Comfortable high street in CBD of Johor Bahru

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xiii

LIST OF FIGURES xiv

LIST OF APPENDICE xvi

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of the Study 2

1.3 Problems Statement 3

1.4 Research Gap 4 1.5 Aim of Study 5

1.6 Objectives of the Study 5

1.7 Scope of the Study 5

1.8 Research Questions 6

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1.10 Research Methodology 6 1.11 Research Structure 7 1.12 Summary 9 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Street 11 2.2.1 Street Definition 11 2.2.2 Function of Street 11 2.2.3 Street Form 13 2.3 Street Zone 13 2.3.1 Length of Street 13 2.3.2 Width 14 2.3.3 Height 15 2.4 Street Proportion 16 2.5 Human Scale 16

2.6 Difference Between Street And Road 17

2.7 Street Types by Capacity And Character 17

2.8 Definition of High Street 18

2.9 History of High Street 19

2.10 Today's High Street 20

2.11 Street as Social Place 21

2.12 Street And Culture 22

2.13 Street Furniture 22

2.14 Friendly Pedestrian 23

2.14.1 Characteristic of Friendly Street 23

2.15 Pedestrian Friendly Feature 24

2.15.1 Continuous Sidewalk Wide Enough For Couples 24

2.15.2 Street-Orientation Buildings 26

2.15.3 Closely Speed Shade Trees Along Access Routs 26

2.15.4 Nearby Parks And Other Public Space 27

2.16 Transit 27

2.16.1 Pedestrian 28

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2.16.2 Private Vehicles 29

2.16.3 Public Transportation 29

2.17 Comfortable Transit 30

2.17.1 Minimize Walking Distance 30

2.17.2 Create Pedestrian Friendly Environment 31

2.17.2.1Route Transit into The Community 31

2.17.2.2Transit Facilities 31

2.18 Physical Comfort 32

2.19 Street Trees 32

2.20 Street Users 33

2.21 Types of Pedestrian Activities 34

2.21.1 Necessary Activities 34 2.21.2 Optional Activities 34 2.21.3 Social Activities 35 2.22 Informal Activities 35 2.22.1 Street Vendor 35 2.23 Street Issues 36 2.23.1 Familiar Street 36 2.23.2 Legible Street 36 2.23.2.1 Street Layouts 37

2.23.2.2 Street Shape And Size 37

2.23.2.3 Public And Private Space 38

2.23.2.4 Signs 38

2.23.3 Distinctiveness of The Street 38

2.23.4 Accessibility 39

2.23.4.1 Walking Along Unimpeded 39

2.23.5 Comfort 40

2.23.5.1 Feeling Welcome 40

2.23.5.2 Enjoying Peace And Quiet 40

2.23.5.3 Meeting Physical Needs 41

2.23.5.5 Aspects of Outdoor Environment That Help to create Comfort43 2.23.6 Safety 45

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2.23.6.2 Footway 46

2.23.7 Security 47

2.23.7.1 Natural Surveillance 48

2.23.7.2 Fear of Being Attacked 48

2.23.7.3 Fear of Being Run-Over 48

2.23.8 Traffic And Speed 49

2.23.8.1 Slow Down 50

2.24 Summary 51

3 CASE STUDY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 52

3.2 Johor Bahru 53

3.2.1 History Background 54

3.2.2 Connectivity 54

3.2.3 Population 55

3.3 Heritage in Johor Bahru City Center 55

3.4 Sengget River 56

3.5 Wong Ah Fook 57

3.6 Jalan Wong Ah Fook 57

3.7 Landmarks in CBD of Johor Bahru 58

3.8 Existing Condition of Jalan Wong Ah Fook 62

3.9 Research Methodology 62 3.9.1 Primary Data 62 3.9.2 Questionnaire 62 3.9.3 Aims of Questions 62 3.9.4 Sorts of Question 63 3.9.4.1 Qualitative Question 63 3.9.4.2 Quantitative Question 64 3.9.4.3 Feeling Question 64

3.9.4.4 Open Answer Question 64

3.10 Respondents 65

3.11 Questionnaire Distribution Time 65

3.12 Category of Questionnaire 65

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3.12.1.1 Physical Needs 66

3.12.1.2 Finding Way 66

3.12.2 Public Space 67

3.12.3 Activities 69 3.12.3.1 Formal Activities 69 3.12.3.2 Informal Activities 70 3.13 Observation 70 3.14 Summary 70 4 ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Data Analysis 73 4.2.1 Transit 73 4.2.1.1 Physical Needs 73 4.2.1.2 Finding Way 75 4.2.1.3 Feeling Welcome 77

4.2.3 Activities 86

4.2.3.1 Formal Activities 86

4.2.3.2 Informal Activities 87

4.2.4 Feeling Analysis 88

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5 FINDING AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Summary of Finding 94 5.2.1 Transit 94 5.2.1.1 Physical Needs 95 5.2.1.2 Finding Way 96 5.2.1.3 Feeling Welcome 96

5.2.3 Activities 101 5.2.3.1 Formal Activities 101 5.2.3.2 Informal Activities 102 5.3 Conclusion 103

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Research Methodology 7

2.1 Street Types 17 2.2 High Street history 20

2.3 Street Issues: Legibility Aspects 37

2.4 Street Issues: Accessibility 39

2.5 Street Issues: Safety Aspects 46

2.6 Street Issues: Security Aspects 47

2.7 Street Issues 51

3.1 Research Methodology Process 71

4.1 Physical Needs 73

4.2 Finding Way 75

4.3 Physical needs in public space 81

4.4 Feeling welcome aspects in public space 83

4.5 Formal activity aspects 87

4.6 Informal activity aspects 87

4.7 Feeling of respondents 89

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Street Zone 14

2.2 Street Width 15

2.3 High Street 18

2.4 Today's High Street 21

2.5 Sidewalk Wide 25

2.6 Traffic 50

3.1 Johor Bahru Map 53

3.2 Jalan Wong Ah Fook in 1960s 55

3.3 Segget River in 1950s 56

3.4 Wong Ah Fook 57

3.5 Wong Ah Fook Hugh Street 58

3.6 Landmarks in Jalan Wong Ah Fook 59

3.7 Introduction of Jalan Wong Ah Fook 60

3.8 Introduction of Jalan Wong Ah Fook 61

4.1 Time zone 74

4.2 Parking place distance 75

4.3 Landmarks 76

4.4 Parking Place finding 77

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4.6 Using pedestrian bridge 78

4.7 Annoying factors 79

4.8 Peacefulness in Jalan Wong Ah Fook 80

4.9 Calm down walking speed 80

4.10 Quality of aesthetic feature 82

4.11 Quality of practical feature 82

4.12 Attractive aspect in public space 84

4.13 Feeling welcome in public space 84

4.14 Peacefulness in public space 85

4.15 Uncomfortable factors in public space 86

4.16 Quality of informal activities 88

5.1 Comfortable bublic transportation 94

5.2 Comfortable pedestrian transit 95

5.3 Feeling welcome for pedestrian 97

5.4 Public space 98

5.5 Feeling welcome in public space 100

5.6 Peace and quiet in public space 101

5.7 Informal activities 102

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Survey Questionnaire 108

B Analysis Schedules 114

C Feeling Questionnaire 116