E
VOLUTION
OF
P
RIMITIVE
D
WELLINGS
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
Early humans are often thought of as dwelling in
caves, largely because that is where we find traces of them.
The flints they used, the bones they gnawed, even
their own bones - these lurk for ever in a cave but get scattered or demolished elsewhere.
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
Caves are winter shelter.
On a summer's day, which of us chooses to remain inside?
The response of our ancestors seems to have been the same.
But living outside, with the freedom to roam widely for the
purposes of hunting and gathering, suggests the need for at least a temporary shelter.
And this, even at the simplest level, means the beginning of
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
The modern history of the cave homes in Spain's
northern Andalucia stretches back hundreds of years.
If you wander the hills and valleys surrounding Galera
you will be amazed to see just how many abandoned cave houses there are.
Just forty years ago almost all of these rather
primitive dwellings were inhabited and it is only since then that they have been abandoned.
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
Confronted with the need for a shelter against sun
or rain, the natural instinct is to lean some form of protective shield against a support - a leafy
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
If there is no tree trunk available, the branches
can be leant against each other, creating the inverted V-shape of a natural tent.
The bottom of each branch will need some support
to hold it firm on the ground.
Maybe a ring of stones.
Large Yakut conical birch bark summer tent similar to ancient Yakut Urasa
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
The first reliable traces of human dwellings, found
from as early as 30,000 years ago, follow precisely these logical principles.
There is often a circular or oval ring of stones, with
evidence of local materials being used for a tent-like roof.
Prehistoric home unearthed in Scotland
P
REHISTORIC
D
WELLINGS
Such materials may be reeds daubed with mud in
wet areas; or, in the open plains, mammoth bones and tusks lashed together to support a covering of hides.
A good example of such an encampment, from
about 25,000 years ago, has been found at Dolni Vestonice in eastern Europe.
F
ROM
T
ENTS
TO
R
OUND
HOUSES
:
8000 BC
Once human beings settle down to the business of
agriculture, instead of hunting and gathering, permanent settlements become a factor of life.
The story of architecture can begin.
The tent-like structures of earlier times evolve
F
ROM
T
ENTS
TO
R
OUND
HOUSES
:
8000 BC
Jericho is usually quoted as the earliest known town. A small settlement here evolves in about 8000 BC into
a town covering 10 acres.
And the builders of Jericho have a new technology -
bricks, shaped from mud and baked hard in the sun.
In keeping with a circular tradition, each brick is
F
ROM
T
ENTS
TO
R
OUND
HOUSES
:
8000 BC
The round tent-like house reaches a more complete form in
Khirokitia, a settlement of about 6500 BC in Cyprus.
Most of the rooms here have a dome-like roof in corbelled
stone or brick.
One step up from outside, to keep out the rain, leads to
several steps down into each room; seats and storage spaces are shaped into the walls; and in at least one house there is a ladder to an upper sleeping platform.
F
ROM
T
ENTS
TO
R
OUND
HOUSES
:
8000 BC
The round house has remained a traditional
shape.
Buildings very similar to those in Khirokitia are
still lived in today in parts of southern Italy, where they are known as trulli.
F
ROM
T
ENTS
TO
R
OUND
HOUSES
:
8000 BC
Whether it is a mud hut with a thatched roof
in tribal Africa, or an igloo of the
Eskimo
, the
circle remains the obvious form in which to
build a roofed house from the majority of
natural materials.
S
TRAIGHT
WALLS
WITH
WINDOWS
:
6500 BC
But straight lines and rectangles have proved of more
practical use.
One of the best preserved neolithic towns is Catal Huyuk,
covering some 32 acres in southern Turkey.
Here the houses are rectangular, with windows but no
doors. They adjoin each other, like cells in a honeycomb, and the entrance to each is through the roof.
I
CE
A
GE
T
ENT
Reconstructions of Ukrainian shelters depict a low
domical shape covered with animal skins and the tent is restrained by heaped mammoth bones.
Later shelters are crude teepees reminiscent of those
used by present day reindeer herders in Northern Asia.
Mousterian domical shelter comprising a wood frame
I
CE
A
GE
T
ENT
The support structure of the Keti is of particular
interest because it consists of a two-pole
foundation with two additional poles, one on either side of the entrance, a single pole at the back and two rings, one at bench height and another at head height.
I
CE
A
GE
T
ENT
A kibitka is a tent of the nomad tribes of the
Kirghiz Tartars.
The frame consists of twelve stakes, each 6.5 feet
high, set up in a circle 12 feet in diameter on which is laid a wheel-shaped roof-frame,
consisting also of twelve stakes, united at one
extremity but free at the other, so that the stakes radiate like spokes.
I
CE
A
GE
T
ENT
The whole is covered with thick cloth made of
sheep's wool, with the exception of an aperture
in the centre for the escape of smoke.
H
UT
A hut is a structure of a lower quality than a
house (durable, well built dwelling) but higher quality than a shelter (place of refuge or safety) such as a tent and is used as temporary or
seasonal shelter or in primitive societies as a permanent dwelling .
H
UT
Huts are vernacular architecture in that they are built
of readily available materials such as wood, snow, ice, stone, grass, palm leaves, branches, hides, fabric,
and/or mud using techniques passed down through the generations.
Huts exist in practically all nomadic cultures. Some huts are transportable and can stand most
conditions of weather.
Huts may be built on the ground, underground or
in-between.
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
The nipa hut also known as bahay kubo, is an
indigenous house used in the Philippines.
The native house has traditionally been
constructed with bamboo tied together and
covered with a thatched roof using nipa/anahaw
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Nipa huts were the native houses of the indigenous
people of the Philippines before the Spaniards arrived.
They are still used today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the
different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although all of them conform to being stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia,
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it
represents the Filipino value of
bayanihan
,
which refers to a spirit of communal unity or
effort to achieve a particular objective.
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Barabara
- An earth sheltered winter home of
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Bothy
- Originally a one room hut for men
farm workers in the United Kingdom, now a
mountain hut for overnight hikers.
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Burdei
or bordei - a
dugout
or
pit-house
with a
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Cabana
- an open shelter
Choza
also spelled chozo - Spanish for hut,
term also used in Mexico
Cabana hut
Choza hut
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Clochán
- A dry stone hut in Ireland
Earth lodge
- Native American dwelling
Clochan Earth
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Hytte
- A cabin or hut in Norway
Hytte hut- exterior and interior
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Kolba
– Afghanistan
Mitato
- A small, dry stone hut in Greece
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Orri
- A French dry stone and sod hut
Rondavel
- Central and South Africa
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Tipi
- Central North America tent
Tule hut
- Coastal North America, West Coast,
Northern California
T
YPES
OF
H
UTS
Quinzhee
- A shelter made in a pile of snow
Yurt
- Central and North Asia
Quinzhee
T
HANK
Y
OU
!
BACKGROUND OF PROF. CRISENCIO M. PANER:•Ph.D. in Biological Science (Candidate), UST •M.S. in Microbiology, UST
•B.S. Biochemistry, UST
•Italian Government Scholar •College Scholar
•Certificate in Education
•10th Placer Licensure Exams for Teachers
•20 years of experience as a teacher (College, High School, Elementary) •Expert in Internet, Computer (Software, Hardware, and Repair)
•Researcher and Blogger •Art Restorer/Conservator
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