CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an instrument presented, pilot interpreted, precision approach aid. The system provides the pilot with instrument indications which, when utilised in conjunction with the normal flight instruments, enables the aircraft to be manoeuvred along a precise, predetermined, final approach path.
The ILS ground facilities have been categorised by international standardisation as follows:
FACILITY PERFORMANCE CATEGORY I
An ILS which provides a specified quality of guidance information from the coverage limit of the ILS to the point at which the localiser course line intersects the ILS glide path at a height of 200 ft or less above the threshold. Using this category of equipment and provided that appropriate supplementary ground and airborne equipment is installed and operating, operations can be permitted down to a decision height of 200 ft and with a runway visual range (RVR) of the order of 800 metres.
FACILITY PERFORMANCE CATEGORY II
An ILS which provides a specified quality of guidance information from the coverage limit of the ILS to the point at which the localiser course line intersects the ILS glide path at a height of 50 ft or less above the threshold. Using this category of equipment and provided that appropriate supplementary ground and airborne equipment is installed and rating, operations can be permitted down to a decision height of 100 ft and with a RVR of the order of 400 metres.
FACILITY PERFORMANCE CATEGORY III
An ILS which, with the aid of ancillary equipment where necessary, provides the specified quality of guidance information from the coverage limit of the facility to and along the surface of the runway. Using this category of equipment and provided that appropriate supplementary ground and airborne equipment is installed and operating, operations can be permitted with no decision height limitation and without reliance on
external visual reference.
There are three main elements in the complete ILS:
• A localiser radio beam to furnish directional guidance to and along the runway
• A glide path radio beam to furnish vertical guidance at the correct descent angle to the runway touchdown point
• Fan markers (outer marker and middle marker). In some cases DME has been
Authorised for use when markers are not available or cannot be installed.
A suitable radio navigation aid is provided on most installations to assist in interception of the localiser and holding procedures. At some locations two of these aids are provided. This aid can be either a VOR or a low-powered NDB (Locator).
CHAPTER-2
BASIC PRINCIPLE
The localiser transmitters radiate field patterns of 90-hertz and 150-hertz modulated energy on opposite sides of the instrument runway centreline to provide a course for guidance in azimuth. The 150-hertz modulation is always on the right looking towards the runway from the outer marker and is known as the ‘blue sector’. The left side is modulated at 90-hertz and is known as the ‘yellow sector’. The course line (on-course) is a locus of points of equal 90-150-hertz modulation. It is aligned along the runway centreline extended in both directions and may be separated at the localiser antenna into a front course and a back course. In order to obtain the quality in the front course of the localiser necessary for CAT I and higher, a back course is not radiated in Australia.
Glide path equipment radiates field patterns of 90-and 150-hertz modulated energy to provide a path for approach slope guidance. The field patterns are orientated so that a preponderance of the 150-hertz energy lies below the glide path and a preponderance of the 90-hertz energy is above the glide path. The line of the glide path (on-path), similar to the localiser course line, is a locus of points of equal 90-and 150-hertz modulation and is aligned at the correct approach angle for descent to the runway touchdown point.
Fig 2.1 Radiation pattern of ILS
CHAPTER-3
GROUND EQIUPMENTS
3.1 LOCALIZER:
The localiser aerial is on the runway extended centreline at the opposite end to the approach end, at a distance which ensures that it lies below the runway take-off obstruction clearance plane. The transmitter building is usually located 100–120 metres to the side of the aerial. The field pattern radiated by the localiser is illustrated in Figure 3.2 with the course line lying along the extended runway centreline. The localiser beam ‘width’, as it is interpreted by the travel of the localiser needle on the aircraft cross pointer indicator from full deflection in the blue sector (150-hertz) to full deflection in the yellow sector (90-hertz) is normally 5° for uncategorised systems and all other systems are adjusted to 210 metres wide at the landing threshold.
Total width in terms of degrees will depend on position of aerials and length of runway. The equipment is designed to provide a usable on-course signal at a minimum distance of 25 nautical miles from the runway at a minimum altitude of 2,000 ft above the threshold.
Each localiser is identified aurally by a coded designator consisting of three letters, the first of which is the letter ‘I’. The transmitters are usually duplicated, with an automatic changeover facility from primary to secondary equipment in the event of failure or malfunction.
Fig 3.1 Range and radiation of localizer
Fig 3.2 Standard ILS
3.2 GLIDE PATH:
The transmitter buildings and glide path aerial are in close proximity and are usually located approximately 225–380 metres from the approach end and 120–210 metres to the side of the runway centreline. The field pattern radiated by the glide path equipment is illustrated in Figure 3.4, with the on path line set at an angle of 2½° to 3° from the touchdown point on the runway. The glide path ‘width’ as it is interpreted by the travel of the glide path needle on the aircraft cross pointer indicator from a full ‘fly-up’ indication to a ‘fly-down’ indication, varies from 1° to 1.5°. There is no sector colour identification associated with the glide path. The transmitters are duplicated, with an automatic change-over facility from primary to secondary equipment in the event of failure or malfunction.
Fig 3.4 Glide path
3.3 MARKER BEACON:
The marker beacons used with the ILS are low powered, operate on a frequency of 75 MHz and radiate a fan shaped field pattern. There are usually two marker beacons:
Outer Marker:
The outer marker is located approximately 3.9 nautical miles from the runway threshold and is aligned across the front beam of the localiser. Its purpose is to provide height, distance and equipment functioning checks to aircraft on final approach. It is
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Fig 3.5 Blue Outer Marker
Middle Marker:
The middle marker, also a fan marker, is aligned across the front beam of the localiser and is situated approximately 1050 metres from the runway threshold. Its purpose is to indicate the imminence, in low visibility conditions, of visual approach guidance. This marker is modulated at 1300-hertz and keyed to transmit alternate dots and dashes.
Some overseas installations utilise a third marker beacon (inner marker) which is modulated at 3000-hertz, identified by a keyed continuous signal of six dots per second and is located 75–450 metres from the runway threshold.
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