Review Class Day 7 Revolutions & Nationalism
The Industrial Revolution
Began in _______________________ in the mid-1700s Had natural resources necessary to industrialize:
____________________ advances had recently occurred: enclosures (larger areas of land protected by rock or shrub fences), technology (seed drill), new methods of livestock breeding
All of these factors _____________ food production while ________________ the need to farm workers Caused cities to grow up around the factories: __________________________
Living & working conditions in the cities & factories were pretty terrible: lacked ___________________, _____________________ spread quickly; no labor standards
Factory & mine accidents, as well as child labor caused an investigation into working conditions: ________________________________
Effect of the report was ____________________ working conditions in Great Britain, but not necessarily wide-spread
Unions formed = voluntary association that engaged in collective bargaining = negotiations on behalf of the group to improve working conditions, wages, insurance, ect.
Factory Working Conditions
______________________ (14 hours a day, 6 days a week) ________________, _________________
Positive Effects of Industrialization Created jobs for workers
Contributed to the ___________________ of the nation Encouraged technological progress & invention
Increased the production of goods & ______________________ = the quality of life of a person or population, indicated by goods, services & luxuries available to them
Provided hope for the opportunity of a better life (_______________________) Healthier diets, better housing
Created ___________________________ & educational opportunities: clerical workers, managers, engineers The Industrial Revolution
Started the trend for a growing ______________ between nations
Industrialized (western Europe & the United States) = wealthy ($$$) Non-industrialized
Reform Movements
Reformers believed that ______________________ should play an __________________ role in improving conditions for ______________________
_____________________ = the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all Believed that the government should actively plan the economy (“____________________________”) ________________________ = a form of complete socialism in which all ______________________ would be owned by the people
Karl _____________ & Friedrich _______________, The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses owned by the ___________________ = people; distribution of resources determined by them as well
Other reform movements: abolition of slavery, increased women’s rights, increased public education, increased resources for the poor (child & healthcare, legal aid, etc.)
Quiz
1. What was one reason the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain? (1) The government of Great Britain implemented a series of five-year plans. (2) Great Britain had alliances with most European countries.
(3) Abundant natural resources were available in Great Britain.
(4) The practice of serfdom in Great Britain provided an abundance of laborers 2. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of
(1) tradition (2) supply and demand (3) large corporations (4) government ownership 3. Which social change occurred during the Industrial Revolution? (1) growth of the working class
(2) development of the extended family
(3) expansion of privileges for the landed nobility (4) increased status for religious leaders
4.
• Abundant coal resources • Development of steam power • Building of an extensive canal system
In the late 1700s, these conditions allowed the Industrial Revolution to begin in (1) Japan (3) Russia
(2) Germany (4) England
5. Laissez-faire practices are most closely associated with a
(3) command economy (gov’t tells factories what to produce-communism) (4) mixed economy (Russia & China late 20th century)
6. Which geographic feature most aided England during the Industrial Revolution? (1) desert climate (2) natural harbors
(3) mountainous terrain (4) monsoon winds
7. “The workers in industrial countries must create a revolution, overthrow the existing governments using force if necessary, and then create a new classless society.”
This statement expresses the views of
(1) Mikhail Gorbachev (2) Karl Marx (3) Jomo Kenyatta (4) Kemal Ataturk
8. During the 1800s, the writings of Marx, Engles & Dickens focused attention on the problems faced by (1) Factory owners (2) farm laborers
(3) Investment bankers (4) industrial workers
The French Government Headed by King Louis XVI
Lawmaking body was called the Estates General; made up of 3 estates:
1st Estate: the clergy (____% of the population) owned 10% of the land, paid ____% of money in taxes 2nd Estate: the nobles (_____% of the population) owned 20% of the land, paid _____% of money in taxes 3rd Estate: (____________________) peasants, farmers, servants, cooks, merchants & artisans, paid _____% money in taxes
Each ________________ had _____________ vote, which was ________ proportional to the population The Estates General had the power to raise taxes
The Revolution Begins
The Third Estate declared themselves a _________________________ that represented the French people They wrote a constitution calling for ________________________________________________
Mobs in Paris attacked the Bastille (= city prison) and the Revolution began July 14, 1789 (French version of Independence Day)
Kept political prisoners & gunpowder French soldiers joined the mob Revolutionary Reforms
______________________________________________________________
Written in August 1789
Inspired by the American Revolution
By 1791, the National Assembly had created a constitutional monarchy
In 1792, the French held a National Constitutional Convention which created a ____________________ Took away all of Louis XVI’s power
The Reign of Terror (1793-94)
French peasants rebelled after the king was executed Moderate & radical gov’t leaders fought each other
___________________ (Radicals) led by __________________________ executed people who did not support the revolution
Ended with Robespierre’s arrest & execution in 1794 The Directory 1794-1799
Enforced laws
Attempted to maintain a separation of powers
-Had difficulty responding to the tense military situation in Europe during the time period
Overthrown in a _______________________ = sudden attempt by a small group of people to take over a gov’t, usually violent
No major protest from the French citizens
______________________________ named himself consulate Napoleon
A natural leader, excellent _________________________________ Won many battles against stronger armies
The extensive empire that he created caused the European nations to meet at the ____________________ __________________________ in 1815 to try to establish a “_____________________________________” in Europe, decreasing the power of another large empire
Ruled France as a military dictator for 15 years Crowned himself emperor in 1804
Ended the Holy Roman Empire
___________________________________
Legal code that established _________________ of men & freedom of ____________________ Downfall
Army was weakened by a retreat from Russia (________________________) Captured in Paris, sent to Elba
Was defeated by Britain & Prussia at Waterloo (1815) Died in a British prison
1. One way in which Robespierre and Louis XVI of France are similar is that both (1) Were removed from power during the French Revolution
(2) Adopted ideas of the Congress of Vienna (3) Implemented policies of religious tolerance (4) Decreased government control of the economy
2. Which sequence places these laws in the correct chronological order? (1) Code of Hammurabi → Justinian Code →Napoleonic Code → Twelve Tables (2) Justinian Code → Twelve Tables →Napoleonic Code → Code of Hammurabi (3) Code of Hammurabi → Twelve Tables →Justinian Code → Napoleonic Code (4) Twelve Tables → Napoleonic Code → Code of Hammurabi → Justinian Code
3. One way in which the Justinian Code and the Napoleonic Code are similar is that both (1) Made slavery unacceptable
(2) Gave people a set of rules to follow (3) Treated all equally under the law (4) Provided for religious freedom
4. Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins are best known for (1) instituting the Reign of Terror
(2) protecting freedom of religion (3) supporting the reign of King Louis XVI
(4) sending French troops to fight in the American Revolution
Revolutions in Latin America
Background: Colonized by European countries: _____________ & ____________________ Europeans benefit, colonies: sucked for all of the materials that are valuable Labor system racist, cruel & unjust
____________________ = born in colonies-wealthy but had lower social status Frustrated
Inspired by the _________________________________________________ Haiti
Fought the French for independence Late 1700s, lasts more than 10 years
__________________________ is leader: slave Poor treatment & lack of freedom Successful, but…
Peru
1811: Peruvians wanted independence from Spanish empire
___________________________ led the revolt, __________________________ (a wealthy Venezuelan creole) helped
Succeed in July 28, 1821 Chile
1810: Chileans started to fight Spain for independence
Leader: Jose Miguel Carrera Verdugo, ______________________ & __________________________ helped Chileans won emancipation from Spanish colonial rule in 1824 or 1826
Venezuela 1811-1823
Creoles resented the Spanish government for limited opportunities, corrupt politics & mismanagement Venezuela was successful and ______________________ was named dictator
Mexico ~1810-1836
Fought the Spanish colonizers for freedom Led by ___________________________ in 1810
__________________________________ took the lead when Hidalgo was killed
Mexico gained their independence from Spain, but the “free” (= non-colonial) Mexican government was a dictatorship under the leadership of Santa Anna
Juarez (a poor Zapotec Indian) was elected president in 1855, which began a period of more a more democratic government, equality & reforms
_____________________________ = Successful reforms in the areas of education, infrastructure =
road, bridges, hospitals & also decreased the power of the Roman Catholic Church Mexico 1910-1917
Goal: to overthrow the leader ____________________________ (was elected president after Juarez & successfully strengthened economy, but started to limit freedom & favored the wealthy)
Civil war, revolutionary leader: _________________________________ “Robin Hood” took from the rich, helped out the poor
Wrote a new constitution in 1917 Brazil
Successful “fight” for independence from Portugal
1821-1824: young officers staged a revolt in Rio De Janero against the government, but it was a peaceful protest led by young officers/politicians
___________________ gained political power, created an oligarchy = _______________________________ But democracy was _________ achieved
Economically, _______________________________ Neocolonialism =
1. One way in which Toussaint L’Ouverture, Simón Bolívar, and José de San Martín are similar is that they (1) supported the Reconquista
(2) led independence movements (3) fought for Native American suffrage (4) defended the encomienda system
2. During the 1800s, many Latin American countries were characterized by (1) Reliance on cash crops NEOCOLONIALISM
(2) Transition to command economies COMMUNISM
(3) Redistribution of land to the peasants LIFE THE SAME UNDER CREOLE RULE AS COLONIAL RULE (4) Withdrawal from the world market
3. The social class system in Latin America during the 16th and 17th centuries reflects the (1) dominance of Spanish-born nobility
(2) emerging equality between classes NO
(3) influence of mestizo (MIXED EUROPEAN/NATIVE) economic power (4) increasing social mobility of Native American Indians
4. Which group of Latin Americans led the fight for independence in the 1800s? (1) mestizos (2) creoles
(3) caudillos-DICTATOR (4) peninsulares
5. Some developing countries rely on a single cash crop such as cotton or sugar cane. The origin of this practice can often be traced to the
(1) introduction of communism (3) colonization of the region
(2) establishment of democratic governments (4) movements to gain independence
Nationalism Dfn =
Transition from identifying with one’s _________________ to identifying with one’s ___________________ Causes
A result of better _____________________, ________________________ & _________________ _______________________________
Landing on the moon (1969) 9/11/2001, “war on terror” Nationalism: The Greek Revolt (1827)
From roughly 1453 the ______________________________ had controlled the Balkans, an area of eastern Europe and Greece
In 1827 the Greeks revolted, seeking _____________________ or the right to rule themselves as a _____________________________ and break away from empire
Many ________________________, educated in the Greek classics, history, and philosophy aided the Greeks and helped them militarily
In 1830 The Greeks were granted Independence after a combined British, French and Russian fleet defeated the Ottomans
Nationalism: The Balkans
The Balkans area would remain an area with strong nationalistic sentiments for decades after the Greek Revolt
The Balkans was composed of many _______________________ (people with a shared history, culture and religion). These groups sought to create ___________________ of their own and break away from the __________________ controlling them
Nationalism: The Crimean War (1853-1856) and Slavic Nationalism
The Russian Tsar Nicholas I fought to conquer the Slavic-majority areas of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War. __________________ would aid the Ottomans to limit Russian expansion
Russia’s lack of ________________________, limited railroads, and limited industrialization led to a ________________________________.
Tsar Alexander II would work to ____________________________________ Freed the serfs
Increased industry Built new railroad lines
Attempted to modernize the army and tactics Nationalism: A Force of Unity or Disunity?
Nationalism could tear apart Empires that ruled over many different peoples and cultures, as these people sought self-rule and their own independent nation-states
Nationalism broke up the _____________________________ into a Prussian-dominated Northern German Confederation, Austria, and Hungary
____________________________________ would eventually crumble into many different nations of Ukraine, Finland, Estonia, Romania, Georgia, Poland, Latvia, and Lithuania
Nationalism could also be used to _____________________________ who shared history, culture, and language and form new ______________________________
_________________ would unify the various principalities of Italy into one nation
___________________ principalities would eventually fall under the influence of Prussia and unite into one nation-state
Nationalism: Italian Unification
Italy had been broken into many principalities since the Fall of Rome, many were controlled by other European nations
____________________________ was an Italian nationalist who began the first Independence and unification movement in Italy
King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardina, a northern Italian kingdom and his Prime Minister Count _______________________________ were Italian nationalists, they sought to unify Italy.
Through Diplomacy and alliances with France and war Cavour succeeded in uniting Northern Italy under his king’s control
Nationalism: German Unification
In 1862 the Prussian King Wilhelm I, appointed ____________________________ as his Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck was a Junker or member of a Prussia’s wealthy land-owning military class Junkers supported unification under Kaiser
Otto von Bismarck practiced ____________________ or the “politics of reality”not idealism
In realpolitik a nation ______________________________________________________________________ Otto von Bismarck dissolved Prussia’s Parliament to give Wilhem I more power
_____________ & ______________ German Unification: 1871
After a 4-month siege of Paris Prussian forces were victorious
The Prussian King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser (Emperor) of Germany at the captured Palace of Versailles The Prussian called their new unified nation The Second Reich, or Second Reign (the Holy-Roman Empire was considered the first)
The wars and struggles of nationalists changed the ______________________ created by the __________________ in 1815
