#on o- !)a! $and #n !)*#" na*( and #! a( /"an!*d y !)* CFI. T)a! P#nan/ana%an o" L*a -#()+ond ado#n( !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond.
6 &an Y. Sa$ao, S". d#*d on No**" , 191. a$*n!#n Sa$ao d#*d on F*"&a"y 9, 19. H#( *(!a!*, )#%) %on(#(!( o- 2 -#()+ond( )* )ad #n)*"#!*d #n 1918 -"o )#( /"ando!)*", a$*n!#na I/na%#o, a( +a"!#!#on*d !o )*" !o da&/)!*"(, ?*n#!a Sa$ao6Ma"%*$o and #%!o"#na Sa$ao6A$%&"#a. No *n!#on o- !)* a$$*/*d 1 #n!*"*(! #n !)* Ca$&n&"an and L*a -#()+ond( a( *n!#on*d.
6 On A+"#$ 8, 1940 A"o(#a Sa$ao dona!*d !o )*" /"andn#*%*, +$a#n!#-- ?*n#!a Sa$ao. On !)a! o%%a(#on ()* %o&$d )a* a(*d A"o(#a Sa$ao !o d*$#*" !o )*" and !o !)* %)#$d"*n o- )*" (#(!*", #%!o"#na, !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond #- #! *"* !"&* !)a! #! a( )*$d #n !"&(! y A"o(#a a( !)* ()a"* o- ?*n#!a'( -a!)*" #n !)* a$$*/*d o#n! *n!&"*.?&! ()* d#d no! a* any (&%) d*and. I! a( on$y
a-!*" A"o(#a Sa$ao'( d*a!) !)a! ()* !)o&/)! o- -#$#n/ an a%!#on -o" !)* "*%on*yan%*.
6 Ao&! a y*a" *-o"* A"o(#a Sa$ao'( d*a!) on S*+!**" 14, 194. ()* dona!*d )*" on*6)a$- +"o #nd##(o ()a"* #n !)* !o -#()+ond( #n =&*(!#on !o )*" n*+)*, &anS. Sa$ao, ". 5&an#7. H* a( a$"*ady !)* on*" o- !)* o!)*" )a$- o- !)* (a#d -#()+ond(, )a#n/ #n)*"#!*d #! -"o )#( -a!)*", &an Y. Sa$ao, S".
6 T)* $ay*" o- ?*n#!a Sa$ao and !)* C)#$d"*n o- #%!o"#na Sa$ao #n a $*!!*" da!*d an&a"y 2>, 191 #n-o"*d &an S. Sa$ao, ". !)a! )#( %$#*n!( )ad a on*6!)#"d ()a"* #n !)* !o -#()+ond(. &an# d#d no! "*-&(* !o /#* !)*#" a$$*/*d ()a"*.
6 ?*n#!a Sa$ao and )*" n*+)*( and n#*%* -#$*d a %o+$a#n! a/a#n(! &an#. T)*y a(*d -o" !)* ann&$*n! o- !)* dona!#on !o &an S. Sa$ao, ". and -o" !)* "*%on*yan%* !o !)* o- !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond. . Sa$ao, ". #n )#( an(*" +$*ad*d a( a d*-*n(* !)* #nd*-*a(##$#!y o- !)* To""*n( !#!$* (*%&"*d y )#( -a!)*" and a&n!.H* a$(o #no*d !)* S!a!&!* o- F"a&d(, +"*(%"#+!#on and $a%)*(.
6 &an S. Sa$ao, ". d#*d #n 198 a! !)* a/* o- (**n!y6on*. H* a( (&(!#!&!*d y )#( #do, M*"%*d*( Pa(%&a$ and )#( (#: %)#$d"*n
and y !)* ad#n#(!"a!o" o- )#( *(!a!*. In !)* #n!*(!a!*
+"o%**d#n/( -o" !)* (*!!$**n! o- )#( *(!a!* !)* !o -#()+ond( #n =&*(!#on *"* ad&d#%a!*d !o )#( (**n $*/a$ )*#"( #n *=&a$ ()a"*( #!) !)* %ond#!#on!)a! !)* +"o+*"!#*( o&$d "*a#n &nd*"
ad#n#(!"a!#on d&"#n/ !)* +*nd*n%y o- !)#( %a(*.
6 T)* !"#a$ %o&"! -o&nd !)a! !)*"* a( no %o&n#!y o- +"o+*"!y aon/ &an Y.Sa$ao, S"., A"o(#a Sa$ao and a$*n!#n Sa$ao )*n !)* Ca$&n&"an andP#nan/ana%an 5L*a7 $and( *"* a%=&#"*d. T)*"* a( )o**", %o6on*"()#+ *!**n 1914, !)* !#* o- a$*n!#naJ( d*a!), !)"& 1918, !)* !#* !)* *(!a!* a( +a"!#!#on*d. T)* !"#a$ %o&"! (&"#(*d !)a! !)* %o6on*"()#+ )#%) *:#(!*d -"o 1914!o 1918 #($*d !)* +$a#n!#--( and !)*#" #!n*((*( and %a&(*d !)* !o *$#** *""on*o&($y !)a! !)*"* a( a %o6 on*"()#+ #n 190 o" !)*"*ao&!(. T)*y a$(o "a!#ona$#*d !)a! a$*n!#n'( o#((#on d&"#n/ )#( $#-*!#* !o a((a#$ !)* To""*n( !#!$*( &an and A"o(#a (#/n#-#*d !)a! B)* a( no! a %o6on*"B o-!)* -#()+ond(. I! a$(o )*$d !)a! o-!)* dona!#on !o &an# a( a$#d$y *:*%&!*d.
6 ?o!) +a"!#*( a++*a$*d. T)* +$a#n!#--( a++*a$*d *%a&(* !)*#" a%!#on -o" "*%on*yan%* a( d#(#((*d. T)* d*-*ndan!( a++*a$*d *%a&(* !)*#" %o&n!*"%$a# -o" daa/*( a( d#(#((*d
ISSUES
1. ON !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond a( )*$d #n !"&(! -o" a$*n!#n Sa$ao y &an Y. Sa$ao,S". and A"o(#a Sa$ao
2. ON +$a#n!#--(' a%!#on -o" "*%on*yan%* )ad a$"*ady +"*(%"#*d.
HEL 1. NO
6No! a (%#n!#$$a o- do%&*n!a"y *#d*n%* a( +"*(*n!*d y !)* +$a#n!#--( !o +"o* !)a! !)*"* a( an *:+"*(( !"&(! o*" !)* Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond #n -ao" o- a$*n!#n Sa$ao. P&"*$y +a"o$ *#d*n%* a( o--*"*d y !)* !o +"o* !)* a$$*/*d !"&(!. T)*#" %$a# !)a! #n !)* o"a$ +a"!#!#on #n 1919 o- !)* !o -#()+ond( !)*Ca$&n&"an -#()+ond a( a((#/n*d !o a$*n!#n Sa$ao #( $*/a$$y &n!*na$*
6 Pa"o$ *#d*n%* %anno! * &(*d !o +"o* an *:+"*(( !"&(! %on%*"n#n/ "*a$!y
6 P$a#n!#--(' +$*ad#n/( and *#d*n%* %anno! * "*$#*d &+on !o +"o* an #+$#*d !"&(!. T)* !"#a$ %o&"!'( -#" %on%$&(#on !)a! !)*"* a( no %o&n#!y o- +"o+*"!y d&"#n/ !)*$#-*!#* o- a$*n!#na3 I/na%#o o" *-o"* 1914 #( (&(!an!#a!*d y
d*-*ndan!('do%&*n!a"y *#d*n%*
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