karate kata & applications

(1)

(2)

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!

Start Free Trial

Cancel Anytime.

(3)

Cancel Anytime.

(4)

(5)

Cancel Anytime.

Aid

Aidan:

an: To a

To allll

past

instructors

Vince:

To

my father,

nold,

who

who has

has been more

been more

ant

than

than perhaps

perhaps

knows

Stan

Stan Paul Co.Paul Co. LtdLtd im

imprintprint RandomRandom CenturyCentury LtdLtd 20

20 VauxhallVauxhall Ro.1d,Ro.1d, LondonLondon SWIV 2SASWIV 2SA Australia (Pty) Ltd

Australia (Pty) Ltd

20

20 AlfredAlfred StreetStreet Mtlsons Point, Sydne}Mtlsons Point, Sydne} 20612061

Random

Random CenturvCenturv i\;C\\i\;C\\ ZealandZealand LimitedLimited

Box

Box -t-t

0-086,

GlcniieldGlcniield AucklandAuckland 1010

Centurv

Centurv SouthSouth Africa (Pty)Africa (Pty) tdtd

Box

337,

20122012 SouthSouth

Africa

Fi

Firstrst publishedpublished 19911991

©Vince

©Vince MomsMoms <1nd<1nd Aid<1nAid<1n TrimbTrimb e,e, 19911991

Set

Set in in 2pt2pt inolroninolron Printed

Printed andand boundbound GreatGreat BritainBritain Butler T

Butler Tanncranncr . Frome and London. Frome and London British Librarv

British Librarv CataloguingCataloguing PublicationPublication DataData Morris

Morris, , P P M \ M \ (P(P -1-1 Vincent)Vincent)

Karate Kalas Karate Kalas

Karate

04827

I.I.

Title

IIII

. Trimble,

AidanAidan 796.8'

796.8'153153

ISBN 0 09 174'i88 8

rhis

rhis bookbook i.i. soldsold subjectsubject toto the conditionthe condition shall

shallnotnot

by

wayway otherwise beotherwise be lent,lent, rere sold,

(6)

Cancel Anytime.

(7)

Cancel Anytime.

(8)

Cancel Anytime.

ontents

Acknowledgements

Kata

How

to Practise

the

Kata

15

15 Chinte

Chinte

Unsu

Ji in

₆₂

Jutte

72

72 Kanku

Kanku Sho

Sho

86

86 Gojushiho Sho

Gojushiho Sho

1

1 Appendix

Appendix

124

- -

Errata

₁₂₅

(9)

Cancel Anytime.

(10)

Cancel Anytime.

(11)

Cancel Anytime.

cknowledgements

The

The authors wishauthors wish

to

thank thethank the

following

peoplepeople

for their kindness

and

helpfulness:

In particular

ourour goodgood

friend Keiji Tomiyama, Chief instructor

Great

Britain

andandEuropeEurope

forTani-ha Sh

forTani-ha Shito-r

ito-ryu,

yu, fo

for the callig

r the calligraphy.

raphy.

Harry Cook for assistance in

obtainingobtaining

the histor

the historica

ical l photographs

photographs

Chris

Hallam a

Craig

StrongStrong

for their help

duringduring

the

photophoto sequence

sequence

s.

The

The SherwoodSherwood

Business

andand

Conference

CentreCentre

for coffee

andand

room

to

spreadspread

out.

Dominique

Dominique SheadShead

for calm

patiencepatience andand understandingunderstanding plusplus un

un

ches

Roddy

Roddy Bl

Bl mfield (well

mfield (well

knownknown expertexpert

in

the art ofthe art of

Real

TenniTenni andand

erstwhile

(12)

Cancel Anytime.

(13)

Cancel Anytime.

(14)

Cancel Anytime.

Kata

arc a

predeterminedpredetermined

series

blocking,

evadingevading andand counter-

counter-ing techniques against scounter-ingle

ing techniques against single

multiple attackers,

whowho maymay

armed

unarmed.unarmed.

ln a :.ense

ln a :.ense Kala

Kala

areare notnot

peculiar to

EasternEastern

fighting arts.

ThatThat

is to

say

that the

that the concep

concep

of providingof providing

instructional

manualmanual

is not, for

these are to be found in

many Europeanmany European languageslanguages

covering arts

mnging from medieval

swordsmanshipswordsmanship

to

modern-daymodern-day

boxing.

One element

standsstands out,out, however,however, asas

being significantly dif-

being significantly

dif-ferent

ferent in

in the Oriental Kala. In the majority

the Oriental Kala. In the majority

cases

thethe

Kata

arcarc

taught to

studentsstudents

by example,

onlyonly

rarely

were thewere the

early tech-

early

tech-niques recorded

niques recorded in

in

diagrammatic

textual form,

scrolls

whichwhich

were kept secret

andand passedpassed

only to exceptiona

only

to exceptiona

students whostudents who

had proved themselves

worthyworthy afterafter manymany

years practice.

Gene

Generall

rally t

y these s

hese secr

ecret scrolls

et scrolls

containedcontained

brief details

the

mainmain

instr

instructi

uction

on whi

which w

ch was

as

passedpassed

orally

andand

example.

TheyThey werewere

of

ofte

ten presente

n presented in a deliberately obsc

d in a deliberately obscure fashion

ure fashion

asas

to be

little

use

use ifif they

they

feUfeU

in

in to t

to the

he

handshands of someoneof someonenotnot

well versed i

well versed in the tra-

n the

tra-ditions

ditions

andand

teachings

of thatof that

particular school.

Gichin Funakoshi,

the Father ofthe Father of modernmodern

karate gives a re-

karate gives a

re-vealing insight into the

vealing insight into the

emphasisemphasis

placed

uponupon

this secrecy.

In

his book

Karate doKarate do

yumon

publishedpublished JapanJapan

in

in 1943

1943

(and(and

owing much to his third

sonson

Gigo

Gigo [Yoshitaka

[Yoshitaka

whowho

is to a

greatgreat

ex-

ex-tent responsible f

tent responsible for th

or th

powerfulpowerful ShotokanShotokan karatekarate

today , Funa-

today ,

Funa-koshi relates

koshi relates

thatthat

in the

in the Ryukyu isla

Ryukyu islands

nds

thethe

tradition

oi

secrecy

waswas

such that

nono

written records

werewere

kept. Techniques

werewere passedpassed

on by direct instruction from

(15)

Cancel Anytime.

(16)

Cancel Anytime.

(17)

Cancel Anytime.

K

A group

A group plwto

plwto

showing

karate

masters

Koyu

Konishi

Kata

behindbehind

locked

doorsdoors shutteredshuttered

room) the old

manman

con-

con-fessed

fessed

thatthat

he

hadhad refusedrefused

to

pass onpass on

this Kata to

anyoneanyone

before;

only once in a crucially

alteredaltered

way to a

manman whowho hadhad

continually

pestered

pestered himhim

until

agreed.

Although

in

mostmost

cases the

majormajor

concern

th

the scrol

e scrolls is to ca

ls is to cata-

ta-logue the

logue the

techniquestechniques thethe

Ryu, a

goodgood

proportion

the text

given

overover

to the

elementelement

which

distinguishesdistinguishes

them from any

Western insh·ucti

Western insh·uctional manual;

onal manual; the

the

interweavinginterweaving

spiritual philo-

spiritual

philo-sophy

sophy

with physical violence

eclectic

ZenZen BhuddhistBhuddhist

foundation, with inter-

foundation, with

inter-twining

twining

elementselements ofof

Confucianism

andand

the native

ShintoShinto

religion,

the

(18)

Cancel Anytime.

(19)

Cancel Anytime.

(20)

Cancel Anytime.

so

so importantimportant waswas thisthis ZenZen aspect thataspect that thethe samesame senti-

senti-me

mentnts s in in scrscrollollo;o; differentdifferent Ryu,Ryu, eveneven inin thosethose concernedconcerned

with distinctly

with distinctly differentdifferent martialmartial arts,arts, such assuch as ArcheryArchery and Swords-and

Swords-Tu

Tu come to acome to a proper understanding ofproper understanding of Kata,Kata, andand toto approachapproach

proper

proper practicpractic ofof KataKata 1t1t is vitalis vital toto appreciateappreciate howhow inextricablyinextricably interwoven

interwoven isis philosophicalphilosophical elementelement\vith\vith the purelythe purely pragmaticpragmatic

physical

side.

Just

Just this isthis issoso inin thethe KataKata ofofthethe olderolderclassicalclassical Ryu,Ryu, isis thethe younger schools

younger schools karate,karate, which havewhich have beenbeen subsumedsubsumed

into thl traditional

into thl traditional ethos.ethos.

KarJte ciln

KarJte ciln indeed beindeed be practisedpractised purelypurely strongstrong andand effectiveeffective means

means ofof fighting.fighting. The Okinawan masteThe Okinawan masters developedrs developed techniquestechniques

capable

capable ofof inflictinginflicting severesevere damagedamage toto anyany attackerattacker andand isis quitequite

pos >iblc

pos >iblc to train soleto train solely inly in thethe w znw zn thethe techniquetechnique blockingblockingandand

countemltacking. Even

countemltacking. Even thethe early practitioners ofearly practitioners of thethe arl,arl, however,however,

hel

held the spirituad the spiritua clementclement to beto be ofof equal importanceequal importance toto thethe physicaphysica techn iquef..

techn iquef.. The

The OkinawanOkinawan fightingfighting artsarts werewere notnot themselves very muchthemselves very much

under

under thethe influenceinfluence thethe mainland Zenmainland Zen ethos,ethos, butbut TcTc thethe inin digenous fighting

digenous fightingartart waswas known,known, becamebecame naturallynaturally subsumedsubsumed intointo

the mnrtial

the mnrtial cultureculture andand itsits ZenZen ethicethic uponupon itsits importation intoimportation into

japan. japan. E\

E\ en so, befen so, beforeore thisthis timetimetherethere isis evidenceevidence thatthat certaincertain OkinawaOkinawa

masters

masters(Higaonna(Higaonna andand Ttosu,Ttosu, toto namename two)two)werewere muchmuch concernedconcerned

that the

that the artart TLTL taught astaught as spiritually-orientatedspiritually-orientated discipline.discipline.

After

After studymg thestudymg the historyhistory karate,karate, andand indeedindeed aUaU ofof thethe

Japanese fighting

Japanese fighting arts,arts, oneone hashas toto concludeconclude thatthat isis mistake tomistake to

assume that

assume that inextricablyinextricably with Buddhism,with Buddhism, andand

ata ata

(21)

Cancel Anytime.

(22)

Cancel Anytime.

(23)

Cancel Anytime.

ata ata

swordsmanship,

established a curriculum which

asas

well

asas

con-

con-centrating

centrating

techniques

withwith swordswordandand daggerdagger

also devot

also devoted

ed tim

tim

to practice

with spearwith spear andand

bow,

andand

the

art ofart of

poetry,

andand

the

tete

ceremony. This

waswas

largely

duedue

to the influence

of theof the

Zen master

Zenkicki.

Whether or

Whether or notnot manymany

actually attained those qualities which

were

held to epitomise

the enlightenedthe enlightened manman doesdoes notnot

in

anyany

way

detract from their desirability. The

pointpoint

to reflect

uponupon

is that

inin

the

original-j

original-jutsu for

utsu for

oror thethe

later

-do

form a

form a true

true martial artist is

martial artist is

one who

one who hashas attained mastery of both physicalattained mastery of both physical andand

spiritual

have

written

greater detail elsewhere

Tlze

Karate-do

Mmwal

and

Tlte

Tlte Advauced

Advauced Karate

Karate

Mn111m[)Mn111m[) of theof the

reasons

whywhy thbthb

emphasis

the

spiritual side came about,

butbut

is of

suchsuch

vita

vital importanc

l importanc

toto

correct

understandingunderstandingandand

application of Kata

thatthat

the seri

the serious stu

ous stu

dent

dentmust be encouragedmust beencouraged

to

to lear

learn more

n more

ofof

this aspect,

andand

also fully

understand that

the

spirituality-spirituality-

the

ZeZe aspect-hadaspect-had

a basic prag-

a basic

prag-matic reason for its emphasis,

matic reason for its emphasis,

mademade thethe

martial artist a better

fighter

The

essence of Zenessenceof Zen

s a compl

s a complete acceptance

ete acceptance

the

the inevitability of

inevitability of

change;

nothingnothing remainsremains

the same, the wheel

isis

always turning,

leading to

thethe

only

certainty-certainty- somesome

time

or anotheror another

this human

lifes

lifespan will

pan will

comecome

to

end.end.

To plac

To

place too

e too

muchmuch

importance

this

fragile butt

fragile butterf

erfly l

ly life

ife

was deemedwas deemed

futile; far better to

imim

honour

and

respect, which held society together,

eveneven

purs

pursuance

uance

this

became necessary to give

life.

ThusThus thethe

fighting man

defeated

hishis

greatest

foe-foe-

Fear

AndAnd

specifically t

specific

ally the fear of death,

he fear of death,

which

(24)

Cancel Anytime.

(25)

Cancel Anytime.

(26)

Cancel Anytime.

sider

sider carefull

carefull

thatthat

to

to practise

practise

themthem purely aspurely as

physica

physical fitness

l fitness forms

forms

-.im

-.imply as

ply as

senessenes

physical techniques is to go

againstagainst thethe

ex-

ex-perience, advice

perience, advice

nnd teachingnnd teaching somesome

of the

mostmost

fearless

andre-

andre-m,wned fighters

m,wned fighters

whowho everever

lived

Oki11awn11

karate

master

Motabu

slzo-zoing

(27)

Cancel Anytime.

(28)

Cancel Anytime.

(29)

Cancel Anytime.

ata ata

fcrent

bodybody

tvp

tvpes

es it

it is a mist

is a mistal.

al..e to choo

.e to choose

se to

to conce

concentr

ntrate solely

ate solely on

on

the

groupgroup

which,

the surface,

would appearwould appear

most

most appropriate

appropriate

to

youryour

particular build; all the Kata

developdevelop

a rhythm and

a rhythm and co-

co-ordination

ordination ofof movement,movement, andand

the well-balanced

the well-balanced fightt: r

fightt: r

mustmust

de-

de-velop the

velop the

attributesattributes of bothof both

types.

At advanced

level

itit

is necessary to select

oneone

tw

two Kata,

o Kata, for

for in-

in-depth

depth

practice, to

enterenter deeply intodeeply into

the soul of the Kata, and at

this stage t

this stage then

hen

wouldwould

be

appropriateappropriate

to

to sel

select from t

ect from the t

he type mo

ype most

st

suitable to

youryour

physical characteristics. Even

the full range of

Kata

shouldshould notnot

be neglected.

he

problem

Although

the

the physical

physical practice of

practice of

thethe

vari

various Kata

ous Kata isis in

in itself an

itself an ex-

ex-cellent

cellent physical exercise,

physical exercise,

promotingpromotingsuppsupp

leness,

andand

im-

im-proved

proved

muscle tone,

have

seenseen thatthat

this is only

this is

only

partpart

of t

of the story

he story

nnd

nnd that properthat proper

practice

demandsdemands thatthat

the

the martial artist deve

martial artist develop

lop

Lrmsltin

alert,

concentratedconcentratedawarenessawareness

of the

of the totality of the si

totality of the situa-

tua-tion,

tion,

withwith untroubleduntroubled unstoppingunstopping mindmind

al

allo

lowi

wing

ng co

comp

mpll.

ll. lc

lc

freedom

for

appropriateappropriate andand

effective action.

How

While

performingperforming

a Kata, the

shouldshould

imagine himscl

imagi

ne himscl to

to

be surrounded

by

opponents andopponents and preparedprepared

to execut

to execute defensive

e defensive

and

offensiv

offensive techniques

e techniques

anyany direction.direction.

So

urgesurges

the late head

of

of thethe

Japan Karate Association, Masatoshi Nakayama,

whowho

was

himself

one ofone of GichinGichin Funakoshi sFunakoshi s students.students.

Best

Karate,

Kodan-

Kodan-sha International Ltd,

sha International Ltd, 1981.)

1981.)

This to a

(30)

one-Trusted by over 1 million members

Cancel Anytime.

(31)

Cancel Anytime.

(32)

Cancel Anytime.

them safer. For example,

whilst whilst performinperformin thethe

Kata

Cllinte

Kana-

Kana-za

zawa Se

wa Sensei bro

nsei broke h

ke his

is

rightrighthandhand

by

strikingstriking thethe

back

withwith

Ipponken

causing

Master NakayamaMaster Nakayama

to

remindremind himhim that thethat the

Kata

should beshould be

modified for training

purposes.purposes. whkhwhkh makesmakes thethe

practice

the

KalaKala

in line

with Nakayama swith Nakayama s

advice pract

advice

practical

ically impossible,

ly impossible, as,

as,

in

in ourour

experience,

thethe vast majorityvast majority

of

studentsstudents havehave andand cancan onlyonly

have

rudimentaryrudimentary understanding ofunderstanding of thethe

Bzmkni

thethe

appUcations

the

tedmiquestedmiques contained withincontained within thethe

Kata.

Takayuki Kubota,

HeadHead

Gosoku-J yu Karate

America (The

International Karate Association),

andand

well

knownknown instructorinstructor

to

Law

enforcement agenciesenforcement agencies

writes:

thethe momentmoment most peoplemost people

that practise Kata

havehave

idea

itsits real meaning,real meaning, the benefitthe benefit

that it brings.

TheyThey

practise Kata

andand

Kurnite

thoughthough they werethey were

hvo different

thingsthings whereaswhereas course Kumitecourse Kumite startsstarts withwith

Kata

andand

Kata

starts

withwith

KumiLe.'*

Thj

Thjs being

s being so, it is

so, it is imp

imposs

ossibl

ibl

thatthat U1eU1e

Kata

practisedpractised

fully

andand

completely,

andand that properthat proper

Zmrshi11

exercised.

Yet

another problemanother problem mustmust bebe

faced.

ToTo

practised

as wasas was

originally

intended, thatintended, that

is as

powerfulpowerfulandand

effective

meansmeans

of self-

of

self-defence,

defence,

v .rithv .rith valuevalue today stoday s

society,

thenthen shouldshould obviousobvious

that

eveneven

if

if all

all

thethe

original

bunkni

werewere knownknown

practice solely re-

practice solely

re-lated

lated themthem wouldwould be be anachronianachronistic;stic; havinghaving littlelittle rere evance.evance.

Sadly,

in

the worldthe world todaytoday attackersattackers are moreare more

likely to

wieldwield

razor-knife, broken beer-glass

eveneven gungun U1anU1an ooroor

jo.

ThisThis

latter

problemproblem

becomes

moremore apparentapparentwhenwhenoneone

realises

thatthateveneven

within the confines

thethe historyhistory thethe developmentdevelopment

of karate

techniques the Kata

areare anachronisticanachronistic thatthat theythey ignoreignore many ofmany of

the

the techniqu

techniques

es

which arewhich are

widely

(and(and

effectively)

incorporatedincorporated intointo

ata ata

(33)

Cancel Anytime.

(34)

Cancel Anytime.

(35)

Cancel Anytime.

Cancel Anytime. ata ata

my

There

is

oneone widespreadwidespread mythmyth thatthat needsneeds

dispelling

dispelling befor

befor

con-

con-sider

sider thethe

final section

this

chapter, the preceptschapter, the precepts

which

mustmust

be

borne

in

mind

whenwhen

the

the Kata,

Kata,

andand thatthatisis thethe

racial

myth

that mastery

that mastery karate,karate, andand

particular

thethe

Kata, is

onlyonly

attainable

by

the japanese,the japanese,

for

onlyonly theythey

can

havehave

a real

understanding ofunderstanding of

the

martial

ethosethos permeatingpermeating thethe

art,

andand

can

thereforetherefore

achieve the

highest

levels

skill.

Frankly

this is

arrantarrant nonsensenonsense

Let

us turnus turn thethe

premi :;e

around andaround and hypothesisehypothesise

a n

a nati

ative En

ve Englis

glis

sport,

sport, withwith philosophicalphilosophical connotationsconnotations andand obscureobscure rulesrules andand

rituals,

deeply rooteddeeply rooted inin

English tradition.

CouldCould thenthen

\lfdy

assume

assume that no-onethat no-one butbut native-born Englishmannative-born Englishman wouldwould e\'ere\'erexex

cel in

the sport,the sport, andand that nothat no

I:.nglishman

wouldwould everever

beaten

beaten by

by

foreign

competitor. Evencompetitor. Even cursorycursory

glance

thethe

record of the

En

Engl

gl<m

<md Cr

d Crick

icket te

et team

am

overover

recent

yearsyears willwill serveserve toto underlineunderline

the

ridiculousness

ridiculousness ofof

this idea

course

there

arcarc cogentcogent

(financial)

reasonsreasons forfor thethe

perpet-

perpet-uation

uation thethe myth of}apanesemyth of}apanese andand indeedindeed

there may

well

somesome japanesejapanese whowho

actually believe

it.

This docsThis docs

not

mean

(36)

Cancel Anytime.

(37)

Cancel Anytime.

(38)

Cancel Anytime.

ow

ow to

to Pra

Practi

ctise

se

e

e Ka

Kata

ta

A :.

mentioned before,

thethe

mental

attitudeattitude

to Kata

shouldshould

be

thethe

same

for Kumite.

fhe opponent mustfhe opponent must

actually exist

actually exist fo

fo

you,you,

the

KataKata

ilill be re

l be relega

legated to

ted to

thethe

level

meremere

physical

physical calisthen

calisthenics.

ics.

In

correct practice it is vital to

maintainmaintain sense ofsense of urgencyurgency andand

and

and atat

L very

stepstepenvisageenvisage yourselfyourself

actually

underunder threatthreat

and attac

and attack by

k by

numbernumber

of assailants

determineddetermined

to

youyou seriousserious

harm.

In

this

atmosphereatmosphere nu::;hiunu::;hiu cancan

be

developed,developed, andand nono

technique

need be

'pulled''pulled' shortshort the targetthe target throughthrough

fear of

inniclinginnicling

damage,

in practice with a

partner,partner, and,and,

furthermore,

time

can

(39)

Cancel Anytime.

(40)

Cancel Anytime.

(41)

Cancel Anytime.

Practise the Kata Practise the Kata important

important

is

thethe powerpower

of

thethe mindmind

physical activity.

sheshe learns

learns

to

dragdrag somethingsomething

extra from

thethe depthsdepths thethe psychepsyche

, ,

strength

strength andand tubbornes thattubbornes that perhapsperhaps nevernever

before

beenbeen

re-

re-vealed.

vealed.

TheThe bodybody becomesbecomes so exhaustedso exhausted

from

obeyingobeying lhelhe sese sei ssei s

command:

'Hai

NowNow onceonce

more '

thatthat becomes impossiblebecomes impossible

to

even

even keep thkeep th e e eyelidseyelids

open

open Every

Every breath

breath

becomesbecomes

a painful

gaspgasp

and

seemingly

mustmust bebe thethe

last,

butbut even as theeven as the bodybody staggersstaggers andand weakens the

weakens the

spirit

shouts:shouts:

'I will

notnot

give

in '-

AndAnd

from this the

lesson

is learned

thatthat

in

thethe depthsdepths youryourspiritspirityouyou

can

nevernever

be

defeated. defeated.

The

third

stagestage properlyproperly thethe

practice

ofof 'Moving Zen'.'Moving Zen'.

The

techniques

techniques areare by nowby now

instinctive

andand thethe goalgoal

perfection. Practice

becomes

becomes intenselyintensely

private thing,

ageage longer longer matters,matters, youth-

youth-fulness,

fulness,

strengthstrength andand stamina,stamina, eveneven

a fully

operativeoperative bodybody areare

not

prerequisites

for this

journey.journey. HereHere thethe

Kata

nevernever

for

simplesimple

dis-

dis-play

playbutbut

is a veh

is

a vehicle,

icle,

path ofpath ofabsoluteabsolutedetermined awarenessdetermined awareness andand concentrated

karate kata & applications

Aid

Aidan:

an: To a

To allll

past

past

instructors

instructors

Vince:

Vince:

To

To

my father,

my father,

nold,

nold,

who

who has

has been more

been more

ant

ant

than

than perhaps

perhaps

knows

knows

0-086,

0-086,

337,

337,

Africa

Africa

04827

04827

Title

Title

. Trimble,

. Trimble,

ISBN 0 09 174'i88 8

ISBN 0 09 174'i88 8

by

by

ontents

ontents

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

Kata

Kata

How

How

to Practise

to Practise

the

the

Kata

Kata

15

15

Chinte

Chinte

Unsu

Unsu

Ji in

Ji in

62

62

Jutte

Jutte

72

72

Kanku

Kanku Sho

Sho

86

86

Gojushiho Sho

Gojushiho Sho

1

₆₂

₆₂

₁₂₅

₁₂₅