ABO & RHESUS BLOOD GROUP FREQUENCY IN RAJKOT POPULATION (A FOUR YEAR STUDY - 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

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Int J Res Med. 2013; 2(2);67-71 e ISSN:2320-2742 p ISSN: 2320-2734

ABO & RHESUS BLOOD GROUP FREQUENCY IN RAJKOT

POPULATION

(A FOUR YEAR STUDY - 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012)

Amit H Agravat

1

,

Amit A Gharia

2

*,

Gauravi A

Dhruva

3

1 _{Associate Professor,}_{Department of Pathology, PDU Medical College, Rajkot 360 001} 2 _{Resident Doctor,}_{Department of Pathology, PDU Medical College, Rajkot 360 001} 3

Professor & Head, Department of Pathology, PDU Medical College, Rajkot 360 001

INTRODUCTION

The ABO and Rhesus blood groups were discovered and identified in 1900 and 1939 respectively.1-4 At present the ABO blood group system is the only system in which antibodies are consistently and predictably present in the serum of normal individuals whose red cells lack the antigens. The ABO system remains by far the most significant for blood transfusion. The ABO system includes many phenotypes and several antibody specificities. The second type of blood group is the Rhesus [Rh] system. It includes only two Rhesus phenotypes i.e. rhesus positive and rhesus negative, depending on whether Rh antigen is present on the red cells or not.

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Gharia Amit A

D-38, High Rise Building, 10th Floor, Jamtower chowk Jamnagar Road, Rajkot- 360001, Gujarat (India)

E mail: dramit11@rediffmail.com

The D antigen, after A and B, is the most important red cell antigen in transfusion practice. Unlike the situation with A and B, persons whose red cells lack the D antigen do not regularly have anti-D in their serum.5-9 Formation of antibody almost always results from exposure, through either transfusion or pregnancy, to the immunizing red cells possessing the D antigen. There are many different Blood group systems in existence but since years ABO system & Rh system is of prime importance at global level for primary screening & identification, because in other blood group systems: 1) Antigens are quite weak,10 2) Most of the donors have naturally occurring antibodies like ABO system,11-13 3) If at all antibodies are present, they react at low temperature and not at 37˚C like ABO & Rh system. This study hence includes the frequency of various blood groups in past 4 years in Rajkot population. In today’s world, where blood transfusion is the center of Clinical management, and it is estimated that the management of thalassemic child costs about more than 90,000 to 1, 00,000 rupees per year for blood transfusions 14,15 this study of prevalence of the commonest & rarest blood group will be helpful.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The ABO and Rhesus blood groups were discovered and identified in 1900 and 1939 respectively

[20]. Since years ABO system & Rh system is of prime importance at global level for primary screening & identification. This study hence includes the frequency of various blood groups in past 4 years in Rajkot population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study of commonly occurring ABO & Rh (Rhesus) blood groups in past 4 years

i.e., 2009, 2010, 2011 & 2012 was done. A total of 37631 blood donors were selected and screened for this stud y within age group of 18 to 55 years & both sexes were included. This study was carried out in Blood bank, P. D. U.

Medical College & Hospital, Rajkot. RESULTS: From above results, our study has determined the distribution

frequency of ABO & Rh blood groups in Rajkot. Our result states that blood group ‘B’ is the most common followed by ‘O’ blood group. The frequency of the blood groups according to the present study ; B+ve 34.1%, O+ve31.3%, A+ve 21%, AB+ve 7.98%, B neg 2%, O neg 1.82%, A neg 1.33%, & rarest being AB neg 0.44%. Also the Rh group

positive are 94.37% & Rh neg less common with 5.63% prevalence. CONCLUSION: Blood group ‘B’ is the

commonest blood group in Rajkot population, followed by O, A, & AB. Also, Rh positive have 94.37% prevalence & Rh negative with 5.63%.

Keywords: ABO, Rh ,Blood groups frequency

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study of 37631 total blood donors was carried out in past 4 years (2009, 2010, 2011 &2012) in Blood bank of P. D. U. Medical College & Hospital, Rajkot, which is considered to be the capital of Saurashtra region of Gujarat state, India, with an average donation of 9400 donors per year. There are various methods for Blood Groups detection those includes slide method, tile method, & tube method but we have adopted tube testing method, as it is relevant, recommended and advantageous because the centrifugation involved enhances the reaction allowing weaker antibodies to be detected. For the detection of blood group, one drop antisera A, B, Anti-D was taken in labeled test tube. One drop of 2-5% red cell suspension was added to each drop of typing serum. After mixing well; it was kept at 37˚C for 45 minutes & re-suspended the cell button & then observed for agglutination. Negative results were confirmed microscopically.

RESULTS

The study of 37631 donors in Rajkot of age 18 to 55 years both males & females showed following facts.

Table 1: Total blood donations in 2009, 2010, 2011& 2012

Year Number of blood

donors

2009 8370

2010 9441

2011 10054

2012 9766

TOTAL DONORS 37631

Figure 1: Pie Diagram showing frequency of different Blood Groups

1 = B group (36%) 2 = O group (33%)

3 = A group (22%) 4 = AB group (9%)

Figure 2: Bar diagram showing number of

blood donors in group wise distribution in

Rajkot population in 4 years 2009, 2010,

2011 & 2012

B>O>A>AB (Blood Groups)

X axis- year, Y axis- Number of donors

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

2009 2010 2011 2012

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Int J Res Med. 2013; 2(2);67-71 e ISSN:2320-2742 p ISSN: 2320-2734 Table 2: Table showing number of total blood donors particular to corresponding blood groups in Percentage in 4 years (2009, 2010, 2011 & 2012)

Group Blood Donors %

A +ve 7913 21

A -ve 501 1.33

B +ve 12833 34.1

B -ve 766 2.03

O +ve 11766 31.3

O -ve 685 1.82

AB +ve 3003 7.98

AB -ve 164 0.44

Total 37631 100

Table 3: Number of blood donors particular to corresponding groups & frequency of blood groups in Percentage in Rajkot population in 2009, 2010, 2011 & 2012

Groups Total donors 2009

% Total

donors 2010

% Total

donors 2011

% Total

donors 2012

%

A +ve 1830 21.8 2092 22.1 1992 19.8 1999 20.5

A -ve 151 1.8 113 1.9 119 1.2 118 1.2

B +ve 2850 34 3164 33.3 3491 34.8 3328 34

B -ve 170 2.1 195 2.0 199 2.0 202 2.0

O +ve 2533 30.4 2899 30.6 3234 32.2 3100 31.8

O -ve 166 2 159 1.6 181 1.8 179 1.8

AB +ve 624 7.4 787 8.2 790 7.8 802 8.3

AB -ve 46 0.5 32 0.3 48 0.4 38 0.4

Total 8370 100 9441 100 10054 100 9766 100

Table 4: Rh Blood group frequency in the present study

Group Total donors %

Rh Positive 35515 94.37

Rh Negative 2116 5.63

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Table 5: The prevalence of ABO & Rh groups nationally & internationally

Regions A

(%)

B (%)

O (%)

AB (%)

Rh +ve (%)

Rh -ve (%)

Present study 22 36 33 9 94 6

Gujarat 24 33 32 11 80 20

Maharashtra12 27 33 31 9 97 3

Bangalore8,10,11 24 30 39 7 94 6

Kashmir 4,5 23 33 37 7 96 4

India1-3 24 32 37 7 95 5

Pakistan9 23 34 32 11 93 7

Saudi Arabia4 23 20 53 4 94 6

Germany7 39 11 45 5 92 8

England6 44 8 44 4 83 17

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

From above results, our study has determined the distribution frequency of ABO & Rh blood groups in Rajkot. Our result states that blood group ‘B’ is the most common followed by ‘O’ blood group. The frequency of the blood groups according to the present study ; B+ve 34.1%, O+ve31.3%, A+ve 21%, AB+ve 7.98%, B -ve 2%, O -ve 1.82%, A -ve 1.33%, & rarest being AB -ve 0.44%. Also the Rh group positive are 94.37% & Rh -ve less common with 5.63% prevalence. Population across various regions of India & worldwide differ in distribution of blood group phenotypes as per above observation.In Gujarat & Maharashtra ‘B’ blood group is most common followed by blood group O12,16-18 which is in accordance with our present study, whereas in Bangalore, Kashmir & India as whole has ‘O’ blood group with the common frequency followed by ‘B’ blood group.10,5,3

In England and Germany, ‘A’ blood group is the most common followed by ‘O’ blood group6,7,19,20

This difference in phenotype of blood groups is due to the prevalence of autosomal genes at various geographic regions. Due to the autosomal inheritance male & female data does not affect the frequency blood group phenotype.From our observation we can correlate why diseases like

world by geographical distribution of blood groups.

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