Past Perfect - Use

(1)

Past Perfect - Use

1) Together with the Simple Past 1) Together with the Simple Past The lesson had started when we

The lesson had started when we arrived.arrived. 2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect 2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect He had played hockey.

He had played hockey.

Signal words

no unambiguous ones no unambiguous ones

Form

had + past participle had + past participle

Examples

Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences: I had played hockey. I had played hockey. I'd played hockey. I'd played hockey.

You had played hockey. You had played hockey. You'd played hockey. You'd played hockey. Negative sentences:

Negative sentences: I had not played hockey. I had not played hockey. I'd not played

I'd not played hockey.hockey. I hadn't played

I hadn't played hockey.hockey.

You had not played hockey. You had not played hockey. You'd not played hockey. You'd not played hockey. You hadn't played hockey. You hadn't played hockey. Questions:

Questions: H

Haad d yyoou pu pllaayyeed d hhoocckkeeyy?? HHaad d yyoou pu pllaayyeed hd hoocckkeeyy??

Past

Past Progressive/c

Progressive/continuous

ontinuous - Us

- Use

e

1) actions were in progress at special time in the past 1) actions were in progress at special time in the past Peter was reading a

Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.book yesterday evening.

2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) 2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) Anne was writing a letter

Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.while Steve was reading the New York Times. 3) together with the Simple Past

3) together with the Simple Past

While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. 4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with

4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)always, constantly, forever) Andrew was always coming in late.

Andrew was always coming in late.

Past Progressive - Signal words

while, when while, when

Past Progressive - Form

to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing

Past Progressive -

Past Progressive - Examples

Examples

Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences:

I

I wwaas s ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll.. YoYou u wweerre e ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll.. Negative sentences:

Negative sentences:

I was not playing football. I was not playing football. I was't playing football. I was't playing football.

You were not playing football. You were not playing football. You weren't playing football. You weren't playing football. Questions:

(2)

W

Waas s I I ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll?? WeWerre e yyoou u ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll??

Present Perfect - Use

1) Result of an action in

1) Result of an action in the past is important in the presentthe past is important in the present I have cleaned my room.

I have cleaned my room. 2) Recently completed actions 2) Recently completed actions He has just played handball. He has just played handball.

3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing 3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing We have lived in Canada since 1986.

We have lived in Canada since 1986. 4) together with lately, recently, yet 4) together with lately, recently, yet I have been to

I have been to London recently.London recently.

Signal words

just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for

Form

have/has + past participle have/has + past participle

Examples

Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences: I have played football. I have played football. I've played football. I've played football.

You have played football. You have played football. You've played football. You've played football. Negative sentences:

Negative sentences:

I have not played football. I have not played football. I've not played football. I've not played football. I haven't played football. I haven't played football.

You have not played football. You have not played football. You've not played football. You've not played football. You haven't played football. You haven't played football. Questions:

Questions: H

Haavve e I I ppllaayyeed d ffoooottbbaallll?? HaHavve e yyoou u ppllaayyeed d ffoooottbbaallll??

Present Perfect Progressive - Use

1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on

1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with since (pointthe action) - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)

of time) or for (period of time) I have been waiting for

I have been waiting for you for three hours.you for three hours. (It was a long time.)(It was a long time.) 2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)

2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action) She has been watching too many

She has been watching too many videos.videos. (It was too much time.)(It was too much time.)

Signal words

all day, the whole day, since, for all day, the whole day, since, for Questions with how long

Questions with how long

Form

have/has + been + Infinitiv + -ing have/has + been + Infinitiv + -ing

Examples

I have been playing handball. I have been playing handball. I've been playing handball. I've been playing handball.

You have been playing handball. You have been playing handball. You've been playing handball. You've been playing handball. Negative sentences:

(3)

I have not been playing

I have not been playing handball.handball. I've not been playing handball. I've not been playing handball. I haven't been playing handball. I haven't been playing handball.

You have not been playing handball. You have not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball. Questions:

Questions: H

Haavve e I I bbeeeen n ppllaayyiinng g hhaannddbbaallll?? HaHavve e yyoou u bbeeeen n ppllaayyiinng g hhaannddbbaallll??

Simple Past/Past Simple - Brief version

Use

1) action finished in the past 1) action finished in the past I visited Berlin last week. I visited Berlin last week.

2) series of completed actions in the past 2) series of completed actions in the past First I got up, then I had breakfast

First I got up, then I had breakfast 3) together with the

3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was inwas in progress in the past.

progress in the past.

They were playing cards when the telephone rang. They were playing cards when the telephone rang.

Signal words

yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002 yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002

Form

- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of

- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the the table of the irregular verbsirregular verbs

Examples

rreegguullaar r vveerrbbss iirrrreegguullaar r vveerrbbss I

I ppllaayyeed d ffoooottbbaallll.. I I wweennt t tto o tthhe e cciinneemmaa.. W

We e vviissiitteed d AAllaasskka a llaasst t yyeeaarr.. WWe e wweerre e iin n RRoomme e yyeesstteerrddaayy.. Negative sentences:

Negative sentences:

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of

You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) forto do) for negations.

negations. I

I ppllaayyeedd ffoooottbbaallll.. II ddiiddnn''tt ppllaayy ffoooottbbaallll.. H

Hee ddiiddnn''tt ppllaayy ffoooottbbaallll.. Questions:

Questions:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Did you play football?

(4)

Going to-future

Use

1) planned actions in the future 1) planned actions in the future We are going to sing at the party. We are going to sing at the party. 2) You are certain that sth. is

2) You are certain that sth. is going to happen in the future.going to happen in the future. Look at this car! It is going to crash into the

Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one.yellow one.

Signal words

Form

to be (am, are, is) + going to + infiniti to be (am, are, is) + going to + infiniti veve

Examples

I am going to play handball. I am going to play handball. I'm going to play handball. I'm going to play handball.

You are going to play

You are going to play handball.handball. You're going to play handball. You're going to play handball. Negative sentences:

Negative sentences:

I am not going to play handball. I am not going to play handball. I'm not going to play handball. I'm not going to play handball.

You are not going to play handball. You are not going to play handball. You're not going to play handball. You're not going to play handball. You aren't going to play handball. You aren't going to play handball. Questions:

Questions: A

Am m I I ggooiinng g tto o ppllaay y hhaannddbbaallll?? Arre A e yyoou u ggooiinng g tto o ppllaay y hhaannddbbaallll?? ATTENTION!!

ATTENTION!!

Do not mix up with the

Do not mix up with the Present ProgressivePresent Progressive!! g

gooiinng g ttoo--ffuuttuurree PPrreesseennt t PPrrooggrreessssiivvee H

Hee''s s ggooiinng g tto o rreeaad d tthhe e bbooookk.. HHee''s s rreeaaddiinng g tthhe e bbooookk..

Will-future

Use

1) Future actions happen without

1) Future actions happen without the speaker's intentionthe speaker's intention The sun will

The sun will shine tomorrow.shine tomorrow.

2) Predictions, assumptions 2) Predictions, assumptions

I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.pm.

3) Spontaneous actions 3) Spontaneous actions

Hang on! I'll have a word with you. Hang on! I'll have a word with you.

Signal words

(5)

Form

will + infinitive will + infinitive

Examples

Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences: He will play football. He will play football. He'll play football. He'll play football. Negative sentences: Negative sentences: He will not play football. He will not play football.

He won't play football. or He'll not play football. He won't play football. or He'll not play football. Questions:

Questions:

Will he play football? Will he play football?

Be and Continuous Tenses (is

being

)

The verb

The verb bebe_{can be an auxiliary verb (}_{can be an auxiliary verb (Marie is learning English}_{Marie is learning English) or a main verb (}_{) or a main verb (Marie is French}_{Marie is French). On}_{). On}

this page we look at the verb

this page we look at the verb bebe_{as a}_{as a}main verbmain verb_..

Usually we use simple tenses with

Usually we use simple tenses with the verbthe verbbebe _{as a main verb. For}_{as a main verb. For example, we say:}_{example, we say:}

•

London is the capital of the UK.

((not

not London

London

is being

the capital of the UK.)

•

Is she

Is she beautiful?

beautiful?

((not

not Is she being

Is she being beautiful?)

beautiful?)

•

Were you late?

((not

not Were you being late?)

Were you being late?)

Sometimes, however, we can use the verb

Sometimes, however, we can use the verb bebe_{with a continuous tense. This is when the real sense of}_{with a continuous tense. This is when the real sense of}

the verb

the verb bebe_{is "act" or "behave". Also, of course, the}_{is "act" or "behave". Also, of course, the action is temporary. Compare the examples in}_{action is temporary. Compare the examples in}

the table below: the table below:

Here is the structure of the verb

be

be in

in

the continuous present tense:

I am being

You are being

He, she, it is being

We are being

They are being

(6)

Mary is a careful person. (Mary is

always careful - it's her

always careful - it's her nature.)

nature.)

John is being careful. (John is acting carefully

now, but maybe he is not always careful - we

don't know.)

Is he always so stupid? (Is that his

personality?)

They were being really stupid. (They were

behaving really stupidly at that

behaving really stupidly at that moment.)

moment.)

Andrew is not usually selfish. (It is

not Andrew's character to be

selfish.)

Why is he being so selfish? (Why is he acting

so selfishly at the moment?)

Notice that we also make

Notice that we also make a difference between "to be sick" and "to a difference between "to be sick" and "to be being sick":be being sick":

•

She is sick (= she is not well)

•