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Social

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TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK

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Social Science

TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK

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Social

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TEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK

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Social Science 4 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz.

WRITER

Laura Broadbent

MANAGING EDITOR

Sheila Tourle

EDITORIAL TEAM

Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio Geona Edwards

PROOFREADING

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Nombre Fecha

Introduction

Social Science 4 Teacher’s Resource Book provides a wide variety of photocopiable worksheets designed to complement Social Science 4

Student’s Book and Social Science 4 Teacher’s Book. It is divided into 10 topics in order to cover the main concepts of both the National Curriculum and the curriculum established by the Community of Madrid.

These worksheets facilitate a flexible approach in the classroom. Students in the same class can be given different worksheets. Students can expand on the material learnt in class. Or they can use the worksheets to revise. These worksheets can also be assigned as homework.

There are four categories of worksheets:

Reinforcement, Extension, Assessment and tests, and Investigate.

Answer keys are provided in the Aula Virtual and on the website: http://www.evocacion.es

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Reinforcement worksheets

There are two pages of Reinforcement worksheets for each topic. These worksheets are designed to provide additional support for students in need of further practice. They can be used after the relevant section in the Student’s Book, before the Final activities sections, or as extra preparation for the

Unit assessment. Students can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Student’s Books, in the classroom or at home, individually or in pairs.

1 Read the text and answer. a. What is a ria?

b. Name two Spanish coasts where we can find these estuaries.

c. Which rias go from the Eo river to A Coruña? Which go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal?

d. Name four natural elements you can see in the photo.

Spanish Rias

The Spanish coast is very varied. There are a lot of places where water goes in and out. For example, beaches, coves, cliffs, deltas and estuaries. Along the Cantabrian coast and the Atlantic coast, a particular type of estuary called a ria can be found. A ria is a river valley full of sea water. On the west coast of Galicia, these rias are called Rias Altas and Rias

Baixas. The Rias Altas go from the Eo

river to A Coruña. The Rias Baixas go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal. Rocks and relief

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EXTENSION

1 Read the text and answer. a. What is a fossil?

b. What do we call a scientist who studies fossils?

c. What information do fossils give us?

d. What is an ichnite?

e. Where can you find ichnites in Spain?

Rocks and dinosaur prints

Have you ever seen fossils in rocks? Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals that lived on Earth millions of years ago.

Scientists called palaeontologists study fossils found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can give us information about climate and the environment in the past. For example, if a palaeontologist discovers a marine animal fossil, he knows that the area was probably under the sea a long time ago. Fossils can also be the remains of animal footprints, such as dinosaur footprints, called ichnites. In Spain, there are spectacular ichnite routes in the provinces of Soria, Rioja, Teruel and Asturias. In particular, the coast of Asturias between Gijón and Ribadesella is known as Dinosaur Coast. Here you can visit the Jurassic Museum of Asturias (known as MUJA), built in the shape of a giant ichnite.

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Rocks and relief

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EXTENSION

4 Write S (salt water) or F (fresh water) to classify these words. waves aquifers ocean currents tides lake spring surface water tributary river glacier gully groundwater

5 Read the descriptions and write the words. a. This is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. b. This is the area that contains the flowing water of the river. c. This is the route the river takes and it has three parts. d. This is the amount of water the river carries and it can vary.

6 Use the key to colour each watershed in Spain.

green Cantabrian watershed orange Atlantic watershed

pink Mediterranean watershed

7 Complete the table.

watershed all the rivers flow

into the... the main rivers are... the characteristics of its rivers are... Cantabrian

Atlantic Mediterranean

1 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences. a. The Earth looks green from Space. b. The hydrosphere is one of the layers of the Earth. c. 79 % of the water on Earth is salt water. d. Fresh water on Earth comes from rivers, lakes and groundwater. e. Only 6% of all the water on Earth is water we can drink. f. The water cycle takes place between the atmosphere and the Earth´s crust.

2 Label the stages of the water cycle.

3 Match the descriptions with the corresponding term. a. movements of water caused by the wind tides b. the rising and falling of the sea level ocean currents c. movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water waves

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REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT

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Water

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Worksheets

Extension worksheets

There are two pages of Extension worksheets for each topic. These worksheets can be used for fast finishers or to expand on the material covered in class.

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Tests and Investigate

There is a multiple-choice test for each topic. The tests provide students with the opportunity to revise the main concepts of each topic and to assess the knowledge they have acquired.

There is one Investigate worksheet for each topic. These worksheets provide opportunities for students to carry out simple investigative tasks, either in the classroom or at home.

Assessment worksheets

There are two pages of Assessment worksheets for each topic. They can be given out once the topic has been completed, as a revision test, or to check progress during the year.

1 Make your own volcano eruption! You need: • a medium size plastic container • a plastic cup • water • baking soda • dish soap • food colouring (optional) • vinegar • gravel or dirt Instructions 1. Put some gravel or dirt in a container to create a base for the volcano. 2. Put the water in the cup. Fill it 2/3 full. 3. Add two spoonfuls of baking soda, about a spoonful of dish soap and about 5 drops of the food colouring. 4. Make a mound out of the gravel or dirt to create the mountain. 5. Put the cup into the top of the mound. 6. Pour vinegar over the cup until it starts foaming. 7. Watch your volcano erupt!

2 Analyse your results and answer these questions. a. What ingredient makes the volcano erupt? b. What does the mound represent? c. Does the shape of the volcano affect the direction of the eruption? Landscapes Social Science 4

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INVESTIGATE

1 The solar system is made up of… a. the Moon and other celestial bodies. b. the Sun, eight planets and other celestial bodies. c. the Sun and the Earth.

2 The Sun is... a. the main planet of the solar system. b. the brightest star in the sky. c. a satellite of the Earth.

3 The Earth’s only satellite is…

a. the Sun. b. Venus. c. the Moon.

4 28 days is how long it takes for... a. the Moon to orbit the Earth. b. the Earth to complete the rotation movement. c. a comet to orbit the Sun.

5 The Earth’s rotation causes…

a. the seasons of a year. b. the lunar phases. c. days and nights.

6 The movement of the Earth around the Sun is called… a. revolution. b. orbit. c. rotation.

7 Among other reasons, there is life on Earth because… a. there is sand. b. it’s a planet. c. it contains water.

8 The Earth’s surface is covered with…

a. the poles. b. a layer of air. c. water.

9 The three layers of the Earth are... a. the hydrosphere, the geosphere and the atmosphere. b. Antarctica, the geosphere and the continents. c. the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents.

10 Clouds form in…

a. the geosphere. b. the oceans. c. the atmosphere.

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Planet Earth TEST

4 Write the vegetation next to the corresponding climate.

grassland savannah forest tundra desert woodland a. hot climates:

b. cold climates: c. temperate climates:

5 Read and circle the correct description.

• On the coast, temperatures are mild all year and there is little rainfall. • In the interior, it is hot in winter and cold in summer. • On the coast, temperatures are cold all year round. • There is lots of rainfall all year, lots of vegetation and a very green landscape. • Temperatures vary a lot throughout the year. • There is very little rainfall all year and very little vegetation. • It is cold in winter, and warmer in summer. • In the winter, there is no snow.

6 Write the correct climate for each picture. Mediterranean climate

Oceanic climate

Subtropical climate

Mountain climate

1 Read the descriptions and write the words. a. It consists of many layers.

b. It is a mixture of different gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen. c. It is the lower layer of the atmosphere. d. It is the upper layer of the atmosphere. e. It protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun.

2 Label the instruments and write what they measure.

3 Use the key to mark each world climate zone.

blue cold zone orange temperate zone

red hot zone

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Weather and climate

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ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT

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1 _{Label the planets in the solar system. Then, tick the outer planets.}

2 _{Draw the phases of the Moon and write the name of each one underneath.}

3 _{Look at the picture and answer.}

a. What movement of the Earth is shown?

b. How long does the Earth take to complete the movement?

c. What does this movement cause?

d. In which direction does the Earth move?

REINFORCEMENT

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4 _{Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.}

a. Revolution is the Earth’s movement around the Sun. b. It takes four years for the Earth to orbit the Sun. c. The revolution causes the four seasons.

d. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it receives more light and heat.

e. In the Northern Hemisphere, days are shorter in winter. f. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere.

5 _{Label the picture with the corresponding season.}

6 _{Name the main reasons why the Earth is the only planet in the solar system}

where life exists. •

• •

7 _{What are the three layers of the Earth?}

REINFORCEMENT

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1 _{Read the text. Then, cross out the wrong words and rewrite the sentences.}

a. Solstices happen when the Sun is closest to the Equator. b. The winter solstice is the longest day of the year.

c. Solstices mark the beginning of spring and autumn. d. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year.

2 _{Search the Internet for information about a particular solstice celebration}

and complete an index card. Explain what type of solstice it is, where it takes place and what it is about.

Solstice celebrations

Solstices happen when the Sun is furthest away from the Equator. They occur twice a year, in winter and in summer.

The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. The North Pole is tilted away from the Sun and the Sun appears at its lowest position in the sky. It marks the first day of winter, on or around 21st December in the Northern Hemisphere.

In addition, the winter solstice marks the beginning of shorter nights and longer days. It is a time to celebrate light and the rebirth of the Sun.

The summer solstice is the longest day of the year. The North Pole is tilted towards the Sun and the Sun appears at its highest position in the sky. It marks the first day of summer, on or around 21st June in the Northern Hemisphere. This means the beginning of longer nights and shorter days. There are many festivals to celebrate this solstice, which is sometimes called Midsummer’s Eve.

Planet Earth

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The Milky Way

The universe is formed of thousands of millions of galaxies. A galaxy is a great concentration of stars, planets, gases, dust, etc.

It is possible to distinguish various types of galaxies according to their size, shape, light, etc. Galaxies move continuously very fast. The galaxy that the solar system is in is the Milky Way. It has this name because, when you look at the sky at night, you can see a wide band of white made of thousands of stars. The Milky Way is a spiral shape with different arms. It contains more than 200,000 million stars.

The oldest stars are in the centre and the youngest are in the arms.

Our galaxy takes more than 200 million years to rotate on itself. It would take us around 100,000 years if we wanted to cross it! Within the Milky Way, the solar system is in the Orion Arm.

1 _{Read the text and answer the questions.}

a. What is a galaxy?

b. In what galaxy is the solar system?

c. What shape is it?

d. How many stars does it contain?

e. Where is the solar system located inside the Milky Way?

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Planet Earth

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1 _{Read and answer the questions.}

a. What are stars? What is the main star of our solar system?

b. What other celestial bodies orbit the Sun?

c. How are the nearest planets to the Sun called? And the furthest?

d. What celestial bodies can have a bright tail?

2 _{Write the name of the planets in the solar system.}

• inner planets:

• outer planets:

a. The Earth is the smallest of the inner planets. b. The Earth is a perfectly round sphere.

c. The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite.

d. It takes about 28 hours for the Moon to orbit the Earth.

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4 _{Label each phase of the Moon.}

5 _{Complete the table about the movements of the Earth.}

The Earth moves around… It takes … to complete a movement. This movement causes… rotation revolution

6 _{Use the words to complete the text about the Earth.}

life

planet air solar system Earth light water heat We live on , a rocky in the solar system. Earth receives and from the Sun, is surrounded by a layer of and contains . This is why it is the

only planet in the where exists.

7 _{Match the layers of the Earth to their description.}

hydrosphere contains the continents and islands and it looks brown and green geosphere contains the clouds and it looks white

atmosphere contains all the waters on Earth: the seas, oceans, rivers, lakes and groundwater

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1 _{The solar system is made up of…}

a. the Moon and other celestial bodies.

b. the Sun, eight planets and other celestial bodies. c. the Sun and the Earth.

2 _{The Sun is...}

a. the main planet of the solar system. b. the brightest star in the sky.

c. a satellite of the Earth.

3 _{The Earth’s only satellite is…}

a. the Sun. b. Venus. c. the Moon.

4 _{28 days is how long it takes for...}

a. the Moon to orbit the Earth.

b. the Earth to complete the rotation movement. c. a comet to orbit the Sun.

5 _{The Earth’s rotation causes…}

a. the seasons of a year. b. the lunar phases. c. days and nights.

6 _{The movement of the Earth around the Sun is called…}

a. revolution. b. orbit. c. rotation.

7 _{Among other reasons, there is life on Earth because…}

a. there is sand. b. it’s a planet. c. it contains water.

8 _{The Earth’s surface is covered with…}

a. the poles. b. a layer of air. c. water.

9 _{The three layers of the Earth are...}

a. the hydrosphere, the geosphere and the atmosphere. b. Antarctica, the geosphere and the continents.

c. the atmosphere, the oceans and the continents.

10_{Clouds form in…}

a. the geosphere. b. the oceans. c. the atmosphere.

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1 _{Can you follow the rotation of the Earth? Make a sundial.}

Instructions

1. Work in groups of four. Each group has a white card, a stick, some plasticine and rocks.

2. Find a location in the playground where the Sun shines most of the day. Fix the white card to the ground with rocks.

3. Make a stand out of the plasticine and push the stick into the plasticine so it stays upright. 4. Draw the shadow of the stick on the card and

write the time next to it. 5. Repeat every hour.

6. Make a drawing with your results.

7. Analyse your drawing and answer the questions. a. Why do you see the shadow of the stick? b. Does the shadow change over time? c. At what time is the shadow the longest? d. At what time is the shadow the shortest?

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INVESTIGATE

Planet Earth

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1 _{Label the Earth’s layers.}

2 _{Use the words to complete the text about the geosphere.}

rocks outer

mantle inner

core middle

The geosphere is made up of . There are three layers:

the crust, the and the . The crust

is the layer. The mantle is the layer,

made up of very dense rock. The core is the layer.

a. The continental crust is under the oceans.

b. The shape of the crust forms the relief of the Earth. c. Mountains, plains and buses are relief features.

d. The relief of the Earth hasn’t changed over millions of years. e. Rain, wind and changes in temperature can wear down rocks.

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4 _{Complete the table about the classification of rocks.}

rock type of rock how it is formed uses

igneous

to make bricks

heat and pressure change the original

rocks

a. What are rocks made up of?

b. What are the main properties of minerals?

6 _{Look at the map and write the number.}

slate

1. Central Mountain Chain 2. Mountains of Toledo 3. Mountains of León 4. Cantabrian Range 5. Iberian Mountain Chain 6. Sierra Morena

7. Galician Massif 8. Basque Mountains 9. Pyrenees

10. Catalan Coastal Chain 11. Betic Chain

granite

clay

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a. What is a fossil?

b. What do we call a scientist who studies fossils?

c. What information do fossils give us?

d. What is an ichnite?

e. Where can you find ichnites in Spain?

Rocks and dinosaur prints

Have you ever seen fossils in rocks? Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals that lived on Earth millions of years ago.

Scientists called palaeontologists study fossils found in sedimentary rocks. Fossils can give us information about climate and the environment in the past. For example, if a palaeontologist discovers a marine animal fossil, he knows that the area was probably under the sea a long time ago. Fossils can also be the remains of animal footprints, such as dinosaur footprints, called ichnites. In Spain, there are spectacular ichnite routes in the provinces of Soria, Rioja, Teruel and Asturias. In particular, the coast of Asturias between Gijón and Ribadesella is known as Dinosaur Coast. Here you can visit the Jurassic Museum of Asturias (known as MUJA), built in the shape of a giant ichnite.

Rocks and relief

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a. What is a ria?

b. Name two Spanish coasts where we can find these estuaries.

c. Which rias go from the Eo river to A Coruña? Which go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal?

d. Name four natural elements you can see in the photo.

Spanish rias

The Spanish coast is very varied. There are a lot of places where water goes in and out. For example,

beaches, coves, cliffs, deltas and estuaries.

Along the Cantabrian coast and the Atlantic coast, a particular type of estuary called a ria can be found. A ria is a river valley full of sea water. On the west coast of Galicia, these rias are called Rias Altas and Rias

Baixas. The Rias Altas go from the Eo

river to A Coruña. The Rias Baixas go from the Corme estuary to the border with Portugal.

Rocks and relief

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1 _{Read the definitions and write the words.}

a. These are the three Earth’s layers.

b. This layer is made up of air.

c. The solid outer layer of the geosphere. d. It is made up of very dense rock. e. The inner part of the geosphere.

2 _{Use the words to complete the sentences.}

low relief oceanic

crust

weathering flat

a. The Earth’s is made up of rocks.

b. It is divided into continental crust and crust.

c. The surface of the Earth’s crust can be or . d. The shape of the crust forms the of the Earth.

e. The action of rain, wind and changes in temperature shaping rocks

is called .

3 _{Write two examples of each type of rock.}

Igneous rock: Sedimentary rock: Metamorphic rock:

4 _{Write the name of each property of minerals.}

This is the way an object reflects light. It can be regular or irregular.

It can be one or many different ones.

This makes minerals difficult or easy to scratch.

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5 _{Complete the tables with the names of the mountains.}

Mountains of the Inner Plateau

Mountains surrounding the Inner Plateau Mountains beyond the Inner Plateau

6 _{Label the map with the names of the oceans and seas.}

a. What are the two main river basins in Spain?

b. How many different coastal areas does Spain have? Name them.

c. What are the two archipelagos of Spain? Write their name and location.

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1 _{All the water on Earth makes up the…}

a. geosphere. b. hydrosphere. c. atmosphere.

2 _{The shape of the Earth’s crust is called…}

a. continental crust. b. mantle. c. relief.

3 _{The geosphere is made up of…}

a. the crust and the mantle.

b. the crust, rocks and the mantle. c. the crust, the mantle and the core.

4 _{Rocks that are formed inside the Earth are called…}

a. igneous. b. metamorphic. c. sedimentary.

5 _{Sedimentary rocks are formed…}

a. from pieces of other rocks or the remains of living things. b. when heat or pressure changes the original rock.

c. from lava from volcanic eruptions.

6 _{Marble and slate are examples of…}

a. igneous rocks. b. sedimentary rocks. c. metamorphic rocks.

7 _{Four properties of minerals are…}

a. hardness, lustre, colour and shape. b. hardness, colour, lustre and lava. c. building, energy, industry and jewellery.

8 _{The vast, high plain in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula is called…}

a. the Ebro river basin. b. the Inner Plateau. c. the Pyrenees.

9 _{Mountains beyond the Inner Plateau include…}

a. Galician Massif and Catalan Coastal Chain. b. Mountains of León and Cantabrian Range.

c. Mountains of Toledo and Central Mountain Chain.

10_{The main coastal areas of Spain are…}

a. the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean coast. b. the Cantabrian coast and the Canary Islands.

c. the Cantabrian coast, the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean coast.

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1 _{How does water erode landscapes?}

2 _{Look at these photos of gorges in Spain. Choose one and make an index card.}

The Grand Canyon

The Grand Canyon, in the state of Arizona, USA, is an immense river gorge, formed over 200 million years by the action of the Colorado River. It is 349 km long and between 6 and 29 km wide.

Its average depth is 1,615 m.

The river sinks deeper and deeper into the gorge. The river erodes the

soft rocks.

Name: Province: Name of river: Length and width: Depth:

Foz de Arbyún,

Navarra. Ruta del Cares, Asturias.

Rocks and relief

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1 _{Use the words to complete the text about the layers of the atmosphere.}

Then, label the diagram.

gases ozone layer Sun atmosphere nitrogen air oxygen The is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth. It consists of different

. The main ones are: and . The

troposphere contains the we breathe and the stratosphere contains the that protects us from the harmful rays of the .

2 _{Match the instrument with the element of weather it measures.}

a. thermometer precipitation: rain, snow or hail in litres per square metre b. weather vane temperature of the air in degrees celsius

c. rain gauge wind speed in kilometres per hour

d. anemometer wind direction: north, south, east or west

REINFORCEMENT

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3 _{Read the sentences and write T (true) or F (false).}

a. Weather and climate are the same.

b. Weather is the temperature, precipitation and wind at a particular time and place. c. Climate is the temperature at a particular time and place.

d. Climate is the weather in a particular place over a long period of time.

a. What is the climate like in places closest to the Equator? b. Is the climate the same in the mountains and on the coast?

5 _{Complete the text about the world climates.}

Hot climates have temperatures all year round and it rains a lot. Near the Equator typical vegetation is . Where there is very

rain there is desert. Cold climates are near the North and South . Precipitation is mainly in the form of . Typical vegetation is , which is where only moss and grasses grow. Temperate climates have four distinct . The climates vary,

in some places it rains a lot and in other places it rains only a little. The typical vegetation

is and .

6 _{Use different colours to mark the four climates of Spain. Then, write the}

location of each type of climate.

Mediterranean climate: Oceanic climate: Subtropical climate: Mountain climate: C A N A RY I S L A N D S A T L A N T I C O C E A N F R A N C E A N D A L U S I A

CASTILE AND LEÓN ARAGÓN GALICIA CASTILE-LA MANCHA CATALONIA EXTREMADURA BASQUE COUNTRY RIOJA VALENCIA MURCIA CANTABRIA ASTURIAS MADRID NAVARRE BALEARIC ISLANDS Ceuta Melilla M O R R O C O A L G E R I A PO RT UG AL ANDORRA M e d i te r r an e a n Se a C a n t a b r i a n S e a A T L A N T I C O C E A N 662328_02_41 Climas de España 0 100 kilometres Scale N S E W REINFORCEMENT Social Science 4

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a. What does Javier like about stormy days? b. What is a meteorologist?

c. What was the weather like last summer?

d. What do you think a meteorologist studies to predict the weather?

2 _{Search the Internet for an extreme atmospheric phenomena, for example,}

a hurricane or flood. Write a short description of one of them.

Unexpected weather

Since childhood, Javier watched the clouds move and imagined that they were different animals. He loved stormy days. He liked the thunder and lightning and the rain on the windows.

He always knew he wanted to study the weather. He found there was a profession just right for him, meteorologist. Now he is working at the Valencian Institute of Meteorology, where he prepares reports on the weather each day.

In September last year, Javier was looking at the data for his daily report when he made an important discovery: he saw there was a heavy storm coming. After summer

months of intense heat and very little rain, no one was prepared. He quickly informed his boss and the authorities. They took action to prevent any catastrophes.

It started raining shortly after that and it rained a lot for five days! It was lucky Javier had warned everyone in time.

Weather and climate

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Flowering desert

In South America there is a desert, called the Atacama Desert. It’s the driest desert in the world. Can you believe sometimes it doesn’t rain in 400 years?!

As you can imagine, life is very difficult here for animals and plants since they can’t live without water. However, if it rains in this desert something extraordinary happens: flowers blossom everywhere! This phenomenon is called the flowering desert.

Seeds from plants stay in the ground for years. When there is water they germinate, flower and spread their seeds incredibly fast. This creates a floor of flowers!

a. In what continent can you find the Atacama Desert?

b. How many years can pass in this desert without rain?

c. How is life in the Atacama Desert? Why?

d. What happens when it rains? What is this phenomenon called? Explain.

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1 _{Read the descriptions and write the words.}

a. It consists of many layers.

b. It is a mixture of different gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen. c. It is the lower layer of the atmosphere.

d. It is the upper layer of the atmosphere.

e. It protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun.

2 _{Label the instruments and write what they measure.}

3 _{Use the key to mark each world climate zone.}

blue cold zone orange temperate zone

red hot zone

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4 _{Write the vegetation next to the corresponding climate.}

grassland savannah forest tundra desert woodland a. hot climates:

b. cold climates: c. temperate climates:

5 _{Read and circle the correct description.}

• On the coast, temperatures are mild all year and there is little rainfall. • In the interior, it is hot in winter and cold in summer. • On the coast, temperatures are cold all year round. • There is lots of rainfall all year, lots of vegetation and a very green landscape. • Temperatures vary a lot throughout the year. • There is very little rainfall all year and very little vegetation. • It is cold in winter, and warmer in summer. • In the winter, there is no snow.

6 _{Write the correct climate for each picture.}

Mediterranean climate

Oceanic climate

Subtropical climate

Mountain climate

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1 _{The layer of air surrounding the Earth is called the...}

a. stratosphere. b. atmosphere. c. troposphere.

2 _{The troposphere…}

a. is the lower layer of the atmosphere. b. includes the ozone layer.

c. is above the stratosphere.

3 _{Weather phenomena are…}

a. formed by gases present in the air. b. the instruments of a weather station.

c. the natural events that occur in the troposphere.

4 _{The ozone layer…}

a. contains nitrogen.

b. protects us from the harmful rays of the Sun. c. contains the air we breathe.

5 _{The state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place is the…}

a. weather. b. climate. c. stratosphere.

6 _{Elements of weather are…}

a. rain gauge, thermometer and anemometer. b. temperatures, precipitation and wind. c. rain, snow, hail and wind speed.

7 _{The instrument that measures wind speed is…}

a. a weather vane. b. an anemometer. c. a thermometer.

8 _{The tundra is found in places with a…}

a. hot climate. b. cold climate. c. temperate climate.

9 _{The climate that can be found in the north of the Peninsula is the…}

a. Mediterranean climate. b. Oceanic climate. c. Mountain climate.

10_{Most of Spain is in the…}

a. cold zone. b. hot zone. c. temperate zone.

Name Date

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1 _{Find out about Ireland’s weather}

and climate.

Ireland’s climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean. It doesn’t have extreme temperatures. The average temperature is 10 degrees Celsius. A warm ocean current called the North Atlantic Drift keeps sea temperatures mild.

2 _{Look up weather records for a city in Ireland. Choose one week from}

the year 2014 and record the temperature and precipitation in the table below.

3 _{Create a temperature graph and rainfall bar chart from the information in your table.}

temperature precipitation Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday temperature precipitation Name Date

Weather and climate

Social Science 4

(32)

a. The Earth looks green from Space.

b. The hydrosphere is one of the layers of the Earth. c. 79 % of the water on Earth is salt water.

d. Fresh water on Earth comes from rivers, lakes and groundwater. e. Only 6% of all the water on Earth is water we can drink.

f. The water cycle takes place between the atmosphere and the Earth´s crust.

2 _{Label the stages of the water cycle.}

3 _{Match the descriptions with the corresponding term.}

a. movements of water caused by the wind tides b. the rising and falling of the sea level ocean currents c. movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water waves

REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

(33)

4 _{Write S (salt water) or F (fresh water) to classify these words.} waves aquifers ocean currents tides lake spring surface water tributary river glacier gully groundwater

5 _{Read the descriptions and write the words.}

a. This is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. b. This is the area that contains the flowing water of the river. c. This is the route the river takes and it has three parts. d. This is the amount of water the river carries and it can vary.

6 _{Use the key to colour each watershed in Spain.}

green Cantabrian watershed orange Atlantic watershed

pink Mediterranean watershed

7 _{Complete the table.}

watershed All the rivers flow _{into the...} The main rivers are... The characteristics _{of its rivers are...} Cantabrian Atlantic Mediterranean 665187_02_p25_RIOS_espana REINFORCEMENT Social Science 4

(34)

a. Which countries have famous, navigable rivers? What are these rivers?

b. What makes most of the rivers in Spain difficult to navigate? Name two reasons.

c. Is flow regime constant in the Spanish rivers? Why/Why not?

d. What did they build canals such as the Canal of Castile for?

Is it possible to navigate the rivers in Spain?

It's interesting how barges carrying goods or ships of different sizes sail major rivers such as the Rhine in Germany, the Nile in Egypt, or the Mississippi in the United States.

Can we see similar images in Spain? Is it possible to navigate the Spanish rivers? In general, Spanish rivers are not navigable, although it is possible in some sections of the lower course. Why is this? There are several explanations.

A lot of the Spanish rivers run between mountains and valleys. In these areas the rivers are narrow and twisty, and their waters run at high speed. Besides, the flow is very irregular and it decreases in the summer.

However, some canals have been built for communication. For example, Canal of Castile, which joins the north region of the Inner Plateau with the port in Santander.

Water

Name Date

(35)

a. Where is the source of the Cuervo river located? How is the area where it is located?

b. Where does rainwater go?

c. How does the water return to the surface?

d. Why was it declared a Natural Monument?

e. When is the river source usually dry?

The source of the Cuervo river

The Cuervo river begins in the north-east of Cuenca (Castile-La Mancha). The river’s source is in an area with very permeable rocks. So, when it rains the water goes into the earth. In the earth the water circulates and accumulates. Then, it returns to the surface through many springs.

The biggest spring is in the source of the Cuervo river. The water leaves the earth, runs along a flat surface and then falls in unusual and extraordinary beautiful waterfalls over rocks and plants. That is why in 1999, the source of the Cuervo river was declared a Natural Monument.

If you visit, remember that the river flow varies

depending on the seasons. In summer, for instance, the source is usually dry.

Water

Social Science 4

Name Date

(36)

1 _{Describe each part of the water cycle.} 1. Evaporation: 2. Condensation: 3. Precipitacion: 4. Collection:

2 _{Read the definitions and write the words.}

a. Movements of water caused by the wind. b. The rising and falling of the sea level.

c. Movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water.

3 _{Label the diagram using the words below.}

aquifer lake source tributary

gully river

4 _{What is the difference between surface water and groundwater? Explain.}

Name Date

(37)

5 _{Match each word to the correct definition.}

river basin The route the river takes.

channel The amount of water the river carries.

course The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. flow regime The area that contains the flowing water of the river.

6 _{What two elements determine the length and flow regime of the}

rivers in Spain? Explain.

7 _{Read and complete the text.}

The Cantabrian watershed is in the of Spain. The river courses are because they start in the mountains near the . The is small and the flow regime is and abundant. The main rivers are the Navia, the and the .

The Atlantic watershed contains long rivers because they start in

far from the sea. The main rivers are the , the , the Tajo, the and the Gualdaquivir. In the Canary Islands there are no rivers only that carry water only when it rains.

The rivers in the Mediterranean watershed are because they start the sea. They have a flow regime and sometimes the climate is so dry there are only . The main rivers are the

, the Segura and the .

Social Science 4

(38)

1 _{The layer that is made up of all the water on Earth is the…}

a. geosphere. b. atmosphere. c. hydrosphere.

2 _{Most of the water in the hydrosphere is…}

a. salt water. b. fresh water. c. groundwater.

3 _{Condensation occurs when…}

a. water in the rivers goes into the sea.

b. liquid water falls from the clouds as rain or snow.

c. the water vapour passes into the cold air in the troposphere.

4 _{The continuous movement of water around the Earth is called…}

a. evaporation. b. the water cycle. c. condensation.

5 _{Ocean currents are…}

a. the rise and fall of sea level.

b. sea movements caused by the wind.

c. movements caused by differences in temperature of sea water.

6 _{A moving body of fresh water is a…}

a. river. b. torrent. c. lake.

7 _{Flow regime is the…}

a. amount of water a river carries. b. course a river makes.

c. land where the water of a river travels down.

8 _{The Cantabrian watershed is in the…}

a. south-east of Spain. b. north of Spain. c. east of Spain.

9 _{The biggest watershed in Spain is the…}

a. Cantabrian. b. Mediterranean. c. Atlantic.

10_{The Ebro is the longest river in the…}

a. Mediterranean watershed. b. Cantabrian watershed. c. Atlantic watershed.

Name Date

(39)

1 _{Where are the longest and shortest rivers in the world? Find them!}

Instructions

1. Search the Internet for information about the three longest and three shortest rivers in the world.

2. Complete the table with their characteristics.

3. Using the information, make your own quiz to test your friends and family!

2 _{Write your quiz questions here.}

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

river length width discharge _{passes through}countries it

Water

Social Science 4

Name Date

(40)

1 _{Classify these elements of landscapes into natural elements or man-made} elements.

vegetation – fields – shape of the relief – rivers – roads – lakes – buildings

landscapes

natural elements man-made elements

2 _{Name the type of landscape and describe its main features.}

3 _{Unscramble three causes of landscape deterioration.}

nopuliotl xseeesvic snturctioonc taiefsonodret

a. b. c.

4 _{Name some national and local laws to protect landscapes.}

REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

(41)

5 _{Identify the type of landscape each map shows and label them.}

6 _{Circle four typical nature reserves in Spain.}

Picos de Europa Madrid the Pyrenees

Andalucia Caldera de Taburiente Majorca

Island of La Cabrera the Ebro Lagunas de Ruidera • Now, match them to the area where they can be found. a. inland nature reserve: b. Mediterranean nature reserve: c. Atlantic nature reserve: d. Canary Island nature reserve: 662328_05_54 interior de España

662328_05_55 paisaje costa 662328_02_56 PAISAJE ATLÁNTICO

662328_05_57 Paisaje canario

REINFORCEMENT

Social Science 4

(42)

a. Where is Orbaneja del Castillo?

b. What was declared a Historical Site?

c. What natural elements does this landscape have?

d. Where does the water from the waterfall come from?

e. Which landscape is it: interior or Mediterranean?

A waterfall in a village!

Orbaneja del Castillo is a mountain village in the north of the province of Burgos, near the Ebro.

The landscape around it attracts a lot of tourists, especially during spring and summer. In 1993, it was declared a Historical Site. The most surprising thing about this place is that in the middle of the village there is a huge waterfall!

The water comes from a stream that is born in a cave in the upper part of Orbaneja. It falls as if it were a huge natural fountain whose sound fills the streets.

Landscapes

Name Date

(43)

The Silent Beach

In the summer, my family and I always go to a village called Castañeras. It is in Cudillero, Asturias, and is situated in a protected area of the Atlantic Coast.

The Silent Beach is very near the village. It’s an incredible place! You have to walk up the cliff for the best view. There are no roads or cars. From the top you can see the beach and the rocks.

The colours are beautiful: white sand on the beach, the blue sea and green plants. If you’re lucky, you might also see some animals sunbathing on the rocks.

a. Where is the Silent Beach?

b. Look at the photo. Name three natural elements you can see.

c. Is there a lot of car pollution? Explain.

d. What might you see on the rocks?

Name Date

Landscapes

Social Science 4

(44)

1 _{Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.}

a. All landscapes include man-made elements. b. Relief features make landscapes different.

c. People build dams and roads to obtain natural resources.

d. Human activities such as farming, industry, transport and traffic benefit landscapes. e. National and local governments do not protect landscapes.

2 _{Describe the natural and man-made elements you can see in the photo.}

3 _{Read and match. Then, write the complete sentences.}

a. Deforestation destroy woods and natural spaces. b. Pollution is the loss of forests.

c. Excessive construction releases harmful substances.

Name Date

(45)

4 _{Draw a typical inland landscape and a typical Mediterranean landscape.}

Then, label them.

a. In which type of landscape can you find very cold temperatures in winter and very hot temperatures in summer?

b. What natural features can you find in a typical Mediterranean landscape?

c. What kind of human activity is common in typical Atlantic landscapes?

d. What are the Canary Islands mainly transformed by?

6 _{Identify the type of Spanish landscape each nature reserve belongs to.}

Social Science 4

(46)

1 _{What can be found in every landscape?}

a. natural elements. b. a train station. c. roads and buildings.

2 _{Some landscapes are transformed by…}

a. natural elements. b. man-made elements. c. rivers and lakes.

3 _{To obtain minerals, people…}

a. dig wells and mines. b. build dams and roads. c. build buildings.

4 _{The release of harmful substances into the air is…}

a. urbanization. b. deforestation. c. pollution.

5 _{To protect certain landscapes, governments…}

a. build bridges.

b. install motorways with tolls.

c. declare them Nature Reserves and National Parks.

6 _{The plains of the Inner Plateau are typical in…}

a. Mediterranean landscapes. b. Canary Islands landscapes. c. inland landscapes.

7 _{In the Island of La Cabrera, …}

a. there are eucalyptus forests. b. there is no vegetation.

c. the typical vegetation is the Posidonia grass.

8 _{Atlantic landscapes are in the…}

a. Canary Islands.

b. north of the Iberian Peninsula. c. east of the Iberian Peninsula.

9 _{A volcanic relief characterizes…}

a. Atlantic landscapes. b. Canary Island landscapes. c. Mediterranean landscapes.

10_{The area called Picos de Europa is a…}

a. Nature Reserve in the east of the Iberian Peninsula. b. village near the Ebro river basin.

c. National Park in the Cantabrian Range.

Name Date

(47)

1 _{Make your own volcano eruption!} You need: • a medium size plastic container • a plastic cup • water • baking soda • dish soap • food colouring (optional) • vinegar • gravel or dirt Instructions 1. Put some gravel or dirt in a container to create a base for the volcano. 2. Put the water in the cup. Fill it 2/3 full. 3. Add two spoonfuls of baking soda, about a spoonful of dish soap and about 5 drops of the food colouring. 4. Make a mound out of the gravel or dirt to create the mountain. 5. Put the cup into the top of the mound. 6. Pour vinegar over the cup until it starts foaming. 7. Watch your volcano erupt!

2 _{Analyse your results and answer these questions.}

a. What ingredient makes the volcano erupt? b. What does the mound represent? c. Does the shape of the volcano affect the direction of the eruption?

Landscapes

Social Science 4

Name Date

(48)

1 _{Write the borders of Spain for each cardinal point.}

N:

W:

E: S:

2 _{Read and choose the correct word.}

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic organization/country which brings together twenty-eight/eighty-two European countries. They collaborate with each other to improve their economy and society.

The EU offers advantages for the countries that are/aren’t part of it. A country’s products can be sold in any country of the EU/world without paying taxes.

European citizenship allows the inhabitants of EU/American countries to live, study or work in any EU/American country. Many EU countries use the same/different currency.

3 _{Write the members of each European Union institution.}

a. The European Parliament: b. The European Commission:

c. The Council of the European Union:

d. The Court of Justice: N W E S REINFORCEMENT Name Date

(49)

4 _{Read and complete the text.}

There are autonomous communities in Spain. Fifteen are on the . The other two are the archipelagos

of the and the .

Each autonomous community has a capital and a statute of autonomy, which includes its main institutions: the , the president and the . Each autonomous community is divided into one or more .

In Spain, there are provinces. A province consists of several . The head of the local council is the .

a. Why is Spain called a democracy?

b. When was the Spanish Constitution written and approved? What does it list?

6 _{Match the Spanish institution with its function.}

a. The Head of State develops and approves new laws. b. The Parliament makes sure laws are respected.

c. The Government directs the State according to the laws. d. The Courts of Justice represents Spain.

7 _{Write T (true) or F (false).}

a. In Spain there is a special court called the Institutional Court. b. The most important Court of Justice is the Extreme Court. c. In June 2014, Felipe VI became the King of Spain.

REINFORCEMENT

Social Science 4

(50)

1 _{Read the text and complete the crossword.} 5 6 1 2 3 4 ACROSS

1. An official language spoken in Galicia. 2. A dance from Galicia.

3. A dance from Catalonia.

4. A non-religious festival in Bilbao (two words).

DOWN

5. A typical dish from the Principality of Asturias.

6. A typical dish from the Community of Valencia.

2 _{Write about your autonomous community.}

• Language(s): • Traditional festival:

• Traditional dance: • Typical dish:

Autonomous communities

Each of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain has a unique identity and its own flag, coat of arms and anthem for special occasions. Spanish is the official language but some

autonomous communities have a second official language, such as Basque, Catalan, Valencian, Galician or Aranese.

Some autonomous communities have typical dishes, for example, fabada from Asturias and paella from the Community of Valencia. There are traditional dances and music from each autonomous community, for example, the sardana from Catalonia, the jota from Aragón and the muñeira from Galicia.

Some cities have their own festivals. Many are of religious origin, like El Pilar in Zaragoza, but others are non-religious, like the Semana Grande in Bilbao.

Spain and the European Union

Name Date

(51)

1 _{Fill in the table with similar information about Spain and one other European country.}

Spain (other EU country)

size location population capital political system administrative division other cities national language(s) currency

year incorporated into the EU

2 _{Find out two famous tourist attractions in Spain and your other chosen EU country.}

Sweden

• size: 449,964 km2 • location: north Europe. Borders Norway and Finland • population: 9.2 million habitants • capital: Stockholm • political system: monarchy • administrative division: 21 regions • other cities: Gothenburg, Malmo, Uppsala • national language: Swedish • currency: Swedish krona • year incorporated into the EU: 1995 649238 U03 p19 h01 Europa

Spain and the European Union

Social Science 4

Name Date

(52)

1 _{Draw a sketch map of Spain and label its borders.}

2 _{Name eight countries that are in the European Union. Then, answer the question.}

• Which of these countries use the euro?

3 _{Look at the map and explain why it is incorrect.}

Name Date

(53)

4 _{Complete the table on the European Union institutions.} European Parliament The Council of the European Union functions They decide how to spend the money. members

One judge from each EU

country

5 _{Make an index card about your community.}

Autonomous community: Provinces:

Capital:

Municipality you live in:

6 _{Why do we say Spain is a democratic state? Explain.}

7 _{Identify the institutions these pictures represent and write the names.}

Social Science 4

(54)

1 _{Spain’s northern border meets with…}

a. Andorra. b. Morocco. c. Portugal.

2 _{The European Union (EU) is an organisation that consists of…}

a. twenty-eight autonomous communities. b. twenty-eight European countries.

c. twenty-eight states of the world.

3 _{The citizens of the EU are represented by the…}

a. congress. b. European Parliament. c. town hall.

4 _{Spain is organised into…}

a. seventeen autonomous communities and two provinces.

b. two autonomous communities and seventeen autonomous cities. c. seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities.

5 _{An autonomous community is made up of one or various…}

a. provinces. b. autonomous cities. c. regions.

6 _{In Spain there are…}

a. forty provinces. b. seventeen provinces. c. fifty provinces.

7 _{The mayor is the head of the…}

a. provincial council. b. town hall. c. parliament.

8 _{The most important law in Spain is the…}

a. Constitution.

b. statute of autonomy. c. penal code.

9 _{The leader of the state in Spain is the…}

a. king. b. president. c. mayor.

10_{The Spanish Institution that reviews news laws is the…}

a. Government.

b. Constitutional Court. c. Parliament.

Name Date

(55)

1 _{Find out about six funny laws in the UK.}

1. It is illegal to die in the Houses of Parliament.

2. In Scotland, if someone knocks on your door and asks to use your toilet, you must let them enter.

3. A pregnant woman can legally urinate anywhere she wants, including a policeman’s helmet.

4. It is illegal to enter the Houses of Parliament in a suit of armour. 5. It is illegal to keep a pigsty in front of your house.

6. It is illegal to jump the queue in the underground train ticket hall.

2 _{Find five funny or strange laws in another country of the European Union.}

Country: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

3 _{Make a poster to present them to the class.}

Spain and the European Union

Social Science 4

Name Date

(56)

1 _{Match the terms to their definition.}

population list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country municipal register the number of inhabitants that live in a place

census a list of the inhabitants of a municipality

2 _{Name three ways the population of a place can be divided into.}

Then, label the chart of the population of Spain.

a. b. c.

662328_04_p52_poblacion_grupos_edad

3 _{What changes affect population? Complete the diagram.}

decreases increases

REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

(57)

4 _{What are the main reasons to different places? Explain.}

5 _{Use the key to colour in the map to show population density in Spain.}

red orange

yellow

• How is population density in the province you live in?

6 _{Write four jobs for each sector of the economy.}

primary sector: secondary sector: tertiary sector: densely populated moderately populated sparsely populated

649238_04_24_h1_mudo provincias

REINFORCEMENT Social Science 4

(58)

a. When was the first census carried out in Spain?

b. Why did the kings want to know how many people lived in Spain?

c. What information does a census collect?

d. What is this information used for?

When was the first population census carried out in Spain?

Until the 16th century there weren’t any good methods of knowing the number of people inhabiting a place.

In 1594 the first census was carried out. The kings needed to know exactly how many subjects they had in order to find out how many had to pay taxes. Thanks to the census we know that during that time 9 million people lived in Spain and the population grew slowly.

A census not only gives information about the population of an area, but also collects information about the number of people of each age, how many are men and women, where each person is born and their level of education.

With these figures we are able to do many calculations. For example, if the population is increasing or decreasing, the needs people will have, who can work and who should be paying taxes.

Name Date

EXTENSION

Population and the economy

(59)

The world’s population

The world’s population has grown rapidly in recent decades. In 1950, there were about 2.5 billion people. Today, there are more than 7 billion people. There has been

a rise in births and a decline in deaths, making the population grow.

The main reason for this growth is an improvement in the living conditions, such

as technological advances in producing and preparing food, fewer diseases and improved control, better hygiene and medical research, especially in the largest cities.

This table shows data about some of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. A metropolitan area includes the city and the immediate surrounding area.

1 _{Look at the table and answer the questions.}

a. In which country is the world’s most densely populated city located?

b. Which two cities have a difference in population of 250,000 inhabitants?

c. Which continent has two of the world’s most densely populated cities?

d. Why do you think these cities are densely populated? Explain.

city population country continent

Tokyo 35,600,000 Japan Asia

New York City 23,484,000 United States North America

Mumbai 20,250,000 India Asia

Sao Paulo 20,000,000 Brazil South America

London 13,880,000 United Kingdom Europe

Social Science 4

Name Date

EXTENSION

Population and the economy

(60)

1 _{Write the name of the document each definition refers to.}

• A list of the inhabitants of a municipality that includes each person’s age and address:

• A list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country that includes information such as education, work or type of house:

a. What categories can the population of a place be divided into? b. How many age groups of inhabitants are there? Name them. c. What is the difference between active population and inactive population?

3 _{What are the main changes in population? Match the terms to their definition.}

birth rate people who leave one place and live in another place death rate the number of people who die in a place in one year emigrants people who come to live in a place

inmigrants the number of babies born in a place in one year

4 _{Write the name of a Spanish province in each case.}

a. Densely populated: b. Sparsely populated:

Name Date

ASSESSMENT

Population and the economy

(61)

5 _{What are the main reasons why people move? Label the pictures.}

6 _{Look at the graph, which represents the people who work in each economic}

sector in Spain, and answer the questions.

a. In which economic sector do the most people work?

b. In which economic sector do the fewest people work?

c. In which economic sector do every 4 out of 100 Spaniards work?

d. Out of every 100 Spaniards, how many work in the secondary sector?

7 _{Match the pictures to the activities. Then, write the sector each one belongs to.}

factory work

education crop farming Primary sector

Secondary sector Terciary sector

Social Science 4

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Contents

Introduction

Reinforcement worksheets

Worksheets

Extension worksheets

Tests and Investigate

Assessment worksheets

Solstice celebrations

Planet Earth

The Milky Way

Planet Earth

Planet Earth

Rocks and dinosaur prints

Rocks and relief

Spanish rias

Rocks and relief

The Grand Canyon

Rocks and relief

Unexpected weather

Weather and climate

Flowering desert

Weather and climate

Is it possible to navigate the rivers in Spain?

Water

The source of the Cuervo river

Water

Water

A waterfall in a village!

Landscapes

The Silent Beach

Landscapes

Landscapes

Autonomous communities

Spain and the European Union

Sweden

Spain and the European Union

Spain and the European Union

649238_04_24_h1_mudo provincias

When was the first population census carried out in Spain?

Population and the economy

The world’s population

Population and the economy

Population and the economy