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Contents
1.0
Introduction ... 7
1.1 Background ... 9
1.2 Important Notes Regarding This Documentation ... 10
1.3 Overview of the User Interface ... 11
1.4 Orion Modelling, Analysis & Design Flowchart ... 12
1.5 Graphic Editor - General Principles ... 13
1.5.1 Selecting single and / or multiple members ... 13
1.5.2 Update - Editing a member ... 14
1.5.3 Deletion – Single / Multiple members ... 14
1.5.4 Deletion – Selective deletion from a group of members ... 15
1.5.5 Object Snapping (Osnaps) ... 15
1.5.6 Basic View/Zoom functions ... 16
2.0
Building the Model ... 17
2.1 Getting Started – Project Parameters & Settings ... 19
2.1.1 Exercise aims ... 19
2.1.2 Launching Orion ... 19
2.1.3 Creating a New Project ... 20
2.1.4 Settings Centre ... 20
2.1.5 Drawing Sheet Selection ... 21
2.1.6 Inserting Storey Height ... 22
2.2 Creating Axes ... 23
2.2.1 Exercise Aims ... 23
2.2.2 Establishing Axis Directions and Labels ... 23
2.2.3 Osnap methods ... 25
2.2.4 Pick methods ... 25
2.2.5 Editing Axes ... 25
2.2.6 Selecting/Stretching Multiple Axes ... 27
2.2.7 Creating Axes Individually ... 28
2.3 Creating Columns ... 29
2.3.1 Exercise Aims ... 29
2.3.2 The Properties and Options with Columns ... 29
2.3.3 Creating Rectangular Columns ... 32
2.3.4 Inserting Multiple Columns ... 34
2.3.5 Creating Circular Columns ... 38
2.3.6 Using the Polyline Column Editor ... 38
2.4 Creating Shear Walls ... 40
2.4.1 Exercise Aims ... 40
2.4.2 Overview of Options ... 40
2.4.3 Creating a Core Wall ... 42
2.5 Creating Beams ... 43
2.5.1 Exercise Aims ... 43
2.5.2 Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams... 43
2.5.3 Inserting the rest of the 1st Storey Beams ... 47
2.6 Creating Slabs ... 49
2.6.1 Exercise Aims ... 49
2.6.2 Creating 2 Way Spanning Slabs ... 49
2.6.4 Creating Cantilever Slabs ... 54
2.6.5 Additional Slab Information ... 56
2.7 Member Re-Labelling ... 57
2.7.1 Exercise Aims ... 57
2.7.2 Changing the member labels ... 57
2.8 Using Tables to Edit Multiple Members ... 58
2.8.1 Exercise Aims ... 58
2.8.2 Changing Properties of Multiple Members ... 58
2.8.3 Changing Properties of One Member in the table only ... 59
2.9 Wall Loads and Additional Beam Loads ... 60
2.9.1 Exercise Aims ... 60
2.9.2 Apply Beam Wall Loads ... 60
2.9.3 Apply Additional Beam Loads ... 62
2.10 Generating a 3D View of the Model and Creating Additional Storeys ... 65
2.10.1 Exercise Aims ... 65
2.10.2 Generating/Manipulating a 3D View ... 65
2.10.3 Inserting Additional Floors ... 67
2.10.4 Copying Floor Data to Other Floors ... 68
2.10.5 Moving between Storeys ... 68
2.10.6 Editing the Roof ... 69
2.10.7 Editing the Storey Height ... 69
2.10.8 Specifying Imposed Load Reductions for Each Floor ... 70
3.0
Analysing the Structure ... 71
3.1 Pre-Analysis ... 73
3.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 73
3.1.2 Pre-Analysis Tab - Parameters, Loading and Materials ... 73
3.1.3 Model Options Tab – Model Analysis Settings ... 80
3.2 Performing the Analysis ... 82
3.2.1 Checking the notional lateral loads ... 84
3.3 Post-Analysis ... 86
3.3.1 Cross Checking the Analysis Result ... 86
3.3.2 Model and Analysis Results Display ... 88
3.3.3 Analysis Output Reports (for information only) ... 92
4.0
Beam Reinforcement ... 97
4.1 Beam Reinforcement Design ... 99
4.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 99
4.1.2 Beam Design Settings and Parameters ... 99
4.2 Designing all Beams using Batch Mode ... 99
4.2.1 Graphical Review of Passing / Failing Members ... 101
4.3 Interactive Beam Design ... 102
4.3.1 Utilisation Ratios ... 102
4.3.2 The Axis and Beam Information Editor ... 103
4.3.3 The Reinforcement Data Screen ... 104
4.3.4 Beam Detail Drawings ... 104
4.3.5 Standard Bar Patterns ... 105
4.3.6 Modifying the Number and Size of Bars ... 106
4.3.7 Bar Layers ... 106
4.3.8 Modifying bar curtailment ... 108
4.3.9 Beam Loading and Force Diagrams ... 108
4.4.1 Putting All Beams onto a Single Sheet Automatically ... 110
5.0
Column and Wall Reinforcement... 111
5.1 Column &b Wall Reinforcement Design ... 113
5.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 113
5.1.2 Column Design Settings and Parameters ... 113
5.2 Designing all Columns using Batch Mode ... 113
5.2.1 Creating a Column Schedule ... 115
5.2.2 Creating a Column Output Report ... 116
5.2.3 Creating a Foundation Loads Report ... 118
5.3 Interactive Column Design ... 119
5.3.1 Exercise Aims ... 119
5.3.2 Understanding the Column Design Editor... 119
5.3.3 Designing Rectangular Column ... 121
5.3.4 Column Slenderness ... 123
5.3.5 Column Interaction Diagrams ... 124
5.3.6 Fixing the Bar Layout ... 125
5.3.7 Link Arrangement ... 126
5.3.8 Shear Design... 127
5.3.9 Biaxial bending vs. BS 8.1.1.0-Cl 3.8.4.5 design ... 127
5.4 Designing a Wall... 128
6.0
Slab Design ... 133
6.1 Slab Design and Detailing... 135
6.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 135
6.1.2 Slab Design Settings ... 135
6.1.3 Member and Steel Bar Label Templates (Additional Info. Only)... 136
6.2 Create Slab Reinforcement Strips ... 137
6.2.1 Filtering the Display of Slab Reinforcement (for information only) ... 139
6.3 Editing the Bar Layout ... 139
6.4 Creating Slab Output ... 141
6.4.1 Output for an Individual Slab Strip ... 141
6.4.2 Creating a Slab Output Report for the Entire Floor... 141
6.4.3 Table of Quantities ... 142
7.0
Flat Slabs ... 143
7.1 Flat slabs ... 145
7.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 145
7.2 Creating the Flat Slabs in the Model ... 145
7.2.1 Inserting the Slabs ... 146
7.3 Creating Slab Loads and Openings ... 148
7.3.1 Slab Loads... 148
7.3.2 Slab Openings ... 150
7.4 Creating Additional Storeys ... 151
7.4.1 Storey Information ... 151
8.0
Building Analysis for Flat Slab ... 153
8.1 Building Analysis for Flat Slabs ... 155
8.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 155
8.1.2 Model Options Settings ... 155
8.1.3 Pre-Analysis – Building Model Check ... 156
8.2.1 Building Analysis ... 157
8.2.2 Checking the notional horizontal forces ... 158
8.3 Post-Analysis ... 159
8.3.1 Cross Checking the Analysis Result ... 159
8.3.2 Model and Analysis Results Display ... 160
9.0
Load Chase Down ... 163
9.1 Gravity Load Chase Down Using FE Analysis ... 165
9.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 165
9.1.2 Finite Element Model Generation Options ... 165
9.2 Generating/Performing the FE Analysis Model ... 169
9.2.1 Creating the FE mesh for Analysis... 169
9.2.2 Performing the Batch FE Load Chase Down... 171
9.3 Cross checking the Finite Element Results ... 175
10.0
Flat Slab ... 177
10.1 Designing the Flat Slab ... 179
10.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 179
10.1.2 Finite Element – Post Processing Settings ... 179
10.2 Floor Analysis Post Processing ... 180
10.2.1 Deflection Plots ... 180
10.2.2 Loading and Effects Toolbars ... 181
10.2.3 Loading and Effects ... 182
10.2.4 Setting the Concrete Effective Depth ... 184
10.2.5 Bottom Steel Reinforcement Provision ... 185
10.2.6 Creating the User Defined Contours (bottom steel) ... 186
10.2.7 Creating the User Defined Contours (top steel) ... 187
10.3 Exporting and Displaying Contours ... 189
10.4 Exporting to DXF (for information) ... 190
10.5 Designing the Columns/Walls ... 191
11.0
Appendix A ... 193
11.1 Wind Loads ... 195
11.1.1 Specifying Wind Combinations ... 195
11.1.2 Applying a Single Wind Load to Each Floor ... 196
11.1.3 Applying Wind Loads directly to Columns & Walls ... 200
12.0
Appendix B ... 203
12.1 Beam Design Settings and Detailing ... 205
12.1.1 The Design Tab ... 205
12.1.2 The Parameters Tab ... 206
12.1.3 The Bar Selection Tab ... 206
12.1.4 The Curtailment Tab ... 208
12.1.5 The Detailing Tab ... 209
12.1.6 The Layers Tab ... 210
12.1.7 Manually Creating Drawing Sheets ... 210
13.0
Appendix C ... 213
13.1 Column Design Settings and Detailing ... 215
13.1.1 The Design Tab ... 215
13.1.2 The Steel Bars Tab ... 216
13.1.3 The Detail Drawings Tab ... 219
13.2 To Rationalise the Steel Bars in Multiple Columns ... 222
13.3 Creating the Column Detail Drawings ... 223
14.0
Appendix D ... 227
14.1 Foundation Design ... 229
14.1.1 Introduction ... 229
14.1.2 Foundation Design Settings ... 229
14.1.3 Choice of Loading Method ... 230
14.2 Pad Footings... 230
14.2.1 Pad footing design... 230
14.2.2 Pad Footing Details ... 233
14.3 Strip Footings ... 235
14.3.1 Strip Footing Design ... 235
14.3.2 Designing the Foundation Beam ... 238
14.4 Raft Foundation Design ... 240
15.0
Appendix E ... 243
15.1 Load Combinations and the Loading Generator ... 245
15.1.1 The Loading Generator ... 245
16.0
Appendix F ... 251
16.1 Report Manager ... 253
16.1.1 Concrete and Form Estimation Reports ... 253
16.1.2 Report Manager ... 254
17.0
Appendix G ... 255
17.1 Polyline Column Editor ... 257
17.1.1 Creating an L-shaped column. ... 257
18.0
Appendix H ... 261
18.1 Slab Design using FE Analysis ... 263
18.1.1 Introduction ... 263
18.1.2 Creating FE Slab Strips ... 263
18.1.3 Finite Element Model Generation ... 265
18.1.4 FE Analysis Post Processing ... 266
18.1.5 Updating the FE Strips with Reinforcement ... 269
19.0
Appendix I ... 271
19.1 Enhancing the General Arrangement Drawings ... 273
19.1.1 Exercise Aims ... 273
19.1.2 Dimensioning the Grid Spacing ... 273
19.1.3 Dimensioning up the Cantilever Slabs... 276
19.1.4 Shrinking Axes and Setting Unused Axes to Ghost ... 277
19.1.5 Creating Slab Section Views ... 278
20.0
Appendix J ... 281
20.1 Orion Data File Structure and Project Settings ... 283
1.1 Background
Orion is developed for the analysis, design and drafting of Concrete Building Stuctures. Unlike general purpose structural analysis programs, Orion is concentrated on accurate analysis, fast data preparation, automated reinforced concrete design and automated preparation of engineering drawings and details.
Building systems have the following common structural features:
Geometry of a building system generally formed principly by horizontal beams and vertical columns.
Most of the time, the column and beam elements have similar cross-sections so that standard section types can be formed. The in-plane stiffness of the floor slabs is considered to be high, forming rigid diaphragms at each floor level.
Applied loads are either in vertical (dead and imposed loads) or horizontal (wind, soil pressure or earthquake) directions. There will often be repetition (in whole or in part) of floor layouts from one level to the next.
General arrangement drawings (GA’s) are somewhat stylised, but given the constrained area of application outlined above, the system allows the model to be described by the development of GA drawings at each floor level. Even that process is further simplified since beams etc are dealt with as coherant objects, not just lines. The more simplistic centre line analysis model is automatically created in background at the same time. For example, in reality, 300 wide beams and 400 square columns along an external elevation may be arranged with the outside faces flush which would mean that their true centre lines are not aligned. It would be common practice to ignore this degree of mis-alignment for analysis purposes. Orion will not un-necessarily complicate the analysis model.
In addition – different preferences can be held and automatically used for analysis and design purposes. For example, beam flanges can be ignored in the analysis but then utilised for reinforcement design (sagging moments only) without any re-modelling.
In summary, an Orion model allows you to
Create GA drawings
Design the Floor Slabs, and de-compose floor loads onto beams.
Analyse the building frame
Design continuous beams, columns. walls, and foundations (pad, strip and raft)
Automatically generate RC detail drawings.
Note that analysis and design results are represented so that the reports look like a "Building Output" by classifying the members as columns, walls, slabs and beams with the same notations used in the floor plans.
1.2 Important Notes Regarding This Documentation
This document is primarily intended to accompany a formal training course. However, it has been decided that it will be distributed with the software as an alternative means of getting started. If you are using this document and have not attended a course you will still find it very informative but we ask that you note the following:
Each part builds on the last so you need to work from start to finish.
In many places the notes will simply say “Set up the options/settings like this”. Within the notes there is little discussion of what effect alternative selections would have. This is the sort of additional information that would be covered during discussions in the training course or the informal question and answer sessions.
The introduction above gives an indication that you will need to develop an appreciation of the distinction between physical, analysis, and design models. Once again, this is the sort of additional information that would be covered during discussions in the training course or the informal question and answer sessions.
In particular, time should be put aside towards the end of the formal training to allow you to further discuss the above and also investigate how you can set up Orion so that it works as closely as possible in accordance with your standards/requirements.
1.3 Overview of the User Interface
Some of the various components of the user interface are shown below:
Members Toolbar Structure Tree Layer Toolbar 3D View Plan View
Form Plan, Detail and Design Status tabs
1.4 Orion Modelling, Analysis & Design Flowchart
The following flow chart demonstrates the typical procedure, for analysis and design within Orion. These options are fully described in the Orion Engineers Handbook
4.1 Beam Design
NO
YES
3a For Flat Slab Construction Use FE Floor Analysis to create sub frames per floor, and chase
gravity (only) loads down through
the structure.
These Gravity Loads replace those from the Building Analysis
4.2 Column/Wall Design 4.3 Slab Design 3. Run Building Analysis
Generates gravity and lateral design forces for column/walls and beams
If a Flat Slab? (or sub frame approach)
2. Derive Beam Loads Yield Lines or
FE decomposition for Beam Loads
Slab design based on tabulated code coefficients 1. Build the Model
1.5 Graphic Editor - General Principles
In a formal training course your tutor will demonstrate these methods to you. If you’re working through the notes independently, you should just read this section and then return to it as necessary when you need to use the features/methods it describes.
1.5.1 Selecting single and / or multiple members
Several entity selection options are available to select single and/or multiple elements for editing. Only visible objects can be selected using one of the selection methods. The entity selection options are located in the "Edit" drop down and toolbar. Available entity selection options are:
Select Entity Option
After clicking on the "Pick" icon from the Members Toolbar, a single element can be selected by simply picking a point on the entity.
To select a second, and further, object(s) you can press the CTRL key while picking entities successively. If a selected element is picked again, then it will be de-selected.
Window/Crossing Selections
After clicking on the "Pick" icon from the Members Toolbar, multiple elements can be selected by enclosing them in a selection window. A selection window is a rectangular area that is defined in the drawing area by dragging two opposite corners.
Two types of window selection are available. "Select Entity (Window)" option selects entities that are entirely within the selection area. "Select Entity (Crossing)" option select entities within and entities crossing the edges of the selection area. "Select Entity (Window)" is performed by clicking and dragging from left to right as shown below.
"Select Entity (Window)" selects Column 1C1 only.
"Select Entity (Crossing)" is performed by clicking and dragging from right to left: By reversing the 1st and 2nd points in the diagram above, Axes "A" and "1", Column 1C1, Beams 1B1 and 1B4 and Slab 1S1 would be selected.
Fence Selection
Fence is a line that selects all entities that it crosses.
To perform "Select Entity (Fence)" hold down the SHIFT key and drag a line that crosses all elements that are intended for the selection set.
This option is useful when a set of non-orthogonal entities are to be selected. 1st Point
"Select Entity (Fence)" selects Axes "A" and "B".
1.5.2 Update - Editing a member
For example, in order to edit an existing beam:1. Select an existing beam.
2. Right mouse click and choose “Properties” 3. Change the values/settings as required
4. Press the "Update" button in the properties window.
The same process applies to all element types. You can edit multiple beams/columns/walls etc by selecting the elements you need to edit and following the same steps as above. You can edit all elements of a particular element type by using the member tables from the “Member” drop down menu.
1.5.3 Deletion – Single / Multiple members
To delete an element, you must first select it and then do one of the following: 1. Press the "Delete" button on your keyboard
2. Right mouse click and choose “Delete” from the context menu. 1st Point
1.5.4 Deletion – Selective deletion from a group of members
For example, in order to delete all the slabs from within a selection window:1. Perform a window selection (as described earlier) to select an area of a model 2. Press the "Delete" button on your keyboard or right mouse click and choose
“Delete”
3. From the "Element Filters" check "Slabs" only 4. Click “OK”
This will just delete the selected slabs and will leave all other selected elements in the model.
1.5.5 Object Snapping (Osnaps)
The cursor can be made to snap on to the endpoint, midpoint of an individual line or intersection of two lines etc. to assist in creating axes, dimensioning or other positioning commands. You can set the default settings by selecting “Object Snap Settings” from under the “Edit” drop down menu.
1.5.6 Basic View/Zoom functions
The Graphical Editor provides several ways to control the display of the drawing in the drawing area. You can zoom to change the magnification or pan to reposition the view in the drawing area. All display control options are located in the "View" drop down and the toolbar.
The following options are available:
Regen
The "Regen" command re-generates all drawing entities using stored geometry information. This command is slightly time consuming than the redraw function.
Zoom Window
You can quickly zoom in on an area by picking the opposite corners of the zoom window defining it.
After selecting the "Zoom Window" option, specify the opposite corners of the zoom window in the drawing area by dragging two points.
Zoom Previous
All zoom operations are stored. So, anytime, a previous display can be recalled using the "Zoom Previous" option.
Zoom Extents
"Zoom Extents" displays a view that includes all objects in the current storey at the highest magnification that will fit in the drawing area.
Zoom Limits
"Zoom Limits" displays a view that includes all objects contained within the active sheet borders at the highest magnification that will fit in the drawing area.
Pan
After selecting the "Pan" option, you can pan the drawing image to a new location by left clicking and dragging from one point to another.
This function can also be achieved by depressing the scroll wheel on your mouse and then moving the cursor around the screen.
Zoom In (20%) and Zoom Out (20%)
"Zoom In (20%)" increases the magnification of the current view by 20% and "Zoom Out (20%)" decreases the magnification by a similar amount. This option can be used to quickly zoom in and out to the centre of the current view.
This function can also be achieved by using the scroll wheel on your mouse. The Zoom will be focussed on wherever the cursor is placed on the screen.
2.0 Building the Model
2.1 Getting Started – Project Parameters & Settings
2.1.1 Exercise aims
Launching Orion software
Entering Project Code
Selecting a Template (Settings Centre)
Selecting Drawing Sheet
Entering Storey Height
Specifying some Program Design Settings
The object of this exercise is to familiarise you on how to start a new project in Orion and how to input some basic project parameters.
2.1.2 Launching Orion
2.1.3 Creating a New Project
Click New Project Enter a Project Code. Type the code as shown using the ‘_’ character to denote spaces.
Then Click OK
This will automatically create a folder called Training_Course_Model_1 beneath the default data folder shown on the previous page. This will be used for storing all the model data.
2.1.4 Settings Centre
The next window to appear is the “Settings Centre”. Orion allows you to use “Templates” which contain preferred settings and parameters in a range of areas within the program. These can be swapped between projects and used to set up new projects quickly and easily with the settings you want.
Select UK (BS8110) on the left hand side and click Import.
Note: For the purposes of this course, we will just select one of the default templates. For more information on how to
create and edit templates and how to fully utilise the Settings Centre, please refer to the Orion Help document from under the Help menu.
2.1.5 Drawing Sheet Selection
Orion has the unique ability to create working drawings from the design data. After having entered the project parameters the drawing sheet selection dialog box will automatically appear.
Click on the drop down arrow to see the various sheet sizes available, pick A0 then click OK.
Note: You can enter your own sheet size in the width and height box if your required size is not available. You can also
change the drawing and detail scales from this dialog.
Note: The sheet origin (0,0) is located at the lower left corner of the drawing sheet. If after creating your model, you find
2.1.6 Inserting Storey Height
The next dialog prompts for the Storey height for the 1st storey
Enter the storey height as 3300mm as shown below then click OK.
After entering the 1st storey height, the main drawing area (Graphical Editor) appears. Orion is now fully open and ready for our model to be created.
2.2 Creating Axes
2.2.1 Exercise Aims
Understanding Axis Directions
Using the Orthogonal Axis Generator
Rotating & Stretching Axes
Selecting Multiple Axes
2.2.2 Establishing Axis Directions and Labels
Now we will begin to create the axes. Pick Orthogonal Axis Generator from the File menu.
Note the text that is displayed at the bottom of the screen. This is prompting you how to proceed.
Hold down the Ctrl key while picking a point in the lower left hand region of the drawing sheet. After picking the reference point the Orthogonal Axis Generator screen should appear.
Fill in the boxes on the Orthogonal Axis Generator as below.
Note: You could now click on the screen to define the co-ordinates of the reference point, however to ensure it has a
sensible (i.e. whole number) offset from the origin hold down the Ctrl key on your keyboard while picking a reference point.
Click on OK, the axes should appear as follows.
Plan View in Orion 2D Model X axis (0 degrees)
Y axis (90 degrees) Dir 1 - +/- 45 degrees
of the X axis Dir 2 +/- 45 degrees of the Y axis Dir 1
Dir 2
Note: The Orthogonal Axis Generator will create Direction 1 axes horizontally and give them Alphabetical labels, Direction 2 axes will be created vertically with numeric labels. It is worthwhile maintaining a convention so that the same
axis directions are applied in all models. We would suggest all axes within +/- 45 degrees of the horizontal be assigned
2.2.3 Osnap methods
The cursor can be made to snap onto the endpoint, or midpoint of an individual line or intersection of two lines etc. This will assist in creating axes or dimensioning or other positioning commands. Default Osnap Settings can be switched on in the “Edit” drop down and the toolbar.
From the Edit menu choose Object Snap Settings and ensure the
Intersection, EndPoint and MidPoint Osnaps are switched on. Then click on OK.
The Osnaps you have specified become active when using either the Axis or Dimension commands.
2.2.4 Pick methods
The last axis to be drawn was Axis 6. Therefore, this is the currently selected axis and is shown as a solid blue line. The Structure Tree View also indicates the selected axis. Provided that the Pick icon is active on the members toolbar it is possible to select a different axis by left clicking on it.
To select several axes at the same time hold down the Ctrl key whilst picking the axes. The solid blue line indicates the last axis selected, the other axes that have been selected can be identified by the small squares or grips that appear at the ends of the axes.
The selected axes are also indicated in the Structure Tree View. Clicking on the axis label in the tree view also selects an axis. Holding down the Ctrl button whilst clicking in the Tree View, also allows the selection of multiple axes.
2.2.5 Editing Axes
Clear any previous axis selections by clicking on the Clear Selection Set icon Then use either of the pick methods to select only Axis 5.
With this axis selected, right click to activate the context sensitive pop up menu as shown.
The pop up menu allows the selected axis to be edited in a number of ways. Choose Rotate Axis
Then follow the prompt at the bottom of the screen.
Change the Angle in the Axis Properties to 95 degrees
Pick the base of rotation by clicking on the intersection of axis A and 5. Provided you have set up Osnaps, the cursor should snap to the exact intersection.
Repeat this procedure to rotate axis F by 10 degrees about the intersection of axes F and 1.
The axes should then appear as follows:
2.2.6 Selecting/Stretching Multiple Axes
Next we will stretch all the vertical axes so that they all extend above axis F.
From the Edit menu choose Select Entity (Fence) and then drag a line between Axis E & F through all the vertical axes so they are all selected.
Right mouse click to bring up the pop-up menu and pick Stretch Axis
Click and Hold with your left mouse button near Axis 6 and drag up past Axis F. The screen should now look as shown below.
Help?? If you can’t recall how to do the above:
Click the Pick icon Click on Axis F to select it. Right mouse click and choose Rotate Axis
Type in the angle as 10
2.2.7 Creating Axes Individually
In the training example it has been possible to create all the Axis Lines using the Orthogonal Axis Generator so it will not be necessary to create axes individually, however there will be many occasions in other models when you will need to add individual axes to an existing grid layout. There are two ways to achieve this:
Either;
1. Create a new line parallel to an existing axis. To do this, select an existing grid line then right click to activate the context sensitive pop up menu. Choose Offset Axis. Define the offset and the label for the new axis and then left mouse click to one side of the initially selected axis to indicate the side where the new axis is to be drawn.
2. Create a new line by using the Axis Tool. To do this, select the Axis Tool from the Members Toolbar.
Define the new label, then left click and drag to draw the axis. Note that using this method the line is being drawn ‘free-hand’ making it difficult to draw the line to an exact angle or length. To rectify this, hold down the CTRL key when drawing the line. This forces the angle and length to snap to multiples of the values shown in the Graphic Editor View Settings – Plan Tab.
With an Angle Step of 15 deg and a Length Step of 1000, holding down CTRL will force the axis to snap to an angle of 0,15, or 30 degrees etc. and a length which will be a multiple of 1000mm.
2.3 Creating Columns
2.3.1 Exercise Aims
Take a look at the different modelling Options
Creating Rectangular & Parallelogram Columns
Inserting Multiple Columns
Creating Circular Column
2.3.2 The Properties and Options with Columns
Having created the grids we will now create the columns. However there are quite a few settings and options with columns so we will have a brief look at these before proceeding.
Click the Column icon or go to Main Menu and pick Member/Column. The Column Properties dialog should appear as shown. There are 4 tabs to this dialog.
Insertion Options to update the e1 and e2
Dir 1/2 button - Indicates the column faces are parallel to which directions (axis). This will be demonstrated within the next
few pages. (Pay attention to the column at grid B / 5)
- Column end conditions options (Fixed / Hinged). Simply click on the button to toggle the end conditions. Note pinned
Note: To view the calculated section properties of a column, click on
the Model tab within the Column Properties dialog and then click on the Display Section Properties icon. The calculated properties can be edited manually by overwriting the zero values shown in the dialog boxes.
Orion will allow the user to model and analyse column or wall drop panels. These can then be taken into account for the Punching Shear Checks.
b1 = width of drop b2 = length of drop
e1 and e2 = allow the drop to be offset
h-Head = depth of the drop from the top of the slab
i.e. If the slab is 300mm and a h-Head of 600mm is specified then the drop would project 300mm below the underside of the slab.
Support Types > [Default]. The Default support condition is defined in Member > Support Type Definitions. The user can
define additional support conditions for translation / rotation in the x, y and z axis.
(mm) del z (top/bot) – The user can define different top and bottom levels for each column relative to the datum, i.e. for a
sloping site.
Plane (top/bot) – If a column/wall has been assigned to a Plane (i.e. for a sloping floor) then this Plane is referenced and the
2.3.3 Creating Rectangular Columns
We will start by creating some rectangular columns.The 1st column we will create will be of size 600x300 where 600 will be in direction 1. Also these columns are to be parallel to the grids in both directions 1 and 2.
Click the Dir 1/2 button to indicate the column faces are parallel to both directions 1 and 2. In the dimensions box enter 600 in b1 and 300 in b2
Click the centrally placed column icon from the Insertion Options to update the e1 and e2 values as shown to the right.
The Column Properties should now be as shown below.
Label Corner - Allows the user to define the label position relative to its four corners.
Place the cursor over Grid 1 and Grid B intersection (Note that the axes become highlighted in grey to show which intersection is being used) and left click to insert the column.
Click on the Zoom Window icon or from the Main Menu bar pick View/Zoom Window Then box around the Grids A-B/1-3 to see the inserted column.
Click the Zoom Limits icon to see the limits of the drawing sheet.
Now enter another column of the same size at Grids B/2 by positioning the cursor at this grid intersection and left click the mouse.
Note: All columns must be entered at grid intersections.
Note: The circular symbol labelled with an “R” indicates the centre of rigidity of the floor plan. As there is currently only
2.3.4 Inserting Multiple Columns
Multiple columns of the same size can be entered by clicking and keeping the left mouse button held down, and then
dragging along the grid intersections where similar sized columns are to be placed.
Do this along the Grids B/4 –5, so your screen should look as shown.
Note: The column at Grid B/5 is drawn as a parallelogram and is placed parallel to both the grids it is inserted at because the
Dir: [1/2] button was selected. If only Dir: [1] button was selected then the column would be drawn as a rectangle, only
parallel to the grid in direction 1. The reverse applies if the Dir: [2] button is selected.
Now enter the rest of the centrally placed 600x300 columns at the following Grid Intersections: D/1, D/4, D/5, E/4 &
So your screen should look as follows.
Centrally Placed 600x300 Sized Columns
Now with the properties for the 600x300 column active, use the
Insertion Options to align the column so that its top left corner is positioned flush with the grids. With the alignment as shown, the eccentricities should change to e1=0 and e2=300.
Then enter the column at Grid F/1
Click on the Zoom Extents icon so your screen should look as below.
Members can be ‘nudged’ into their final position using the keyboard cursor keys.
Using the cursor keys ‘nudge’ column 1C10 to an eccentricity of e1 = 150mm, e2 = 175mm. (Alternatively type these eccentricities into the Column Properties dialog and click Update.)
Use the Insertion Options again to align the next column thus so that its right edge is flush with the grid line. Ensure that Dir: [1/2] is selected and then insert the column at Grid Intersection E/5.
Zoom in to this column and as shown below it should be labelled as 1C11.
Note: The size of step can be controlled via Settings > General Settings, by adjusting the Member Section Eccentricity Step on the View tab.
Now enter some square columns of size 350x350 centrally placed at grids and parallel to axis in direction 1 only. These columns are to be placed at Grids E/1, E/2 & F/3 as shown below.
2.3.5 Creating Circular Columns
Now we will enter a circular column 400mm in diameter.
Type 400 in the b1 box and leave b2, e1 & e2 as 0, then click on Grid F/4 to enter the circular column.
View of Circular Column 1C15
2.3.6 Using the Polyline Column Editor
This option allows the user to specify any shape column for the analysis and design. Please refer to the Help system for information on how to use the ‘Polyline Column Editor’.
Note: To enter a void in the centre of the column, put a negative value in
All the columns have now been entered. They should be shown positioned at the grid line intersections below:
1st Storey Column Layout
Hint: Have you missed out any of the columns?
Take a look at the Structure Tree - If your model is correct it should be indicating 15 columns at this stage.
2.4 Creating Shear Walls
2.4.1 Exercise Aims
Creating C-Shaped Core Wall
2.4.2 Overview of Options
You will see many of the options are similar to the options in the columns dialog but there are a few that refer to walls only.
Ext I Ext J
The geometry of the wall is defined under the Gen tab. The wall is defined between grid points. Extension zones (Ext) can also be defined to model the physical position of the wall.
Note– It is recommended that the extension zones are kept to a minimum as shown below.
The orientation of the wall is defined by the label direction. This is controlled automatically by Orion. In simple terms Ext I refers to the start of the wall, and Ext J to the end.
Material Properties – The choice of material can be controlled on a
wall by wall basis. However it is recommended to use the [Default] material properties controlled by the Parameter Settings.
It is recommended that changing any material properties in this window should be done with caution.
(mm) del z (I,bot) – The base levels of ends I can be controlled based
off the datum.
(mm) del z (J,bot) – The base levels of ends J can be controlled based
off the datum.
This enables sloping base of walls.
Support Type – The support Types can be defined as per the
columns. It is recommended to use [Default] settings.
Wall Model Type –The analytical model for this shear wall can be
controlled on an individual basis. The Mid-Pier and FE Shell Methods are described fully in the Engineers Handbook.
It is recommended to leave this setting as Default.
Mid Pier Model
2.4.3 Creating a Core Wall
Now we will create a lift core wall which will be 200mm thick and C-shaped. Pick the Shear Wall icon or go to Member/Shear Wall from the Menu bar.
Enter 200 in the b: dimension box, 100 in the b2 box and enter 100 in the Ext: I & J boxes. (This is how far the wall extends past the grids that it is inserted).
Click on the Insertion Options icon and select the wall to be centrally placed on the grid Insert the wall by clicking and dragging from the start grid C/2 to C/3.
2.5 Creating Beams
2.5.1 Exercise Aims
Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams
Applying Beam Wall / Member Loading
2.5.2 Creating Multiple Rectangular Beams
Pick the Beams icon or go to Member/Beam.
We will first enter some Beams along Grid B/1-6 of size 300x600.
In the Beam Status Bar ensure that dimension b is 300 and the dimension h-bot is 600.
Label – The labels will automatically generated in the model, ie.
1B1, 1B2, 1B3 etc….
b - The width of the beam
b2 – This option determines if the beam is offset in relation to the
grid it is being created. This can be manually applied or by using the [Default] offsets.
Pinned – Left clicking on the blue beam allows the user to define
pinned end supports, on either / both ends of the beam
h-bot – This is the amount you wish for the beam to project below
the slab.
H-top – This is the amount you wish for the beam to project above
the slab.
The beam along Grid B/1-6 is to be placed in the centre of Grid B so that the b2 dimension is half of the b dimension, Ensure this by clicking on the icon this will automatically set the b2 dimension to 150mm as shown above left. The beam is positioned at Grid B/1-6 by left clicking and dragging from the start of Grid B/1 and releasing when your
cursor is at Grid B/6 so that 4 beams are entered as shown below.
I / Shear Area / hf / bf and E – These will all be calculated automatically
based on the Material Properties / Beam Size and the connecting slabs for the calculation of the flanges.
Note:
Like the columns, the beams are automatically labelled based on the storey and numbered sequentially as they are entered.
Now enter some more beams in the following order of same size at the following locations:
From To Beam Size
D/1 D/6 300 x 600 E/1 E/5 300 x 600 2/A 2/C 300 x 600 4/A 4/F 300 x 600 1/A 1/F 300 x 600 5/A 5/F 300 x 600 6/B 6/D 300 x 600
Note: A beam will not be placed where a wall already exists. A beam was not placed at Grid D/2-3 because of this.
The perimeter beams along the top and bottom edges are only 250mm wide and 800 deep. Enter them as indicated in the table below ensuring they are placed centrally on the grid:
From To Beam Size
F/1 F/5 250 x 800
A/1 A/5 250 x 800
A *** Slender Section*** warning message should appear, click on OK to accept and your screen should look as follows.
Delete the perimeter beam along the bottom edge and then re-enter it as 3 separate beams as indicated in the table below:
From To Beam Size
A/1 A/2 250 x 800
A/2 A/4 250 x 800
A/4 A/5 250 x 800
So your screen should now look as follows.
2.5.3 Inserting the rest of the 1st Storey Beams
Define the rest of the 1ststorey beams centrally on the grid (with the b2 dimension half of the b dimension) as follows:
From To Beam Size
2/D 2/E 300 x 600
3/E 3/F 300 x 600
C/3 C/5 250 x 600
3/C 3/D 200 x 500
Now your screen should look as shown below:
Note: The perimeter beam at Grid A/1-5 has been created as a single beam spanning > 17m and supporting the vertical
beams along grids 2 and 4. It is possible to redefine this part of the model so that the beams along grids 2 and 4 become cantilevers that support the perimeter beam.
Hint:
Have you missed out any of the beams?
Take a look at the
Structure Tree - It should
indicate 37 beams.
Note: When you place the beams between C/3 and C/5 you will see a message about sub-dividing these beams with the
beam running along axis 4 – Click Yes to sub-divide
2.6 Creating Slabs
2.6.1 Exercise Aims
Creating 2 way spanning Slabs
Creating Cantilever Slabs
2.6.2 Creating 2 Way Spanning Slabs
For Beam and Column construction, slabs can be designed based off the co-efficient method in the code. Other methods of design are considered later.
Select the Slab icon or from Member/Slab.
We will now enter the slabs at the 1st storey.
In the Slab Properties enter the slab thickness h to be 120 and the cover to be 25, all dimensions are in mm.
Then click on the Loads tab and enter an Additional Dead Load of 1.2kN/m2 and in the Imp. Load box do a right mouse click and select a value of 1.5kN/m2.
Enter the 1st slab by positioning the cursor between Grid A-B/1-2, then left click the mouse.
Your 1st slab 1S1 should appear as below including the yield line for the slab load distribution. Note – Current loading method assumed to be the Yield Line Method
Note: The self weight is calculated automatically depending on the slab thickness. Returning to the General tab, click on the Type box and all the possible Slab Types will appear in pop up menu as shown below.
The slab type relates to table 3.14 in the code and is used to obtain correct reinforcement values, based on the coefficient method. For ease in creating this model we will initially leave the Slab Types as 1. Once all the slabs have been created the program can be made to automatically calculate the correct type for each slab.
Repeat this process to define two more 120 thick slabs as follows:
Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)
A/2 – B/4 120 1.2 1.5
A/4 – B/5 120 1.2 1.5
So now your screen should look as follows:
Now enter some 150 thk slabs which have the same Additional Dead Load as the existing ones but are to have an Imp. Load of 3kN/m2
Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)
C/3 – D/4 150 1.2 3.0 C/4 – D/5 150 1.2 3.0 D/4 – E/5 150 1.2 3.0 E/3 – F/4 150 1.2 3.0 E/4 –F/5 150 1.2 3.0 B/5 – D/6 150 1.2 3.0
So now your screen should look as follows:
Now enter some 200 thick slabs at the following locations:
Region Thickness (mm) Dead Load (kN/m) Live Load (kN/m)
B/1 – D/2 200 1.2 3.0 B/2 – C/4 200 1.2 3.0 B/4 – C/5 200 1.2 3.0 D/1 – E/2 200 1.2 3.0 D/2 –E/4 200 1.2 3.0 E/1 – F/3 200 1.2 3.0
2.6.3 Setting Slab Types Automatically
To automatically set the slab types in accordance with table 3.14 proceed as follows:
Clear any members that are currently selected by clicking on the Clear Selection Set icon
Right mouse click on the Slabs folder in the Structure Tree and select Set Slab Types Automatically as shown below
The Slab Type Determination dialog appears as shown below:
Click on OK to proceed
Click on OK once more.
Note – For continuity of the slab type
to be considered, the adjoining slab edge must be 70% or greater in length.
Note – This message confirms how
many slabs are in the model, how many of them have openings and displays the Slab Type that has been assigned to them.
2.6.4 Creating Cantilever Slabs
Now we will enter a Cantilever slab Select the Slab Type 12 and enter a thickness for h of 150mm.
Enter the length of the cantilever slab to be 1000 in the L-Cant box, so your
properties window should look as shown to the right.
If you click on the Display Slab Label icon so a cross goes through it.
The effect of this is to switch off the label for the slab on the drawing.
As with normal slabs, click on the Loads tab. Ensure the Load values are as
follows: Dead Load 1.2 kN/m, Imp. Load 3kN/m2
You could now insert a cantilever slab along the full length of a beam in the
same way as you would insert a beam or wall
Tip: Click along the RHS of the beam. When clicking from intersection to intersection
click in an anticlockwise direction.
With the cantilever slab properties still active, type the slab width in the b-slab box as 3000 Ensure that the cantilever length, L-cant, is still 1000
In the ‘d’ box, type the distance from the grid where the slab is to be inserted as 4000. The slab thickness, h, is 150 Now click and drag from Grid 3/F to 1/F so the cantilever slab 1S16 is shown as below
Note - Each cantilever slab can only be defined relative to one beam. Therefore, to place a cantilever slab along the side
of a building, you would be required to specify separate slabs for each of the beams along the edge. Also the insertion points for the beginning and end points of the slab should coincide with those of the beam to which it is adjacent.
So you can see from this that b-slab controls the width of the cantilever and d controls how far from the start insertion
point the cantilever slab is positioned. This then allows you to control the size of the cantilever slabs easily. Hint?? Have you missed out any of the slabs?
2.6.5 Additional Slab Information
Rel. Level
This allows a step in the slab, however if the relative difference in elevations will cause a separation in diaphragms, then try using plane definitions.
Slab Additional Load Library
It is possible to set up some default Slab Additional Loads by going to Member > Slab Additional Loads Library. This allows you to set what materials are being used for a particular slab area and automatically works out the load this would impart. These can then be saved and quickly applied as Additional Slab Loads using the drop down menu on the Loads tab in the Slab
2.7 Member Re-Labelling
2.7.1 Exercise Aims
Re-label all the columns, walls, beams and slabs into a more ordered sequence.
2.7.2 Changing the member labels
Currently the members have been labelled in the order in which they were created. It would be preferable to have them labelled to reflect their location on the plan.
From the Edit menu select Re-label Members.
Choose the options as shown below and then click on OK.
This will re-label all elements in the plan view, but they will still be listed in the same order as they were created in the structure tree. To have them listed numerically again – i.e. 1C1, 1C2, 1C3 etc – you will need to save the model and re-open it.
2.8 Using Tables to Edit Multiple Members
2.8.1 Exercise Aims
Changing properties of multiple members in one go by using the member tables
2.8.2 Changing Properties of Multiple Members
To demonstrate this function we shall change the slab thickness of all the slabs in the model.
Clear any previous selections by clicking on the Clear Selection Set icon Right click and choose Member Tables > Slab Table
This same option is available from Member > Member Tables > Slab Table.
The Slab Table should now appear as shown, containing all of the slabs. From here it is possible to change either the property of an individual member in the table or update a property of all the members at the same time.
Without clicking anywhere else, type the new required slab thickness, 200mm
Press Enter and the new thickness have been auto-applied to all the slabs in the table.
Note: When the slab thickness is changed the self weight is also automatically modified.
2.8.3 Changing Properties of One Member in the table only
Change the thickness of slab 1S16 to 180mm as shown below
Click on one of the other rows in the table to move the focus off 1S16 as shown
Click on Close
Note: If several members of different element types are selected, you will not be able to right click and
choose Properties. Instead you should right click and choose the required Member Table. For example, if you have some, but not all, slabs selected and then either open the Slab Member Table or right click and choose Properties, the member table will be opened and only the selected slabs will be listed. This would allow you to edit multiple elements in one go without editing all.
Alternatively you can have the Member Tables toolbar docked permanently on screen - This can be done by right clicking on any toolbar to display the menu of available toolbars. Tick the Member Tables toolbar option and it will be displayed and can be dragged to a suitable position.
2.9 Wall Loads and Additional Beam Loads
2.9.1 Exercise Aims
Apply Beam Wall Loads
Apply Additional Beam Loads
2.9.2 Apply Beam Wall Loads
Select the beam at the right end of grid F, right click and choose Edit Beam Wall Load
Define a Reference Name of Brick Wall Enter a Wall Unit Weight of 3.8kN/m Enter a Wall Height of 3.4m
Enter a Wall Thickness of 0.2m
Click on OK and the beam is shown hatched, indicating it has a Brick Wall
load applied
Note: Slab loads will be automatically applied to beams based on the default Slab Loads Calculation Method. For this
To apply the same wall load to the other perimeter beams proceed as follows:
Right mouse click on the same beam again and this time choose Copy Beam Wall Load
Using the Pick icon, select the remaining perimeter beams, remembering to keep the CTRL key held while selecting, so
that each one is added to the existing selection set
When the entire perimeter beams are selected, right click again and this time, choose Paste Copied Beam Loads from
the menu
When prompted by the below message, click Yes to apply the beam wall load to the beams
All beams will now be hatched in the same colour to show the loads have been applied.
Hint?? If you have difficulty selecting the beams try this:
From the Layer Tool Bar at the left edge of the screen click on the Axis Layer Group icon. This will temporarily switch off the display of the grid lines.
Now use the Pick icon to select the beams
When all the beams are selected remember to switch the grid lines back on by clicking on the Axis Layer Group icon once more.
2.9.3 Apply Additional Beam Loads
Select beam 1B30 as shown. (If the indicated beam is not labelled 1B30 try re-labelling the members once more as
described in Chapter 2.8.)
Right mouse click to display the Pop Up menu and choose Edit Member Loads
The existing loads on the beam are displayed. T2 and T1 are the slab loads from left and right. The self weight of the beam is also displayed.
Click New Load
The three icons at the top of the Load Profile Editor allow you to add Uniformly Distributed Loads, Partially Distributed Loads and Point Loads respectively.
Click on the Partial Distributed Load icon and then click
on the Load Editor button.
Click on the partial uniform load icon as shown. Enter the distance, x to the start of the load as 1m Enter the run of load, a as 2m
Enter the load intensity, P as G = 4kN/m and Q = 3kN/m Click on OK
The load should be drawn as follows:
If desired, type a label for the load then click on OK
This additional manually entered load is shown on the T0 diagram as below
To view the ‘Total Added Loads’ on the beams in the plan view, go
to Settings > View Settings and click on the Beams tab
Left click to tick the box Print Total Added Loads
This will now display the Total Added Loads in the plan view next to every beam, as shown in the image at the bottom of this page.
You will notice that the settings to control the Beam Hatching are
also found in this view
Set your preferred Hatch Colour by clicking the Select Hatch Colour button
Try switching between Beams With Wall Loading (to hatch the
perimeter beams) and Beams With User Defined Loading to hatch beam 1B30.
2.10 Generating a 3D View of the Model and Creating Additional Storeys
2.10.1 Exercise Aims
Generate a 3D View of the Model
Inserting Additional Floors
Copying Storey Data from one floor to another
Editing the Storey Height
2.10.2 Generating/Manipulating a 3D View
The building currently consists of only one floor. To complete the analysis model we shall generate additional floors. To assist in this process a 3D view of the model can be created.
A 3D view of the model can be obtained which will allow you to choose different layouts of Plan view (P) and 3D view (3) windows. It is possible to create different 3D views in different windows.
From the Window menu select the Tile Vertical
The 3D View can be manipulated in a number of ways:
Left click on the 3D View window to make it active
Zoom - Scroll the scroll wheel on your mouse and will zoom in to the centre of the model. Pan - Depress the scroll wheel on your mouse and then moving the cursor around the screen.
Rotate - Hold down the right mouse button and moving the cursor around the screen. The model will rotate about its centre
point.
There is also a toolbar at the bottom of the 3D view that allows much more manipulation of the view.
You can also model in 3D by being able to Insert, Edit and Delete elements in the same manner as in the 2D view.
Plan View Filters Zoom Functions Window Views Regen View Settings Animation/ Save Image
2.10.3 Inserting Additional Floors
Now we will generate an additional 3 floors, so the model will become a 4 storey building. This is a two step process. Firstly, we must insert the additional storeys
Right click on Storeys in the Structure Tree to display the Storey Menu
Choose Insert storey, or alternatively go to Building > Insert Storey.
2.10.4 Copying Floor Data to Other Floors
The model now has 4 storeys, but as can be seen, it does not contain any members in the plan view.
Right click on Storeys in the Structure Tree to display the Storey Menu and
select the option Generate storey (or go to Building > Generate Storey) so the Generate Storey window appears
Highlight St01 as the Source Storey and then St04 as the Target Storey. Then click on OK.
Once you get the message ‘Process Completed’ at the bottom of this window,
select Close
From the Structure Tree you will see that St01 & St04 have a circle mark next to them but St02 & St03 don’t have this mark. Floors with a mark are classed as ‘Unique’ and have their own storey information (beams,
columns, walls etc). Floors without a mark next to them are classed as ‘Duplicates’ and are automatically made identical to the first Unique Storey directly above it. Therefore, only ‘Unique’ storeys can be edited. Hence storeys St02 & St03 are duplicates of St04. This is highlighted by the Storey Reference in brackets.
Whatever changes are made to the Unique Floor will be carried through its Duplicates.
Therefore, if we were to edit St04 now, the same changes would be applied to the Duplicates St03 and St02.
We want to edit St04 (the roof) but keep the other floors below it the same as they are now. Therefore, we need to first generate the same storey information from the St04 to St03 then modify the 4th storey accordingly.
So we can do this as follows:
Right click on Storeys in the Structure Tree to display the Storey Menu and select the option Generate storey. Ensure that the source storey is St04 and the Target Storey St03 then choose OK
Once the process is complete, click Close
From the Structure Tree you will see that St03 now has a circle mark next to it indicating that it is a unique and editable floor, as are St01 and St04.
St02 cannot be edited, as it is identical to St03.
2.10.5 Moving between Storeys
The current storey displayed in the plan view will be shown in bold on the Storey menu in the Structure Tree. To change to a different storey, simply double click on it in the Structure Tree.
If you are not currently viewing storey 4, double click on Storey: St04 so that it is shown in bold (as shown on the
2.10.6 Editing the Roof
Select the Slab icon or from the Pull Down menu select Member > Slab.
Select the Slab Type to be 1 and ensure the thickness is 200mm and the cover 25mm. Then enter the slab where the lift wall is at Grid 2-3/C-D
So your screen should look as follows:
2.10.7 Editing the Storey Height
We will now edit the storey height as currently each floor is 3300mm high based on the 1st storey generated earlier.
Select Edit Storey from the storey menu or by going to Building > Edit Storey so the Edit Storey dialog box appears as
shown below.
Change the current value of 3300 to be 4000. Click outside the cell and you should notice the values in the Level
column have changed as shown below.
1st Storey Bottom Level – This is effectively the Z co-ordinate for ST00. This does not affect the storey heights of any level
and is only used to calculate the reference level for each floor (shown in the ‘Level’ column in the table above).
Foundation Level –This is the length of the column below the datum level (St00), by Default 1100m
2.10.8 Specifying Imposed Load Reductions for Each Floor
The Edit Storey dialog is used to apply imposed load reductions to a model. You can also specify whether you want to consider the roof level. Tick the option to Consider Roof Level as Adequate Storey
for Live Load Reductions
Click the Apply button to apply the appropriate Imposed
Load Reduction factors to each level
3.0 Analysing the Structure
3.1 Pre-Analysis
3.1.1 Exercise Aims
Set up the Project Parameters and Loading and selecting the Materials
Define the Analysis Settings
3.1.2 Pre-Analysis Tab - Parameters, Loading and Materials
From the Run menu choose Building Analysis.
This should then display the Analysis Form.
As you can see, the Pre-Analysis Tab allows you to set up the Project Parameters, edit the Loading and Load Combinations and select your Materials. These features will be discussed in more detail but the trainer, but are also covered extensively in the Orion Help System.
The Parameters button allows the user to set/modify the Project Parameters. These include:
Codes: Select which design codes you are working to
Lateral Loading: Decide how your Notional Horizontal Forces are calculated
The Edit Load Combinations button can be used to view and, if required, modify the load combinations and their factors.
You can view/create/edit individual Load Cases by clicking on the Load Cases button, or get Orion to automatically create Load Cases and Combinations by pressing Loading Generator. For more information on this, please refer to Appendix E of this manual or the Engineers Handbook.
