Past Perfect - Use
Past Perfect - Use
1) Together with the Simple Past 1) Together with the Simple Past The lesson had started when we
The lesson had started when we arrived.arrived. 2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect 2) the past equivalent of the Present Perfect He had played hockey.
He had played hockey.
Signal words
Signal words
no unambiguous ones no unambiguous onesForm
Form
had + past participle had + past participle
Examples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences: I had played hockey. I had played hockey. I'd played hockey. I'd played hockey.
You had played hockey. You had played hockey. You'd played hockey. You'd played hockey. Negative sentences:
Negative sentences: I had not played hockey. I had not played hockey. I'd not played
I'd not played hockey.hockey. I hadn't played
I hadn't played hockey.hockey.
You had not played hockey. You had not played hockey. You'd not played hockey. You'd not played hockey. You hadn't played hockey. You hadn't played hockey. Questions:
Questions: H
Haad d yyoou pu pllaayyeed d hhoocckkeeyy?? HHaad d yyoou pu pllaayyeed hd hoocckkeeyy??
Past
Past Progressive/c
Progressive/continuous
ontinuous - Us
- Use
e
1) actions were in progress at special time in the past 1) actions were in progress at special time in the past Peter was reading a
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.book yesterday evening.
2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) 2) two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) Anne was writing a letter
Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading the New York Times.while Steve was reading the New York Times. 3) together with the Simple Past
3) together with the Simple Past
While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. 4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with
4) repeated actions irritating the speaker (with always, constantly, forever)always, constantly, forever) Andrew was always coming in late.
Andrew was always coming in late.
Past Progressive - Signal words
Past Progressive - Signal words
while, when while, when
Past Progressive - Form
Past Progressive - Form
to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing to be (was, were) + infinitive + -ing
Past Progressive -
Past Progressive - Examples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences:
I
I wwaas s ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll.. YoYou u wweerre e ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll.. Negative sentences:
Negative sentences:
I was not playing football. I was not playing football. I was't playing football. I was't playing football.
You were not playing football. You were not playing football. You weren't playing football. You weren't playing football. Questions:
W
Waas s I I ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll?? WeWerre e yyoou u ppllaayyiinng g ffoooottbbaallll??
Present Perfect - Use
Present Perfect - Use
1) Result of an action in
1) Result of an action in the past is important in the presentthe past is important in the present I have cleaned my room.
I have cleaned my room. 2) Recently completed actions 2) Recently completed actions He has just played handball. He has just played handball.
3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing 3) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing We have lived in Canada since 1986.
We have lived in Canada since 1986. 4) together with lately, recently, yet 4) together with lately, recently, yet I have been to
I have been to London recently.London recently.
Signal words
Signal words
just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for just, yet, never, already, ever, so far, up to now, recently, since, for
Form
Form
have/has + past participle have/has + past participle
Examples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences: I have played football. I have played football. I've played football. I've played football.
You have played football. You have played football. You've played football. You've played football. Negative sentences:
Negative sentences:
I have not played football. I have not played football. I've not played football. I've not played football. I haven't played football. I haven't played football.
You have not played football. You have not played football. You've not played football. You've not played football. You haven't played football. You haven't played football. Questions:
Questions: H
Haavve e I I ppllaayyeed d ffoooottbbaallll?? HaHavve e yyoou u ppllaayyeed d ffoooottbbaallll??
Present Perfect Progressive - Use
Present Perfect Progressive - Use
1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on
1) Actions beginning in the past and still continuing (focus is on the action) - mostly with since (pointthe action) - mostly with since (point of time) or for (period of time)
of time) or for (period of time) I have been waiting for
I have been waiting for you for three hours.you for three hours. (It was a long time.)(It was a long time.) 2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action)
2) Recently completed actions (focus is on the action) She has been watching too many
She has been watching too many videos.videos. (It was too much time.)(It was too much time.)
Signal words
Signal words
all day, the whole day, since, for all day, the whole day, since, for Questions with how long
Questions with how long
Form
Form
have/has + been + Infinitiv + -ing have/has + been + Infinitiv + -ing
Examples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences:
I have been playing handball. I have been playing handball. I've been playing handball. I've been playing handball.
You have been playing handball. You have been playing handball. You've been playing handball. You've been playing handball. Negative sentences:
I have not been playing
I have not been playing handball.handball. I've not been playing handball. I've not been playing handball. I haven't been playing handball. I haven't been playing handball.
You have not been playing handball. You have not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball. You've not been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball. You haven't been playing handball. Questions:
Questions: H
Haavve e I I bbeeeen n ppllaayyiinng g hhaannddbbaallll?? HaHavve e yyoou u bbeeeen n ppllaayyiinng g hhaannddbbaallll??
Simple Past/Past Simple - Brief version
Simple Past/Past Simple - Brief version
Use
Use
1) action finished in the past 1) action finished in the past I visited Berlin last week. I visited Berlin last week.
2) series of completed actions in the past 2) series of completed actions in the past First I got up, then I had breakfast
First I got up, then I had breakfast 3) together with the
3) together with the Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which Past Progressive/Continuous - The Simple Past interrupted an action which was inwas in progress in the past.
progress in the past.
They were playing cards when the telephone rang. They were playing cards when the telephone rang.
Signal words
Signal words
yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002 yesterday, last week, a month ago, in 2002
Form
Form
- with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with regular verbs: infinitive + -ed - with irregular verbs: 2nd column of
- with irregular verbs: 2nd column of the table of the the table of the irregular verbsirregular verbs
Examples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences:
rreegguullaar r vveerrbbss iirrrreegguullaar r vveerrbbss I
I ppllaayyeed d ffoooottbbaallll.. I I wweennt t tto o tthhe e cciinneemmaa.. W
We e vviissiitteed d AAllaasskka a llaasst t yyeeaarr.. WWe e wweerre e iin n RRoomme e yyeesstteerrddaayy.. Negative sentences:
Negative sentences:
You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of
You must not negate a full verb in English. Always use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do) forto do) for negations.
negations. I
I ppllaayyeedd ffoooottbbaallll.. II ddiiddnn''tt ppllaayy ffoooottbbaallll.. H
Hee ddiiddnn''tt ppllaayy ffoooottbbaallll.. Questions:
Questions:
Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of to do). Did you play football?
Going to-future
Going to-future
Use
Use
1) planned actions in the future 1) planned actions in the future We are going to sing at the party. We are going to sing at the party. 2) You are certain that sth. is
2) You are certain that sth. is going to happen in the future.going to happen in the future. Look at this car! It is going to crash into the
Look at this car! It is going to crash into the yellow one.yellow one.
Signal words
Signal words
no unambiguous ones no unambiguous onesForm
Form
to be (am, are, is) + going to + infiniti to be (am, are, is) + going to + infiniti veve
Examples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences:
I am going to play handball. I am going to play handball. I'm going to play handball. I'm going to play handball.
You are going to play
You are going to play handball.handball. You're going to play handball. You're going to play handball. Negative sentences:
Negative sentences:
I am not going to play handball. I am not going to play handball. I'm not going to play handball. I'm not going to play handball.
You are not going to play handball. You are not going to play handball. You're not going to play handball. You're not going to play handball. You aren't going to play handball. You aren't going to play handball. Questions:
Questions: A
Am m I I ggooiinng g tto o ppllaay y hhaannddbbaallll?? Arre A e yyoou u ggooiinng g tto o ppllaay y hhaannddbbaallll?? ATTENTION!!
ATTENTION!!
Do not mix up with the
Do not mix up with the Present ProgressivePresent Progressive!! g
gooiinng g ttoo--ffuuttuurree PPrreesseennt t PPrrooggrreessssiivvee H
Hee''s s ggooiinng g tto o rreeaad d tthhe e bbooookk.. HHee''s s rreeaaddiinng g tthhe e bbooookk..
Will-future
Will-future
Use
Use
1) Future actions happen without
1) Future actions happen without the speaker's intentionthe speaker's intention The sun will
The sun will shine tomorrow.shine tomorrow.
2) Predictions, assumptions 2) Predictions, assumptions
I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 I think Sue will arrive in Paris at 6 pm.pm.
3) Spontaneous actions 3) Spontaneous actions
Hang on! I'll have a word with you. Hang on! I'll have a word with you.
Signal words
Signal words
no unambiguous ones no unambiguous ones
Form
Form
will + infinitive will + infinitiveExamples
Examples
Affirmative sentences: Affirmative sentences: He will play football. He will play football. He'll play football. He'll play football. Negative sentences: Negative sentences: He will not play football. He will not play football.He won't play football. or He'll not play football. He won't play football. or He'll not play football. Questions:
Questions:
Will he play football? Will he play football?
Be and Continuous Tenses (is
Be and Continuous Tenses (is
being
being
)
)
The verb
The verb bebecan be an auxiliary verb (can be an auxiliary verb (Marie is learning EnglishMarie is learning English) or a main verb () or a main verb (Marie is FrenchMarie is French). On). On
this page we look at the verb
this page we look at the verb bebeas aas amain verbmain verb..
Usually we use simple tenses with
Usually we use simple tenses with the verbthe verbbebe as a main verb. For as a main verb. For example, we say:example, we say:
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London is the capital of the UK.
London is the capital of the UK.
((not
not London
London
is being
is being
the capital of the UK.)
the capital of the UK.)
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Is she
Is she beautiful?
beautiful?
((not
not Is she being
Is she being beautiful?)
beautiful?)
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Were you late?
Were you late?
((not
not Were you being late?)
Were you being late?)
Sometimes, however, we can use the verbSometimes, however, we can use the verb bebewith a continuous tense. This is when the real sense of with a continuous tense. This is when the real sense of
the verb
the verb bebeis "act" or "behave". Also, of course, the is "act" or "behave". Also, of course, the action is temporary. Compare the examples inaction is temporary. Compare the examples in
the table below: the table below:
Here is the structure of the verb
Here is the structure of the verb
be
be in
in
the continuous present tense:
the continuous present tense:
I am being
I am being
You are being
You are being
He, she, it is being
He, she, it is being
We are being
We are being
They are being
They are being
Mary is a careful person. (Mary is
Mary is a careful person. (Mary is
always careful - it's her
always careful - it's her nature.)
nature.)
John is being careful. (John is acting carefully
John is being careful. (John is acting carefully
now, but maybe he is not always careful - we
now, but maybe he is not always careful - we
don't know.)
don't know.)
Is he always so stupid? (Is that his
Is he always so stupid? (Is that his
personality?)
personality?)
They were being really stupid. (They were
They were being really stupid. (They were
behaving really stupidly at that
behaving really stupidly at that moment.)
moment.)
Andrew is not usually selfish. (It is
Andrew is not usually selfish. (It is
not Andrew's character to be
not Andrew's character to be
selfish.)
selfish.)
Why is he being so selfish? (Why is he acting
Why is he being so selfish? (Why is he acting
so selfishly at the moment?)
so selfishly at the moment?)
Notice that we also make
Notice that we also make a difference between "to be sick" and "to a difference between "to be sick" and "to be being sick":be being sick":
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