Cloze Reading Kitabi

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When you (I) ---- something that is very hot you usually drop it immediately. You do not have to think about it and decide to drop it. You (II) ---- drop it. However, you do have to think about some actions. For example, you might decide to walk to school (III) ---- taking the bus. You think about it and decide to do it. Actions like this, that you choose to make, are called ‘voluntary actions’. But actions that you make (IV) ---- having to think about them, (V) ---- dropping a hot object, are called ‘involuntary’ or ‘reflex actions’. 1. I A) make up B) pick up C) take up D) use up E) keep up 2. II A) also B) however C) thus D) as yet E) just 3. III A) despite B) as well as C) instead of D) as of E) only 4. IV A) by B) for C) in D) through E) without 5. V A) besides B) as regards C) while D) owing to E) such as

6. The passage concentrates on ----. A) what one should do in a dangerous

situation

B) the fact that human beings seldom react instantly when they face danger C) two main groups of human action D) different reactions to hot objects E) decision-making

7. According to the passage, by

‘involuntary action’ is meant an action ----.

A) which follows a long process of thinking

B) that doesn’t take place fairly quickly C) which is the result of a choice made D) in which no thinking at all is involved E) that is immediately followed by a

series of other actions

8. According to the passage, if one thinks about something and comes to a decision about what to do, ----.

A) the action that results is called a ‘voluntary action’

B) this is what is often called a ‘reflex action’

C) this means one’s reflex actions are strong

D) one is not likely to change one’s mind E) the likelihood is that a wrong action is

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sound fascinating. (I) ----, it is, in fact, horribly boring. Except for the commanding officers, a day aboard a submarine consists (II) ----six hours on duty, six hours off, day after day, for months. This being the case, every effort is made to ensure (III) ---- the lives of the men are as pleasant as possible. The meals are exceptionally good, and there is a daily film, shown at a specific time, on television around the submarine. In return, the crew is always expected (IV) ---- perfectly all the time. A mistake is quite unforgivable. In fact, a

favourite saying is “There’s room for everything on a submarine (V) ---- a mistake”. 9. I A) For example B) Though C) However D) Despite E) Therefore 10. II A) at B) of C) by D) in E) from 11. III A) which B) whether C) who D) that E) it 12. IV A) performed B) performing C) to be performed D) having performed E) to perform 13. V A) except for B) as a result of C) besides D) in addition to E) in case of

14. We learn from the passage that,

contrary to what a lot of people expect, ----.

A) life on a submarine is extremely rewarding for the crew

B) submarines have every imaginable facility for entertaining the crew C) boredom is a major problem for the

crew of a submarine

D) there is comparatively little work to be done on a submarine

E) the officers on a submarine share the same duties as the other members of the crew

15. The writer of the passage emphasises that, on a submarine, ----.

A) there is every opportunity for officers to have a pleasant life

B) every member of the crew helps to prepare the meals

C) everyone works six hours a day D) life never gets boring for the crew E) everything is to be done faultlessly 16. It is clear from the passage that it is

almost impossible ----.

A) to make life aboard a submarine fully fascinating

B) for officers to establish a friendship with other members of the crew C) for everyone to be aware of night and

day

D) for the commanding officers to make a mistake

E) for any member of the crew to be on duty more than six hours

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world’s strangest creatures. (II) ----, there is a special species of kangaroo that lives in trees. There are also lizards that are five metres long, and butterflies that are as big as dinner plates. New Guinea is an island hardly any larger than the state of Texas, but it has as many bird species (III) ---- are to be found, for example, in the whole of North America. This is partly due to the fact that it has largely remained isolated from the rest of the world. But it is (IV) ---- due to the fact that it has an incredible variety of ecological features, ranging (V) ---- tropical rain forests to glaciers. 17. I A) through B) to C) on D) in E) from 18. II A) However B) Thus C) Because D) As well E) For instance 19. III A) more B) most C) as D) such E) which 20. IV A) already B) yet C) at least D) also E) too 21. V A) from B) by C) at D) in E) for

22. We learn from the passage that New Guinea ----.

A) has actually fewer bird species than it formerly had

B) is in many respects very similar to Texas

C) owes its characteristic physical features to glaciers

D) is an island with a remarkable range of climatic features

E) is gradually increasing its contacts with North America

23. According to the passage, kangaroos that live in trees ----.

A) are very commonly to be seen in rain forests everywhere

B) are only on the increase in New Guinea

C) are just one example of the odd creatures to be found in New Guinea D) are a threat to the bird population of

New Guinea

E) are considerably smaller than the average kangaroo

24. The writer points out that one of the reasons why there are very many different kinds of birds in New Guinea is ----.

A) that the climatic conditions of the island are suitable for rain forests B) the fact that many migrate there for

the winter from North America C) that the island is a protected

environment, and new species are constantly being taken there

D) that this island has mostly been cut off from the rest of the world

E) the fact that there is very little else of interest regarding wildlife

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‘relativity’ shortly after 1900. It was an

enormous improvement over Newton’s views, (I) ---- it explained many things that Newton could not. It showed the close connection (II) ---- space, time and gravity. And it (III) --- surprising predictions. One of them was that matter and energy could be changed (IV) ---- each other. The two are simply different forms of (V) ---- thing. This idea enabled man to split the atom and later to obtain large amounts of nuclear energy. 25. I A) in fact B) since C) before D) unless E) even though 26. II A) for B) to C) into D) from E) between 27. III A) looked over B) broke out C) played down D) cut out E) led to 28. IV A) into B) of C) for D) about E) on 29. V A) such B) so C) the same D) too E) the

30. As we learn from the passage, Einstein’s theory of relativity ----.

A) was confined to the study of the structure of the atom

B) gave clarity to various phenomena that Newton had failed to explain C) gave very little importance to the role

of gravity in the universe

D) was developed, in the first place, to open up new sources of energy E) was basically unrelated to Newton’s

theories

31. According to the passage, it was at about the turn of the 20th century that ----.

A) the splitting of the atom was achieved B) fresh sources of energy were

discovered

C) the relativity theory was first put forward by Einstein

D) time and space were finally recognized as indestructible E) Newton’s theory of gravity was

recognized as correct in all respects 32. We understand from the passage that

one of the benefits of Einstein’s relativity theory ----.

A) was to show the potential danger of the splitting of the atom

B) has been to make space exploration possible in our time

C) was that it proved Newton’s views were quite wrong

D) was to explain the separateness of matter and energy

E) has been the discovery of a new source of energy

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most (I) ---- radio telescope. It consists of a giant white dish supported at a great height on a large and complicated structure of steel. The telescope can pick up signals in the universe that are 10 billion light years (II) ----. And so it is truly extraordinary. The steel structure that carries it, (III) ----, has the usual and very ordinary disadvantage of being liable to rust. This of course means that it (IV) ---- regularly. Painting this, however, is not an ordinary or a simple task. The men who do the painting (V) ---- a special training which includes rescue work. As they do the painting, the men work from ropes as this is the method which has been found to be the safest way of working at a height. 33. I A) sensitive B) absolute C) conductive D) conceptual E) tiny 34. II A) outward B) away C) above D) out of E) onto 35. III A) besides B) however C) as D) therefore E) when 36. IV A) would be painted B) is to paint

C) had been painted D) will paint

E) has to be painted 37. V

A) give

B) should have been given C) have give

D) are given E) had been given

38. It is pointed out in the passage that the Lovell Telescope ----.

A) only picks up signals effectively when the angle of the dish is in line with them

B) can pick up signals that are an immense distance away

C) is no longer the world’s most sensitive radio telescope

D) does not need to be supported at a great height in order to function efficiently

E) is old and so less efficient than it used to be

39. It’s clear from the passage that the steel structure supporting the Lovell

Telescope ----.

A) should have been given a less complicated design

B) turned out to be more expensive than had been estimated

C) has to be replaced completely at regular intervals

D) presents a serious maintenance problem

E) has to be painted at least once a year 40. It is clear from the passage that the

work of painting the steel structure of this telescope ----.

A) requires special skills and is also comparatively dangerous B) is quite straightforward once the

method has been learned C) requires the removal of the dish D) is relatively easy but extremely boring E) can be done by anyone who knows

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bother to read it? With life as short as it is, with so many pressing demands on our time, with books of information, instruction and

discussion waiting to be read, why should we spend (II) ---- time on works of fiction? The eternal answers (III) ---- this question are two: enjoyment and understanding. Since the invention of language, men (IV) ---- pleasure in following and participating in the imaginary adventures and imaginary experiences of imaginary people. Whatever serves to make life less tedious, to make the hours pass more quickly and pleasurably, surely needs nothing else to recommend it. Enjoyment is the first aim and (V) ---- of reading fiction.

41. I A) within B) around C) against D) about E) among 42. II A) considerable B) precious C) rough D) former E) wasteful 43. III A) in B) under C) at D) to E) during 44. IV A) had taken B) took C) take D) will take E) have taken 45. V A) opponent B) delivery C) justification D) authorship E) creativity

46. One point emphasized in the passage is that ----.

A) life, since it is short, shouldn’t be wasted in trivial reading

B) informative books, as opposed to fiction, are what one should read C) non-fictional books are the only ones

worth reading

D) the reading of fiction provides people with a great deal of enjoyment

E) through fiction our knowledge of other people is distorted

47. According to the passage, fiction has, from very early times, ----.

A) always been regarded as superior to other kinds of writing

B) usually been limited to the description of human adventures

C) been regarded as harmful to the development of man

D) been a reliable source for the instruction of man

E) had a great appeal for man 48. In the passage, books ----.

A) that deal with imaginary situations are considered to be a waste of time B) that give us information are regarded

as the best kind

C) are divided into two main kinds: fictional and non-fictional

D) that deal with human experiences are classed as books of instruction E) are regarded merely as a means to

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began to report that strange things (I) ---- to happen in the heavens, and everyone grew excited. “A Planetary Collision”, one London paper headed the news, and proclaimed that probably a strange new planet (II) ---- with Neptune. The leader writers of various other newspapers enlarged upon the topic. (III) ----, in most of the capitals of the world, on January 3rd, there was an expectation, however vague, of some approaching phenomenon in the sky; and as the night followed the sunset round the globe, thousands of people turned their eyes skyward to see, (IV) ---- what they had expected, nothing more exciting than the old familiar stars (V) ---- they had always been.

49. I

A) were starting B) will have started C) have started D) would have started E) are starting

50. II

A) may have collided B) collides C) had collided D) has collided E) would collide 51. III A) On grounds B) However C) Even so D) As a result E) For example 52. IV A) much as B) compared to C) as to D) even E) contrary to 53. V A) yet B) just as C) accordingly D) rather than E) once

54. As it is clear from the passage, all that anyone saw on the night of January 3rd was ----.

A) the familiar stars shining with extraordinary brightness

B) the collision of Neptune with a new planet

C) the usual night sky

D) an unknown planet passing close to Neptune

E) what they interpreted as the birth of a new planet

55. We understand from the passage that there was a great deal of excitement everywhere ----.

A) because an unknown planet had been detected from various parts of the world

B) as soon as the new planet approached Neptune

C) even before the planetary collision took place

D) when newspapers announced that a collision of two planets was to be expected

E) as many phenomena had been observed in the skies on January 3rd 56. One can conclude from the passage

that the whole affair of planets colliding ----.

A) aroused little interest among the people in the world

B) was based on scientific facts and observations

C) was all imaginary, and made up by the newspapers

D) was apparently only of interest to the newspapers

E) was the reason why so many people panicked

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Renaissance, together with improved methods of manufacturing paper, made possible the rapid spread of knowledge. In 1476, William Caxton (II) ---- England’s first printing press at Westminster, a part of London. By 1640, that press and others (III) ---- more than 26, 000 different works and editions. (IV) ---- the printing press and the increased availability of books, literacy increased. It is estimated that by 1530 (V) ---- half the population of England was literate. 57. I A) at B) during C) for D) to E) of 58. II A) made out B) took after C) turned down D) set up E) moved on 59. III A) would print B) will print C) have printed D) are printing E) had printed 60. IV A) For B) Among C) With D) Over E) Between 61. V A) much B) more than C) many D) rather E) in excess

62. We understand from the passage that paper production methods ----.

A) had, prior to the introduction of the printing press, been relatively poor B) had, for many years, been a serious

concern for Caxton

C) improved rapidly around the year 1640

D) contributed to the reduction in the printing costs of books

E) in Renaissance England were far ahead of those in other countries 63. It is pointed out in the passage that,

during the Renaissance, more and more people ----.

A) began to settle in London, particularly in the neighbourhood of Westminster B) were setting up printing presses C) began to collect the early editions of

the books printed by Caxton

D) realized the need to improve methods of paper production

E) began to read and write as more books were printed and easy to obtain 64. It is clear from the passage that from

the time of Caxton to the mid-17th century ----.

A) there was no progress whatsoever in the techniques of printing

B) most books were only popular for a few months

C) a remarkable variety of books became available in England

D) England’s population nearly doubled

E) the number of literate people remained the same

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social instability in 19th-century Victorian England (I) ---- its literature. Prosperity brought a great number of new readers, with money to spend (II) ---- books and periodicals. In this period, when few people went to the theatre or concerts, literature functioned (III) ---- a primary source of entertainment. Writers had available an audience eager to read and willing to pay. (IV) ----, writers were respected more than at any time in English literary history. The masses knew and loved the works of the most famous, (V) ---- the wealthy sought their friendship. Major Victorian writers had the attention of political and social leaders, and when they spoke, they were listened to.

65. I A) declined B) torn C) enjoyed D) articulated E) influenced 66. II A) at B) of C) to D) in E) on 67. III A) through B) as C) by D) to E) for 68. IV A) In addition B) Afterwards C) Thereby D) Still E) For instance 69. V A) despite B) if C) unless D) while E) as well as

70. It is pointed out in the passage that, in Victorian England, ----.

A) it was the masses, rather than the wealthy, who were hit hard by the economic decline

B) theatres were popular places of entertainment and attracted large audiences

C) politicians virtually ignored the opinions expressed by the writers of the period

D) reading was a popular pastime for everyone

E) there was a remarkable degree of social harmony between the classes 71. It is clear from the passage that, in the

Victorian age, leading writers ----. A) mainly concerned themselves with the

problems of the masses

B) were much respected by politicians and could influence them

C) often made a career for themselves in politics as they grew older

D) aimed to entertain rather than to instruct and guide

E) were eager to make theatre-going more popular

72. We understand from the passage that Victorian literature ----.

A) was affected by the economic and social issues of the age

B) was primarily written about and for the wealthy

C) deliberately avoided political and social issues

D) is not generally regarded as a significant part of English literary history

E) has never been of much interest to the masses

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distances. (II) ---- they are out of hearing range of one another, in forests or the great plains of East Africa, they are often spotted moving in the same direction. Sometimes they seem to stand still in their tracks and move their feet up and down, which leads some scientists to believe they have sensitive cells in their feet. (III) ---- cells would enable them to pick up low frequency vibrations (IV) ---- the ground, waves that travel distances of (V) ---- 16 km.

73. I A) of B) with C) into D) above E) across 74. II A) Moreover B) Since C) As though D) Even when E) As 75. III A) Some B) This C) Such D) Even E) Rather 76. IV A) over B) from C) for D) as E) by 77. V A) up to B) so C) most D) very E) more

78. We understand from the passage that, when elephants are a good distance apart, they ----.

A) become nervous and stamp their feet B) feel very insecure

C) can still communicate with each other D) try many different ways of making

contact with each other E) feel exposed to attack

79. As it is clear from the passage, some scientists are of the opinion that ----.

A) the sensitive cells in the feet of elephants serve a wide variety of functions

B) the power of elephants to communicate is very weak C) some elephants have adapted

themselves well to the specific environmental conditions of East Africa

D) it is not natural for elephants to move in the same direction

E) elephants have cells in their feet that are sensitive to vibrations

80. According to the passage, one

scientific assumption about elephants is that ----.

A) the forest lands and plains of East Africa is their ideal environment B) they can sense all levels of vibration

equally well

C) the up-and-down movement of their feet is a means of communication D) their sense of hearing enables them

to pick up sounds up to 16 km away E) their whole body is covered with

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But they are also very clever. Or perhaps, (I) ---- they have extremely long lives, they have time in which to collect a great deal of information. (II) ----, they have developed an excellent method of getting walnuts (III) ---- their shells. The first stage was to drop them from a height. If they fell on a soft surface they didn’t break; if they fell on a hard surface like a road, they often did. If they didn’t, however, passing cars would crush the walnuts. But one problem (IV) ----. It is difficult for a crow to eat crushed walnuts when a lot of cars are passing. In the end, this problem, (V) ----, was solved. They started to drop the walnuts just ahead of the traffic lights.

81. I A) since B) unless C) no matter D) once E) although 82. II A) Nevertheless B) By the time C) Otherwise D) For instance E) Seeing as 83. III A) by B) along C) of D) for E) out of 84. IV A) fluctuated B) repeated C) remained D) assisted E) affected 85. V A) so B) too C) neither D) nor E) either

86. From the passage, we learn ----. A) all about the life-style of the crow B) why the crow lives longer than most

other birds

C) how the crow manages to eat the soft, inside part of the walnut

D) how the crow’s habits are a threat to the driver

E) why birds are often described as “brainless”

87. According to the passage, crows ----. A) have developed various ingenious

ways to break walnuts

B) are a major threat to safety on roads C) are mostly killed by passing cars while

they are feeding

D) avoid eating walnuts even though they are crushed by cars

E) are generally attracted by the traffic lights because of their colours 88. The passage suggests that the long

natural life span of the crow ----.

A) is the result of its healthy eating habits B) is necessary since so many are killed

on the roads

C) is important because it enables them to collect and test a lot of facts D) gives them an advantage over other

birds

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were (I) ---- by the new technical inventions of the18th and 19th centuries, which resulted (II) ---- a gradual but complete reorganisation of the productive process. This is generally known as “the Industrial Revolution”. The (III) ---- feature of this industrial revolution was the increasing specialisation of labour and, with it, the removal of more and more industries from the home to the factory. At the same time, a growing number of activities such as baking, soap making and dressmaking were (IV) ---- by industry. These changes (V) ---- affected the lives of women. Many of them worked in the new factories for very low wages and for excessively long hours; others worked at home for manufacturers. 89. I A) used up B) settled down C) sent off D) kept off E) brought about 90. II A) as B) on C) in D) at E) for 91. III A) outstanding B) appalling C) factual D) optional E) extinct 92. IV A) depended upon B) carried away C) played up D) taken over E) held out 93. V A) generously B) attentively C) meticulously D) vainly E) profoundly

94. According to the passage, the 18th and 19th centuries in the West ----.

A) encouraged domestic industry to develop alongside the reorganisation of industry

B) saw great technical advances which led to comprehensive changes in the production process

C) experienced a great economic and industrial decline

D) were a time when working conditions were greatly improved

E) gave priority to domestic industries 95. It is pointed out in the passage that one

of the most important changes

introduced by the Industrial Revolution was ----.

A) the reorganisation of working conditions for women

B) the improvement of the position of women in society

C) the development of such domestic skills as baking and soap making D) the gradual rise of specialised labour E) an unprecedented increase in wages 96. The writer makes the point that the

Industrial Revolution ----. A) had little effect on traditional

production methods

B) had a totally destructive effect upon the social structure

C) encouraged domestic activities, in particular dressmaking

D) led to the building of very many factories just for women workers E) had a great effect on the way of life in

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referred to quite simply as “The Great Fire”. It began in a baker’s shop, and seemed at first to be unimportant. But (II) ---- some time the weather had been hot and dry, and the section of London in which it began was full of old wooden buildings which were very close together. (III) ----, there was a strong wind which carried burning pieces of wood (IV) ---- the roofs of distant houses, and the fire spread rapidly. Fire-fighting techniques were primitive: long lines of men passing buckets of water to each other were useless. When the wind stopped and the fire was finally (V) ----, four-fifths of the city had gone and nearly a quarter of a million people had lost their homes.

97. I A) died out B) kept down C) passed away D) dropped out E) swept across 98. II A) away B) off C) from D) for E) on 99. III A) Since B) Moreover C) Due to D) Though E) However 100. IV A) with B) to C) about D) through E) by 101. V A) gave off B) pointed out C) broken through D) looked down E) put out

102. According to the passage, when “The Great Fire” began, ----.

A) most people were still asleep and knew nothing about it

B) the baker’s shop was empty

C) everyone expected the baker to deal with it himself

D) people started to panic and run away E) people did not realize that it was

going to spread as it did

103. We understand from the passage that the fire could only be controlled ----.

A) through the united efforts of everyone in London

B) after the wind had stopped C) with the help of large amounts of

water

D) in areas where the buildings were far apart

E) after they knocked down houses to stop it spreading

104. It is clear from the passage that by the time the fire had been put out, ----.

A) there was no water left in the city B) the people of London were all without

homes

C) most of London had been burnt down D) very few people were left in London E) no wooden buildings were left

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taken by entrepreneurs (I) ---- uncertainty. Economic conditions are always changing, and past experience is not (II) ---- any good guide to future prospects. Most production is undertaken in anticipation of demand. Firms will produce those things which they believe will (III) ---- a profit – they do not know that they will do (IV) ----, because the future is unknown. Entrepreneurs must bear the costs involved during the time which elapses between the decision to produce and the eventual marketing of the commodity. They must pay rent for their land, interest on money borrowed, wages to labour and meet the costs of

materials. These payments must be made (V) ---- any certainty that the costs will be covered by receipts. If the sales revenue exceeds their expenses, the entrepreneurs will make a profit – if not, they must bear the loss.

105. I A) arise from B) get on C) turn off D) cope with E) run out 106. II A) highly B) urgently C) hardly D) desperately E) necessarily 107. III A) share B) gain C) yield D) lose E) retain 108. IV A) even B) so C) just D) such E) like 109. V A) for B) from C) upon D) without E) towards

110. The main point made in the passage is that the entrepreneur ----.

A) can never be sure that any venture will succeed until it has actually done so

B) makes a loss as often as he makes a profit

C) soon becomes a good judge of economic trends and rarely makes mistakes

D) is a sound businessman and doesn’t

take risks

E) is prepared to pay high interest on money borrowed

111. According to the passage, a great many expenses have to be met by the entrepreneur ----.

A) and these increase dramatically once the product is on the market

B) but he is sure that his profits will exceed his expenses

C) but the biggest one is labour costs D) before a product even goes onto the

market

E) and he is very rarely offered a loan 112. We understand from the passage

that the success or failure of a product ----.

A) is always purely a matter of luck B) is closely related to the quality of the

materials used

C) can be fairly accurately judged soon after it goes into production

D) is of little importance to the experienced entrepreneur

E) becomes apparent only after it has gone onto the market

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manufacturing industries, is raising some serious social problems. (I) ---- solve these problems, managers in many industrial countries are seriously considering various projects aimed (II) ---- job enrichment. There are attempts (III) ---- the role and

responsibilities of the workers. Several factories have tried to abolish the assembly line by reorganizing production so that teams of workers are responsible for assembling the entire product (or a major component of it). Each team is free to decide how the various tasks (IV) ---- and the speed (V) ---- the job is carried out. Within each team the jobs may be rotated so as to increase the element of variety in the work. 113. I A) In addition to B) With a view to C) Prior to D) In order to E) Thanks to 114. II A) about B) at C) in D) onto E) by 115. III A) having enlarged B) enlarged C) to enlarge D) to have enlarged E) enlarging 116. IV A) will be allocated B) have allocate C) had been allocated D) was allocated E) allocate 117. V A) whom B) at which C) whether D) when E) that

118. It is pointed out in the passage that, especially in the manufacturing

industries, ----.

A) workers are perfectly satisfied with assembly line conditions

B) great efforts are being made to give workers more job satisfaction

C) workers are asking for higher wages, as they are being given more

responsibilities

D) the teams cannot organize

themselves, so management has to assist them

E) the rotation of jobs within the team has caused work to slow down 119. We understand from the passage

that in several factories the assembly line is ----.

A) being replaced by teams of workers who assemble either the whole or main part of a product

B) coming back into fashion as workers find the work easier and less

demanding

C) still being retained since it is the ideal training ground for new workers D) still used when procedures are

particularly complicated

E) felt to produce a higher standard of product, allowing manufacturers to make a higher profit

120. It is clear from the passage that, under the new teamwork system, workers ----.

A) have the opportunity of being promoted and even becoming managers

B) find they can work faster than they expected

C) carry more responsibility and are fully involved in the process of decision-making

D) need a more thorough training period E) have more responsibility in theory, but

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century, and so following World War II, demographers expected only a modest increase. What happened instead was “the baby boom”. Since then, scientists have been arguing about the causes. The best-known explanation comes from economist Richard A. Easterlin of the University of Southern

California. He (II) that the baby boom (III) ---- the unprecedented mix of three

developments: an expansion of the economy, restricted immigration since the mid-1920s, and a (IV) ---- small group of new job seekers because of low fertility in the late1920s and 1930s. This combination created unusually good job prospects for young people after World War II, and so feeling more (V) ---- than their parents, they married earlier and had more children.

121. I

A) had been falling B) is falling

C) will be falling D) was falling E) have been falling 122. II A) argues B) boosts C) arouses D) results E) simulates 123. III A) breaks into B) cuts off C) tries out D) looks up E) results from 124. IV A) universally B) carefully C) oficially D) relatively E) bitterly 125. V A) devious B) omnipresent C) prosperous D) elaborate E) legitimate

126. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.

A) population growth in the past enabled the present economic growth

B) scientists have suggested various ways to stop “the baby boom”

C) high fertility rates in the West were the cause of World War II

D) it is not always easy to explain population growth as there are various factors to consider

E) fertility rates tend to increase after great disasters such as wars 127. As it is stated in the passage, “the

baby boom” ----.

A) resulted from a mixture of

developments that happened during the war

B) occurred just before World War II broke out

C) had a negative effect on the prosperity of people

D) could be explained by the number of people of marrying age

E) was the result of unusually good job prospects

128. The reason why young people married early and had more children is that they ----.

A) felt much better off economically than their parents

B) learnt many people died unnecessarily in World War II C) saw that there were very few people

looking for jobs

D) thought their children would find well-paid jobs

E) wanted to contribute to the welfare of the world by having more children

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information, storing it, and then having the ability to recall it (I) ---- needed – (II) ---- to solve problems, tell stories, or save yourself on the witness stand. Learning begins with those power connections in your brain: neurons firing messages to one another. Your ability to process information is determined by the junctions (III) ---- those neurons, called “synapses”. The ability of brain cells to speak to one another is strengthened or weakened as you use them. Essentially, (IV) ---- you use those synapses, the stronger they get and the more rapidly they increase. That’s why you may have strong neural pathways for your family history or weak ones for 1980s music trivia. That also gives you a little insight (V) ---- how you remember things. If something is exciting to you, then you learn it faster – and train those synapses to make stronger connections. 129. I A) although B) when C) yet D) as if E) after 130. II A) both B) not only C) such D) as E) whether 131. III A) between B) at C) about D) from E) for 132. IV A) much B) more C) the more D) most E) the most 133. V A) in B) for C) of D) by E) into

134. According to the passage, memory is used to ----.

A) receive, retain and remember information

B) learn how to save yourself on the witness stand

C) find out whether problems can be solved or not

D) tell stories in order to make others laugh

E) provide someone with the ability to memorize

135. The term “synapses” refers to ----. A) the process of being able to speak to

one another

B) the messages sent from one part of the body to another

C) the ability of the brain to heal itself D) processes that take place outside the

brain

E) the connections between message-firing neurons

136. We can learn from the passage that ----.

A) the ability of brain cells to send messages to one another hardly ever changes

B) the more you use synapses, the weaker they become

C) you tend to remember your family history as equally as things you find uninteresting

D) there is a correlation between the frequency of using junctions and recalling information

E) the ability to process information is determined by the physical size of the brain

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needs a complete overhaul (I) ---- farmers can get more for their beans. The plunging price of coffee (II) ---- the past decade has certainly caused regrettable misery for many farmers. Big coffee companies now stand accused (III) ---- placing profits before people. If efforts are made to (IV) ---- the profits, the companies will almost certainly fight back to keep up their excessive profits. It is likely that they will win (V) ---- the trade barriers set by rich countries means that it is hard for coffee farmers to change over and grow other crops.

137. I A) if B) in case C) so that D) when E) but 138. II A) with B) about C) by D) from E) over 139. III A) by B) upon C) below D) of E) over 140. IV A) cut down on B) draw up C) pull out D) go through E) hold on 141. V A) on account of B) besides C) until D) despite E) because

142. According to the passage, one of the problems faced by coffee farmers is ----.

A) that the consumption of coffee around the world is declining rapidly

B) the trade barriers filed by wealthy countries

C) the rising costs of labor and marketing D) that the supply of coffee on the global

market is in excess of the demand E) the urgent need to update their

methods of farming

143. As it is pointed out in the passage, over the past ten years or so, the condition of coffee farmers ----.

A) has worsened with the falling market price of coffee

B) has fluctuated greatly as crops have varied so much

C) has attracted a great deal of public attention

D) has been sympathetically heeded by the big coffee companies

E) has forced many of them to find other ways of making a livelihood

144. It is clear from the passage that the big coffee companies ----.

A) have mostly agreed to bring down the retail price of coffee

B) recognize the need for massive changes in the production and marketing of coffee

C) are not likely to yield to demands and pressure to reduce their profits D) cannot afford to pay the coffee

farmers a higher price for their beans E) are largely responsible for the decline

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have always sought to find new and original (I) ---- of expression. Without this urge no

progress (II) ----. In our modem age, the desire to experiment is stronger than it ever was before. This is partly because the instability of world affairs has (III) ---- a feeling of unrest and insecurity, and partly because more people are being better educated and concerned with culture. The arts are now, as a result, more sophisticated, even more artificial. In the past the ideal was the natural and spontaneous expression of beauty, but it (IV) ---- is. In order to avoid the obvious and the commonplace, some composers have, perhaps, moved too (V) ---- the main stream of music, and this has sometimes led to eccentricity. But there is a positive side to all this: there is a healthy lack of complacency. 145. I A) aims B) urgency C) freedom D) doubt E) means 146. II

A) could have been made B) makes

C) had made D) have made E) may have made 147. III A) given rise to B) stood by C) cast aside D) got away E) followed up 148. IV A) already B) no longer C) at any rate D) for short E) currently 149. V A) out of B) along with C) to D) up to E) far from

150. The main point made in the passage is that, if there is to be any progress in music, ----.

A) a wide variety of taste must be taken into account

B) the traditional modes of expression must be respected

C) efforts must be made to please all sections of society

D) new and innovative ways of expression must be searched for E) a composer must seek the natural

and spontaneous expression of beauty

151. One can conclude from the passage that modem music ----.

A) has been adversely affected by the present prevailing intellectual atmosphere

B) owes much of its appeal to the spontaneity and simplicity of its expression

C) has been less affected by the spread of education and culture than the other arts

D) has isolated itself from the realities and the developments of our time E) is to a greater extent than ever before

both experimental and sophisticated 152. The writer suggests that the desire

of some composers to avoid the traditional forms of music ----.

A) has resulted in their growing complacency

B) has been the key to their unprecedented popularity

C) may have had a harmful effect upon some of their works

D) has been misunderstood by the better educated people

E) has been far more harmful than beneficial

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biologists (I) ---- synonymous with the capacity to learn. An animal that learns to adapt itself to a wide range of situations is said to be more intelligent than one (II) ---- behaviour is largely governed by instinct. In psychology, on the other hand, so wide a definition is not

satisfactory. The simpler forms of teaming, at least, can scarcely be said to manifest intelligence in any sense remotely consistent (III) ---- the ordinary meaning of the term. It is customary, therefore, to (IV) ---- between learning of a more or less repetitive and mechanical type and the solving of genuinely new problems by creative means. It is the latter (V) ---- the former that we ordinarily ascribe to intelligence and most psychologists allow their definition of this term to be guided by popular usage. 153. I A) as B) on C) like D) in E) of 154. II A) which B) that C) where D) when E) whose 155. III A) of B) for C) by D) at E) with 156. IV A) oscillate B) distinguish C) identify D) customize E) diversify 157. V A) according to B) in spite of C) irrespective of D) on behalf of E) rather than

158. This passage emphasizes the fact that the term Intelligence ----.

A) should not be applied to any animals as they are motivated by Instincts B) is used by biologists to describe the

ability of animals to adapt to a given situation and so team

C) is frequently wrongly used and should therefore be avoided altogether D) should be avoided by psychologists

as there is so much disagreement about its meaning

E) must be applied to all forms of learning from the simplest to the most complicated

159. In this passage, a sharp distinction is drawn between ----.

A) intelligence and the ability to learn as regards the animal world

B) the term "intelligence" as the ordinary people use it and as most

psychologists use it

C) the repetitive and the mechanical types of learning

D) teaming that Is repetitive and

mechanical and that which is creative and original

E) the less intelligent animal species and the more intelligent ones

160. According to the passage, in the animal kingdom, the less Intelligent animals ----.

A) team to adapt to new situations more quickly than the more intelligent ones B) are stimulated when they face a new

situation

C) are those whose actions are mainly controlled by their instincts

D) are more suited to mechanical type teaming than to other types

E) have many advantages over the more intelligent ones

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punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get people to take responsibility for what they have done?'. Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy options (I) ---- some people. They are always that offenders can avoid taking

responsibility, (II) ---- in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons have been called

‘universities for criminals'. Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and they (III) ---- with a degree in burglary or worse. The answer is not to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the (IV) ---- majority of people in prison are not violent, and do not need to be there. What they do need is to be brought face to face with the human reality of the harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to (V) ----. 161. I A) in B) above C) for D) over E) about 162. II A) because B) after all C) unless D) while E) in return 163. III A) put back B) write off C) catch on D) take part E) come out 164. IV A) overhauling B) substitute C) adjacent D) vast E) impoverished 165. V A) ruin B) rectify C) rate D) rush E) riot

166. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----.

A) teach people to become better citizens

B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever C) should be remodelled on the lines of

universities and polytechnics

D) should largely be reserved for violent people who constitute a threat to society

E) are essential as more and more violence occurs in society 167. According to the writer, such a

traditional punishment as fining ----. A) helps to keep the crime-rate down B) actually helps offenders to avoid

facing the fact that they have hurt society

C) has been shown to be far more effective than imprisonment

D) is highly effective if the offenders are young

E) is regarded as a harder option than imprisonment

168. According to the passage, restorative justice ----.

A) regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed

B) is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent C) concentrates on criminal acts in which

there is no victim

D) is too idealised and has little chance of working successfully

E) is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen

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the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up to 100 meters (I) ---- rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and (II) ---- right up into the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is (III) ---- 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. (IV) ---- temperature, the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe (V) ---- by more than 10 centigrade degree during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it would support its current population is difficult to imagine. 169. I A) for B) at C) under D) of E) in 170. II A) manage B) sink C) provide D) wave E) penetrate 171. III A) similar to B) more C) so much as D) equivalent to E) a little 172. IV A) Despite B) Since C) In terms of D) Such E) In addition to 173. V A) would fall B) had fallen C) fall D) will fall E) fell

174. This passage mainly deals with ----. A) he adverse effects that Gulf Stream

has on the wild life in Scandinavia B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the

climate in the Arctic Circle C) the question of whether man can

benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream

D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that of Siberia

E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream 175. As we understood from the

passage, one of the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----.

A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in Northern Europe throughout the winter

B) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern Europe countries C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia

and Siberia in winter

D) circles around Britain and then moves into the northern waters

E) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle

176. It is clear from the passage that ----. A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf

Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of the whole world B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far

more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the shores of Northern Europe

C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its population D) the Gulf Stream brings with it

disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern Europe E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the

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Second World War, Britain was without imports of many vital pharmaceuticals that had (II) ---- come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawn into a national campaign to gather wild herbs, up and down the country, County Herb Committees were organised (III) ---- the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based training in (IV) ---- to recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were gathered and (V) ---- medicines. 177. I A) outbreak B) outcome C) effect D) vitality E) improvement 178. II A) prevalently B) adjacently C) tremendously D) formerly E) highly 179. III A) to oversee B) having overseen C) to be overseen D) overseeing E) overseen 180. IV A) what B) who C) how D) that E) which 181. V A) grown up B) written off C) looked over D) cared for E) turned into

182. We learn from the passage that. before World War 11, Britain ----.

A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far East

B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far East

C) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to them D) was largely dependent on Germany,

Japan and the Far East for its pharmaceuticals

E) thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical purposes

183. It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government ----.

A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East

B) gave priority to the import of medicines

C) encouraged scientific research into improving the efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticals

D) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were interested in growing herbs E) took serious measures to ensure that

the country should not be short of medicines

184. It is clear from the passage that, of the special arrangements made in Britain during the war, one was ----.

A) the reduction of imports from Germany and Japan

B) the Getting up of local and national organisations to produce medicinal herbs

C) the introduction of new agricultural policies to increase production in every sphere

D) the launching of a national women's campaign for the distribution of medicines throughout the country E) the training of local people in the

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earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically (I) ---- great importance. The ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation, especially lethal (II) ---- plant life, lies between 12 and 50 kilometres (III) ---- the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres, is known (IV) ---- the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the movement (V) ---- air masses.

185. I A) of B) to C) at D) by E) in 186. II A) about B) through C) to D) on E) from 187. III A) with B) along C) within D) inside E) above 188. IV A) with B) like C) by D) as E) for 189. V A) among B) of C) at D) around E) beyond

190. According to the passage, the earth ----.

A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it.

B) is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour C) has an atmosphere which is

comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances

D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases

E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere

191. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of the earth that ----.

A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere

B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere

C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiation

D) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the sun

E) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in the atmosphere

192. We understand from the passage that the troposphere is of vital

importance as regards the weather, ----. A) even though wind-speeds cannot be

accurately measured here

B) as it accommodates the ozone layer C) even though the atmospheric

variability is not predictable

D) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching the earth

E) because all the meteorological phenomena take place in this region

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increasing number of European travellers (I) ---- to explore and study the sites of ancient cities in Western Turkey. In this regard, the first systematic exploration was made in 1811 by Captain Beaufort of the British Royal Navy, (II) ---- mapped the Mediterranean coast of Turkey and identified some of the ancient sites there. This (III) ---- by a number of other

archaeological expeditions, including Charles Fellows’s explorations, from 1838 to 1844, of the south-western part of the country, called “Lycia” in antiquity. But the most exciting find was Heinrich Schliemann’s rediscovery of Troy in excavations that began in 1870. Since then, most of the ancient cities of Western Turkey (IV) ---- and studied, at least (V) ---- some extent. The more famous of them, such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias, are now the subjects of large-scale

excavations and restorations that have recreated a fragmentary image of their former splendour.

193. I

A) is beginning B) will begin

C) would have begun D) have begun E) began 194. II A) that B) in which C) when D) who E) where 195. III A) was followed B) had followed C) was following D) would be followed E) followed 196. IV

A) have been unearthed B) unearths C) have unearthed D) unearthed E) was unearthed 197. V A) off B) on C) for D) by E) to

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European explorations and studies of Western Turkey’s ancient sites made prior to the early nineteenth century ----.

A) had not been carried out according to a plan

B) provided archaeologists with a great deal of information indispensable for their excavations

C) mainly focused on the historically most important ones such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias

D) were in fact essentially concerned with the search for the actual site of Troy

E) had a secret military purpose and, therefore, lacked any historical interest

199. One understands from the passage that, although many explorations of ancient ruins were made in Western Turkey in the nineteenth century, ----.

A) exploration and excavation there has not continued into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

B) Ephesus and Sardis, especially, have provided an extensive amount of data about life and society in antiquity C) it was Heinrich Schliemann’s

excavations of Troy that created the most interest

D) Lycia, as a region, has always

attracted a great deal of attention from many travellers and archaeologists E) only Pergamum and Aphrodisias give

us a full picture of their magnificence in the past

200. It is pointed out in the passage that, despite extensive excavations and restorations, ----.

A) an extensive number of the ancient sites, including Troy, in Western Turkey, have not yet been unearthed B) a very large part of Troy still needs to

be further explored and unearthed C) many of Lycia’s ancient cities are still

buried under the ground and await digging out

D) the ancient glory of such popularly known cities as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias has only been partially revealed

E) the cities such as Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias are far from arousing a lasting interest in the public

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the artistic and cultural reawakening which (I) ---- in Europe during the fifteenth century. The buildings, designed by the period’s great architect Brunelleschi, and the paintings and sculptures of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo have turned the city (II) ---- one of the world’s greatest artistic capitals. During the Renaissance, Florence was (III) ---- the cultural and intellectual heart of Europe and enjoyed enormous artistic growth. The legacy of the Renaissance draws many visitors to the city today, and its numerous museums, galleries, churches, and monuments are (IV) ---- the major attractions. Florence’s best sights are situated in such a small area that the city seems to (V) ---- its treasures at every step.

201. I A) made do B) went straight C) took place D) looked after E) kept pace 202. II A) for B) by C) as D) into E) of 203. III A) at B) from C) about D) with E) on 204. IV A) without B) throughout C) abour D) among E) along 205. V A) constrict B) discover C) feel D) order E) reveal

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Florence today ---- as it houses

wonderful examples of Renaissance art and architecture.

A) enjoys much popularity throughout the world and is visited by a great number of people

B) is so crowded by visitors from many parts of the world that it can hardly cope with them

C) is considered to be one of the economic capitals of Europe D) attracts primarily those people who

have a very strong intellectual interest in the works of Botticelli and

Michelangelo

E) is a small city that, for its economic well-being, depends on an ever-growing number of visitors

207. It is pointed out in the passage that, at the time of the Renaissance,

Florence ----.

A) constantly competed with other Italian cities to become the artistic capital of Europe

B) became one of the most important cities in Europe both intellectually and culturally

C) enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth

D) had so many museums and monuments that it soon became a major tourist attraction of the period E) was especially famous for its

magnificent churches and art galleries, mainly designed by

Brunelleschi and other contemporary architects

208. The writer states that the artistic and cultural wealth of Florence ----.

A) was derived only from Brunelleschi, Botticelli and Michelangelo

B) consists only of museums, galleries and churches

C) can be experienced today everywhere in the city

D) has only recently been recognized by the world

E) was suppressed by the Christian churches there during the Renaissance

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the result of 'too much food and too little exercise'. (I) ---- this maxim is largely correct, the etiology of obesity can be much more complex. There is a well-documented familial tendency, but (II) ---- this is of environmental or genetic origin is unclear. Studies of twins separated at birth and living apart provide strong evidence for a substantial genetic influence. Children of overweight parents, when adopted by , 'lean' families, have a greater tendency to become obese than do adoptees from non-obese natural parents. 'Energy efficiency' may (III) ---- obesity; with reserves of fat deposits readily available to metabolize in the obese, a given amount of activity requires a smaller expenditure of energy. This theory has been invoked by those who complain that they 'gain weight whether they eat or not', and indeed there is evidence of differences in energy efficiency among individuals. Similarly, obesity has been attributed (IV) ---- abnormally low basal metabolic rates (BMRs) since obese individuals do show lower BMRs. However, this fact is (V) ---- an artefact of BMR

measurement; a larger proportion of the total fat mass of an obese person is inert, low metabolizing fat, a fact that makes BMR calculations lower. 209. I A) As B) While C) For instance D) However E) Because 210. II A) when B) whether C) which D) whatever E) whom 211. III A) refer to B) ascribe to C) pertain to D) contribute to E) engage to 212. IV A) for B) at C) in D) of E) to 213. V A) due to B) in addition to C) at the point of D) on account E) inasmuch as

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A) to discredit the idea that there is a greater degree of energy efficiency in the obese

B) that the environmental and the genetic causes of obesity are more or less the same

C) to establish that the factors behind obesity are highly complex and even contradictory

D) that obesity is a serious health hazard and that a great deal more research into the treatment of it is required E) to impress on overweight parents the

need to watch their children's diet and life-style

215. According to the passage, the theory that obesity has a strong genetic basis ----.

A) seems more likely than the one concerning the BMRs

B) is slowly falling into disfavour and being replaced by one that puts the emphasis on energy efficiency C) has not so far been well researched,

but as it is the most likely theory, it deserves to be

D) is supported by some studies of twins that have been brought up separately E) is soon likely to be fully substantiated

216. The passage suggests that the theory that obesity is due to a low BMR ----.

A) has never had any serious recognition B) needs to be reconsidered as the

manner of calculating this rate in the obese is inaccurate

C) has been invented by the obese who claim that the amount they eat makes no difference to their weight

D) will probably turn out to be the correct theory

E) has been thoroughly researched in several cases of twins

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was established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles, in the belief “that universal and lasting peace can be established (I) ---- it is based on social justice.” In July 1961 it had 100 countries as members, including all the great powers. A unique feature of this organization is that its meetings are attended not only by representatives of governments, but by representatives of employers and working people (II) ----, and these participate in the proceedings, by voice and by vote,

independently of their governments. The principal policy-making body, for instance, is composed of four delegates from each member state, and (III) ---- these, two represent the government. One represents employers, and one working people. The organization has, from the beginning, taken steps to collect full and up-to-date information about labour and social conditions throughout the world and to (IV) ---- the results to member states (V) ---- statistics and reports.

217. I A) in case B) only if C) in order that D) as if E) considering 218. II A) so B) as such C) yet D) as well E) ahead 219. III A) at B) of C) over D) about E) to 220. IV A) pass on B) come across C) figure out D) pay off E) pull through 221. V A) on behalf of B) in excess of C) in the manner of D) in place of E) in the form of