Confined Space Entry Training

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Confined Space

Entry Training

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ABB Lummus Global Americas



 Key Messages Key Messages   Planning Planning   Preparation Preparation   Training Training

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B B L L u u m m m m u u s s G G l l o o b b a a l l / / 2 2 / / 0 0 1 1

Why we are here ?

LALCO require that all employees who must enter LALCO require that all employees who must enter into confined spaces receive training as to the

into confined spaces receive training as to the

hazards, procedures and equipment required to do hazards, procedures and equipment required to do so safely.

so safely.

At the end of this

At the end of this session you will besession you will be familiar with the hazards and

familiar with the hazards and requir

requirements of ements of “safe” confined“safe” confined space entry.

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Confined Space can be

Confined Space can be deadly!

deadly!



 On average, work in confined space kills 15 peopleOn average, work in confined space kills 15 people

in UK every year. in UK every year.



 In addition, a number of people are In addition, a number of people are seriouslyseriously

injured. injured.



 Untrained rescuers Untrained rescuers account for account for 60% 60% of of annuallyannually

deaths in US! deaths in US!

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B B L L u u m m m m u u s s G G l l o o b b a a l l / / 2 2 / / 0 0 1 1

What is confined space ?



 Is large enough and so Is large enough and so configuredconfigured

that an employee can enter

that an employee can enter bodilybodily and perform work;

and perform work;



 Has limited or restricted means of Has limited or restricted means of

entry or exit, like

entry or exit, like vessels, tanks,vessels, tanks, pipes, excavation more than 1.2m pipes, excavation more than 1.2m deep.

deep.



 Is not designed for continuous Is not designed for continuous

human

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B L u m m u s G l o b a l / 2 / 0 1

Limited Openings for Entry / Exit

• Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.

• Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-saving

equipment.

• Difficult to remove downed worker in folded up or

bent over position.

• Exit from large openings may be difficult due to

presence of ladders, hoists, etc.

• Safety harnesses must be worn while working in

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Hazards of Confined Spaces

• Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres < 19.5 % • Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres > 23.5 % • Flammable Atmospheres

• Toxic Atmospheres • Engulfment Hazards

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Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.

15 - 19% Early symptoms are decreased ability to work strenuously and impair coordination. 12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment. 10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.

8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal 4-5 minutes - possible recovery.

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B L u m m u s G l o b a l 5 / 2 / 0 1

Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres

O₂ CO₂

Oxygen deficiency can be caused by several processes:

Consumption: oxygen is used up by the person who is in the confined space and turned into

carbon dioxide.

Displacement: denser materials push the oxygen out of the occupied space.

Reaction: oxygen is reacted with other

materials to make other compounds.

CO₂ H₂0

NOx

_CO O2 fuel CO₂ O₂

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Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres

• Oxygen level above 23.5 %.

• Causes flammable and combustible

materials to burn violently when ignited.

• Hair, clothing, materials, etc.

• Oil soaked clothing and materials. • Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

• Never store or place compressed oxygen

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Flammable Atmospheres

• 2 Critical Factors:

 Oxygen content in the air.

 Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor more than

10% of it’s LEL.

• Typical Ignition Sources:

 Sparking or electric tool.

 Welding / cutting operations.  Smoking

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Toxic Atmospheres

 Presence of any acutely hazardous substance in an

atmospheric concentration above the Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL). See MSDS.

 Presence of dust at a concentration that obscure

vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.5m) or less.

ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES

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Toxic Atmospheres

• Products stored in a confined space:

 Gases released when cleaning.

 Materials absorbed into walls of confined

space.

 Decomposition of materials in the confined

space.

• Work performed in a confined space:

 Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.

 Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.  Sealing, bonding, melting.

• External hazards adjacent to a confined space,

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Heat Stress

Heat stress is caused by a combination of factors, such as environmental, work load and clothing factors. The environmental factors include heat or solar load, air movement and humidity.

Heat-related illnesses which include heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke, are the effects of over exposure to heat.

Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related injury with high risk of death, and heat exhaustion is the most

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Physical Hazards

• Noise

 Amplified due to acoustics within the space.  Damaged hearing, affect communication.

• Slick / Wet Surfaces

 Slips and falls.

 Increased chance of electric shock.

• Falling Objects

 Elevated work activities expose workers inside

confined space to falling objects.

• Electricity

 Use 12V supply for lighting.

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Categorizing Confined Space

* Space large enough to enter &;

* Limited or Restricted entry or exit &; * Not designed for continuous human

occupancy.

NO

Not a confined Space

YES Confined Space Hazardous Atmosphere Engulfment Hazard Configuration Hazard Permit-Required Confined Space Non Permit Required Confined Space YES NO Or Or Or

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Permit-Required Confined Space

A Permit-Required Confined Space is confined space that has one or more of the following

characteristics:

 Contains or has the potential to contain a

hazardous atmosphere;

 Contains a material that has the potential for

engulfing an entrant;

 Has an internal configuration such that an entrant

could become trapped or asphyxiated; or

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Non-Permit Confined Space

 A confined space that does not contain or, with

respect to atmospheric hazards, does not have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death of serious physical harm

.

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Definitions

 ENTRANT : The employee who will physically enter the

confined space.

 ATTENDANT : The employee who remains outside the

confined space and monitors the entrant(s); guards the space against unauthorized entry; warns the entrants of any unusual conditions; and summons the rescue

personnel if needed.

 ENTRY SUPERVISOR : The employee responsible for

coordinating the entry into the confined space. This must be a team leader or foreman.

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ENTRY

 Any part of the body passing

through the opening is considered entry.

 Confined space entry is

allowed only through :

 Permit -required confined

space.

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Permit-Required Confined Space Entry

Procedure

 Isolate the space

 Test the atmosphere

 Purging, flushing or Ventilating the space  Complete the permit

 Job Planning & Safety Analysis & Review of

MSDS .

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Isolate the Space from all hazards

 Clos e Valves

 E m p t y t h e Sp a c e

 Depressurize, vent & drain  L o c k o u t /T ag o u t E q u i p m e n t

 Electrical sources  pipe, line or duct  Mechan ical hazard s

 Rotating/reciprocating parts  Clean resid ue from the space

 washing of all possible

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Test of The atmosphere

 Refer to MSDS lists to determine which chemicals are

present in a confined space.

 Check for Oxygen Content:

 At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%  Check for Combustibles:

 0% of the LEL is Yanpet standard  Check for Toxic Gasses:

 Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL < 35 ppm)  or any other hazardous materials as determined by

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Always test the

air at various levels to be sure that the entire space is safe.

Good Air Poor Air Deadly Air Good air near the opening does NOT mean there is good air at the bottom!

The coating contains solvents, solvents are heavier than air and may spread along floors

CO

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Ventilate the space

 Use mech anical ventilation

 Fan

 Venti late at th e rate o f at least 25 air

c h a n g e p er h o u r

 Larger spaces require more ventilation  M ak e s u r e a ir s u p p l y is n o t c o n t a m i n at ed

 Ventilation air supply must be from

fresh air uncontaminated with flammables, toxins, etc.

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Ventilation is necessary when :

 When the air contains too little oxygen.  When the air contains too much oxygen.  The air is too flammable.

 The air is toxic.

 Oxygen deficiency may occur due to hot work or

chemical reaction.

 Begin ventilating well in advance of any entry.  Test the atmosphere in advance of any entry.  Ventilate as long as entrants are in space.

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Placement of warning signs

 Place warning

signs where they can be seen.

 Signs must state

the hazard and the required action..

DANGER

CONFINED SPACE PERMIT REQUIRED

AUTHORIZED PRSONNELONLY

DANGER

Confined Space

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Complete Entry Permit Form

 No entry is allowed without a valid permit.

 Permit must be correctly and completely filled out

prior to entry.

 The duration of the permit may not exceed the

time allotted on the permit.

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Complete Entry Permit Form

 The Entry Supervisor shall terminate entry and

cancel work operations :

when the entry operations are completed,

when a condition that is not allowed under the entry permit arises in or near the confined space or,

when an unauthorized entry of a Vessel/Confined Space occurs.

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Barricades

 Barriers to prevent

passers-by and the curious from

falling into the opening must be installed. And also to

protect entrants from external hazards.

 Holes and openings must be

closed or guarded when not attended.

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Conduct JPSA Briefing

 E n t i r e c r e w m u s t a tt en d

 Attendants, Entrants and Entry Supervisor  R ev i e w h a zar d s o f e n t r y a n d w o r k (J P SA )

 Review PPE

 R ev i e w p r o c e d u r e f o r c o n t a c t i n g r e s c u e

 verify rescue available before entry is allowed  C o m p l et e p er m i t

REMEMB ER: SOMEONES L IFE MA Y B E IN YOUR HANDS!

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PPE

 Eye protection :

 Wear safety eyewear as per job requirement.

 Hand protection :

 Gloves of an appropriate material should be worn.

 Skin Protection :

 Coveralls which cover all body, arms and legs.

 Respirators:

 Use Air-Purifying Respirators or Air-Supplying Respirators

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Respirators

• Air-Purifying Respirators

 Filters dangerous substances from the air.

 You must know what hazardous substance are present

in the confined space.

 NEVER use an APR in oxygen deficient confined

spaces!

• Air-Supplying Respirators

 Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from a tank or an

uncontaminated source.

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Enter to space and proceed with job

 An attendant shall be posted at the entrance. He

shall be in constant communication with the entrants while the job is in progress.

 All entrants shall sign the sign in log before

entering the space and sign out when exiting the confined space.

 The attendant shall maintain the permit and sign

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 Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;

 After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation is

necessary);

 At least 4 hour for permit-required confined spaces.  More frequently, if conditions or suspicions warrant.

PERIODIC RE-TESTING

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NOTICE

 Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter what the

reason, all personnel shall immediately exit the

space, and no others shall enter until atmospheric conditions are returned to safe levels.

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When the job is done

 Remove all personnel, tools, and debris from the

space. Sign off the log.

 Close the space.  Cancel the permit.

 Review the job with the client (hazards, problems,

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Entrant Responsibilities

 Know the hazards faced during entry

including warnings and consequences. Understand MSDS.

 To assure that the space has been

adequately ventilated, isolated, emptied, or otherwise made safe for entry.

 To communicate with the attendant as

necessary and immediately exit a space, when advised by the attendant, no matter what the reason.

 To follow all safety rules and procedures that

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Attendant/Hole Watch

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Attendant Responsibilities

 To know the potentials hazards of the confined space.  To monitor entrants during the job and during entry &

exit to help insure their safety.

 The attendant may not abandon his post for any

reason while personnel are in the space unless relieved by another qualified attendant.

 To monitor atmospheric conditions in the space prior

to and during entry.

 To communicate with authorized entrants as

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 To assess hazards in and around the space, and take

actions.

 Orders entrants to evacuate when:

 Detecting a prohibited condition ( ventilation).  There is a change from the initial conditions.

 Detecting a situation outside the space that may

endanger the authorized entrants ( storms, etc.)

 Communication interrupted or difficult to maintain.  To summon emergency assistance as needed.

 To keep records of confined space work, such as air

test results, personnel entry/exit, etc.

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Supervisor Responsibilities

 To assure adequate protection is provided to

the entrants by verifying adequate lockout / tagout and that all hazards are securely

isolated.

 To ensure that necessary permits are

complete and the MSDS are attached to the permit as needed.

 To ensure required tests have been

performed.

 To ensure equipment required by permits is

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 To assure that all personnel involved are aware of

the hazards associated with the space.

 To assure that emergency services are available

prior to entry and ensure they are known to attendants and entrants.

 To verify that all personnel have exited prior to

closing the space.

 To terminate and cancel permits.

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Rescue & Emergency Services

 Means of emergency

rescue must be

readily available to the confined space entry attendant for emergency

extrication of entrants.

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B L u m m u s G l o b a l 5 / 2 / 0 1 RESCUE TYPES :

 Horizontal : Entry rescue  Vertical : Non-entry rescue

SAFELINE SAFELINE

ENTRY RESCUES NON- ENTRY RESCUES

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Rescue & Emergency Services

 A means must be provided for

both safe normal entry or exit , and emergency extrication.

Tripods with hoist, lifeline, and full body harness are often

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First Aid measures

 In all case of doubt, or when

symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

 Never give anything by mouth to

an unconscious person.

 Inhalation :

 Remove to fresh air, keep patient warm and at rest.  Seek immediate medical attention.

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