EVM Full Report_sghadei

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dreams never shape to reality unless a lot of effort and hard work is put into it. And no effort bears fruit in the absence of support and guidance. A lot of effort and hard work has been put into this project in course of the three months taken to complete it. It has been strenuous but very satisfying experience.

At the outset, we thank God almighty for making our endeavour a success. We also express our gratitude to MR. MANOJ V. J. , Head of the Department for providing us with adequate facilities, ways and means by which we were able to complete this project.We express our sincere gratitude to our Project Guide MRS. VEENA C. BHASKAR and project co-ordinator Miss.

Prabha Raj C. and Miss Preeja P. K. , Electronics & Communication

Engineering Department for her constant support and valuable suggestions without which the successful completion of this project would not have been possible.

We express our immense pleasure and thankfulness to all the teachers and staff of the Department of Electronics & Communication, CUSAT for their cooperation and support. And at the end we would like to extend our heartiest thanks to our family members, seniors and class mates, who always supported us throughout and lend their helping hand in making this project a successful one.

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Electronic

Voting

Machine

Mini project

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CONTENT

1. Abstract……… ………… ……… 04

2. Introduction… …… ……… ……05

3. Block diagram… …… ……… …06

4. Components required … … … 07

5. Circuit diagram… ……… … …24

6. Working Of the Instrument … 27

7. Application ……… …… ………29

8. Soldering ………… ………30

9. Waveform ………33

10. Result ………35

11. Conclusion …… ……… ………36

12. Advantage and Disadvantage 37

13. Reference ………38

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ABSTRACT

India is the largest democracy of the world . People’s active participation in the formation of the government is an important aspect of a democratic

government. This is ensured by elections. Conducting free and fair elections in a populous country like India is an uphill task. It’s a challenge to conduct

elections for selection of candidates to represent the people of the country at different levels. Even more important is the timely declaration of results. This is necessary to bring stability in the governance and steady economic growth of the nation .

Till now we have been using the paper and ballot system for conducting. The loop holes in this traditional system are gradually widening .Its more

susceptible to booth capturing and result manipulation. Even more tedious is the task of counting the votes and declaring the results.

An ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE is an answer to all these problems. It’s a technological masterpiece. Many countries worldover have shown

their interest in learning the mechanism behind this simple yet powerful

machine. Its got a very simple interface,its tamperproof, prevents bogus voting and it has helped in getting rid of the time consuming task of counting .

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INTRODUCTION

EVM stands for Electronics Voting Machine. It’s a lot different from the traditional ballot paper system both in terms of mechanism and performance.

Its USP is its simple user interface. Even a person who never got a chance to go to schools can use it without much difficulty. The front panel shows all the candidates standing for the election along with their party symbols. There is a button corresponding to each of the candidates. To cast a vote just press the button beside to the candidate. A successful vote is indicated by a green light and a short beep.

There is a dedicated counter for each of the candidate ,which is placed inside. With each vote the counter corresponding to the candidate increases and is displayed through a LCD screen. This arrangement is kept under lock. After the election’s over the polling officer can open the lock and view the votes and declare the result.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

CANDIDATE 1 CANDIDATE 2

Prevent bogus voting + visual indicators

XOR

gates

Control

flip flop

LCD

SCREEN

COUNTER

LCD

SCREEN

COUNTER

Candidate 1 VOTE COUNTING Candidate 2

LED

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COMPONENTS REQUIRED



Resistors



7404 IC



7408 IC



7447 IC



7473 IC



7490 IC



FND 507 : Seven segment display



LEDs



Beeper

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Function :-

Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.

Example: Circuit symbol:

Connecting and soldering :-

Resistors may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.

Resistor values – The resistor colour

code :-

Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega Ω . 1 Ω is quite small so resistor values are often given in k Ω and M Ω. 1 k Ω = 1000 Ω 1 M Ω = 1000000 Ω.

Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands. Each colour represents a number as shown in the table. Most resistors have 4 bands:

 The first band gives the first digit.

 The second band gives the second digit.

 The third band indicates the number of zeros.

 The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the

resistor.

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This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands. So its value is 270000 Ω = 270 k Ω.

On circuit diagrams the Ω is usually omitted and the value is written 270K.

The Resistor

Colour Code

Colour

Number

Black

0 Brown

1 Red

2 Orange

3 Yellow

4 Green

5 Blue

6 Violet

7 Grey

8 White

9

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

220 Ω RESISTOR :

Typically 220 ohm ,1/4 watt resistor can be used with various circuit.The colour band of the resistor is Red, Red, Brown, Gold.

 Type:Carbon film resistor

 Tolerence:5%

 Size:1/4watt

 Value:220Ω



270Ω RESISTOR :

Typically 270 Ω,1/4watt resistor can be used with various circuit.The colour

band is Red,Purple,Brown,Gold.

 Type:Carbon film resistor

 Tolerence:5%

 Size:1/4 watt

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IC 7404

IC 7404 is a NOT gate, also called an inverter has only one input and, of

course , only one output.

NOT GATE Logic-Rules:

The output is the inverse of the input, in otherwords if the input is HIGH then the out put is LOW and if the input is LOW the output is HIGH.

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IC7408

IC 7408 is an AND gates has two or more input but only one output .It is also called an all or nothing gate.

AND GATE Logic Rules:

The output assumes the logic HIGH state , only when each of its input is at logic HIGH state.

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IC 7486

XOR stands for exclusive OR. XOR gate compares two values and if they are

So Y = A B. It is also called an anti-coincidence or inequality detector.

XOR GATE Logic Rule:

An X-OR gate produces an active HIGH output only when the input are not equal.The output of an X-OR gate is the modulo sum of its two input.

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IC 7490

The 7490 is a decade counter (mod-10) which consists of four master- slave flip-flops internally connected to provides a divide2 and a divide -by-5counter.Gates direct-reset line are provided to inhibit count input to either a logic 0 or to a BCD count

When used as a BCD counter ,the B input must be externally connected to the QA output. The A input receive the incoming count, and a count secquence is obtained to in accordance with the BCD count output.two gates input are provided to reset the counter to 0; in addition ,two more input are also nprovided to reset the counter to a BCD count of 9 for the 9’s compement decimal applications.

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Function

:-LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Example: Circuit symbol:

Connecting and soldering :-

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead

and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official

identification method).

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.

Colours of LEDs :-

LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.The colour of an LED is determined by the

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described as 'water clear'). The coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent

COLOUR WAVELENGTH (nm) VOLTAGES (V) MATERIALS

Red 610 <ʎ< 760 _{1.63 <v<2.03} _GaAsP,_AlGaInP,

GaP

Green _{500< ʎ<570} _1.9<v<4.0_{InGaN , GaP} AlGaInP

Symbol

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A seven-segment display (abbreviation: "7-seg(ment) display"), less commonly known as a seven-segment indicator, is a form of electronic Display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks electronic meteters, and other electronic devices for displaying

numerical information. In a simple LED package, each LED is typically connected with one terminal to its own pin on the outside of the package and the other LED terminal connected in common with all other LEDs in the device and brought out to a shared pin. This shared pin will then make up all of the cathodes (negative

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The 8-pin 555 timer is one of the most useful Integrated Circuits (ICs) . It is also one of the cheapest and most-rugged chips.The most common types of outputs can be categorized by the following .

Astable - producing a square wave Monostable - producing a single pulse

when triggered

Bistable - a simple memory which can be

set and reset

Astable Operation :-

The capacitor C charges via R1 and R2 and when the voltage on the capacitor reaches 2/3 of the supply, pin 6 detects this and pin 7 connects to 0v. The capacitor discharges through R2 until its voltage is 1/3 of the supply and pin 2 detects this and turns off pin 7 to repeat the cycle.

The top resistor is included to prevent pin 7 being damaged as it shorts to 0v when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage. Its resistance is small compared to R2 and does not come into the timing of the oscillator

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Charging and Discharging Times :-

T1 = 0.693 (R1 +R2) C

T2 = 0.693*R2*C2

Features Of 555 Timer :-

 The 555 Timer is a highly stable & inexpensive device for generating accurate time delay or oscillation.

 It can provide time delays ranging from microseconds to hours.

 It can be used with power supply voltage ranging from +5V to +18V.

 It is compatible with both TTL & CMOS logic circuits.

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Features :-

RATED FREQUENCY : 3,500Hz OPERATING VOLTAGE : 3-28Vdc CURRENT CONSUPTION : 6Ma@12Vdc SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL(30cm) : 88Db@12vdc KINGSTAGE BUZZER : KPE-272 DIMENSIONS : 32 mm Di PIN SPACING : 17.8 mm

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Function :-

Transistors amplify current for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing

current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage. A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.

For further information please see the Transistor Circuit page.

Types of transistor :-

There are two types of standard

transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of

semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. If you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors.

The leads are labelled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).

These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels! A Darlington pair is two transistors connected together to give a very high current gain.In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there

are field-effect transistors which are usually referred to as FETs. They have

Transistor circuit symbols

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Function :-

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuit because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used

to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two

groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.

Polarised capacitors (large values, 1µF +)

Examples:

Circuit symbol:

Electrolytic Capacitors

Electrolytic capacitors are polarised and they must be connected the correct way round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.

There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are attached to each end (220µF in picture) and radial where both leads are at the same end(10µF in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.

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printed with their capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not specify a voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the project's power supply

voltage. 25V is a sensible minimum for most battery circuits.

Unpolarised capacitors (small values,

up to 1µF) :-

Examples: Circuit symbol:

Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of these small capacitors because there are many types of them and several different labelling systems! Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without

a multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier should be!

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ( improved part)

The supply to this circuit will be from the green LED . So that on successful casting of vote we can hear the beep.

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WORKING OF THE INSTRUMENT

When no switch is pressed the inverter gets a input of + 5 V ,and the corresponding output is high. When a switch is pressed we get a high at the corresponding inverter output and at the corresponding AND gate input. For making the vote to count for the respective candidate ,we need another high input . This we get from the JK flip flop (IC 7473 ).

Exclusive OR gate (IC7486) prevents the voter from pressing more than one button i.e. trying to vote for more than one candidate. IC 7473 locks itself once a vote has been cast and thus prevents multiple votes by a person. With casting of the vote, both the Green and Red LEDs are lightened simultaneously. The green LED is an indication for the voter that a successful vote has been cast. And the Red LED is for the polling officer ,it indicates him that he has to reset the flip flop so that the next voter can cast his vote.

Pin 13 of IC7473 goes ‘low’ as soon as a ‘valid’ vote is recorded. This in turn blocks all AND gates to avoid further counting of votes, till the officer in charge resets the system through switch S5 at his table. Resetting of S7 should be done only when the voter has come out of the both after casting his vote.

The counting of votes is carried out by the counters wired using IC 7490. Only ‘unit’ and ‘ten’ positions are implemented in this circuit. Depending on the number of voters expected , the hundred and thousandth position can be

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should be reset before the voting starts and should not be disturbed there after till the voting is over and the results have been declared.

Counters will store the digits as far as supply continues without failure. So an uninterrupted + 5V supply derived from a battery is advisable.

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APPLICATIONS

1. It is used in general elections for choosing candidates to represent people at various stages.

2. It can be used in school ,college student union elections.

3. It can be used to find the general opinion of people on various issues. 4. Anywhere where majority opinion is to be found out.

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SOLDERING

Soldering iron

:-The iron consist of an insulating handle connected via a metal shank to the bit.

The function of bit is to :

1. Store and deliver molten solder and flux. 2. Store heat and pass it to the compounds. 3. Remove extra solder from joints.

Soldering bit is made of copper because it has good heat capacity and thermal conductivity.Some iron have thermostatic control to keep the temperature of bit constant, various wattage such as 10 w 25 w,35 w, 60 w, 100 w are available.

Soldering flux :-

Flux is a medium used to improve the degree of wetting. The desirable property of flux are :

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soldering temperature.

2. It should dissolve any oxide on metal surface.

3. It should be easily displaced from the metal by molten soldering operation.

4. Residue should be removable after soldering operation.

The flux consists of Zinc Chloride or olive oil with active such as glycol acid, Ammonium chloride and organic acids. By adding activates , flow and activity is increased without affecting corrosion.

Solder :-

The three grades of solder generally used for soldering are 40/60 , 50/50 ,60/40 ,etc of tin and lead respectively. The 60/40 w solder has high cost but it melts at lowest temperature, flow more freely, takes less time to harden and

generally makes it easier to do good soldering job. Solder is generally available in the form of wire. Flux is also incorporated in solder wire itself. In such case no extra flux is necessary.

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Soldering with iron :-

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned and fluxed . the soldering iron is switched on and allowed to attain soldering temperature . the solder in the form of wire is applied near the component and heated with iron. The surface to the solder are fitted , iron is removed and joints are cooled without any

disturbance.

The following are the advantage of soldering :

1. A good soldering provides a good permanent resistance path . 2. Makes good electrical link between PCB and leads of component. 3. Retain the required strength with temperature variation.

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WAVEFORM

A) Waveform of edge-triggered J-K flip-flop

CLK

J Input

K

Q

Output

B) Waveform of NOT gate

A Input

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C)

Waveform

of AND gates

Input

A

B

X

Output

D) Waveform of OR gates

A

Input

B

Output

X

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RESULT

The Electronic Voting Machine was assembled successfully and the desired result was obtained.