C Language Introduction ________________________ Languages :
___________
A Set Of Statements Is Called A Language.There Are Four Types Of Languages According To Their Time.
I generation languages: _______________________
These languages are machine languages. To write programs in these languages the system technology must be required. The data is Non-portable. That means a program written in a system does not work in another systems.
II Generation Languages : ________________________
These Are Assembly Languages. These Are Also system oriented that means to write any program in a system that system's technology must be required and data is non-portable. But they used MNEMONIC words in programs. That means they used a single word instead of more words.
III Generation Languages : _________________________
In these languages programs are witten in general english language. There is no need to know the system technology and the data can be transfered anywhere.
IV Generation languages : _________________________
These languages are defined in any one of the above languages. These are also called as packages.
Here I & II Generation languages are called Low Level Languages and III & IV generation languages are called High Level Languages.
For high level languages we have to use translaters to translate the source co de written in general english language into machine language. These translaters are two types.
1) Interpreters 2) Compilers. 1) Interpreters :
These translaters translate the source code step by step into machine
language until any error. If there is any error it stops and shows some messag e. After correction it can continue.
Ex: BASIC, DBase III+, .... 2) Compilers :
These translaters translate the entire source code into machine language when it is error-free and creates an object file in machine
language. If there is any error it shows the list of error. After debugging it creates the object file.
Ex: COBOL, C, C++, ...
C LANGUAGE __________
The language 'C' was designed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell Laboratories. The standardised C was released in 1979.
The 'C' language is used to develop WHAT IS C
C is a programming language developed at AT & T's Bell Laboratories of U.S.A in 1972. It was designed and written by Dennis Ritchie.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF C
By 1960 a hoarde of computer languages had come into existence, almost each for a specific purpose. For example, COBOL was being used for Commercial Applications, FORTRAN for Engineering and Scientific Applications and so on. At this stage people started thinking that instead of learning and using so many languages, each for a different purpose, why not use only one language, each for a different purpose, why not use only one
i) Scientific applications, ii) Business applications,
iii) Graphical applications (Ex: WINDOWS ), iv) System programs,
v) Operating Systems (Ex: UNIX) , ... Character Set :
alphabets constants, statements, digits ==> variables, ==> Programs special symbols keywords instructions
Constants :
The unchangeable quantities are called Constants.The constants are generally two types.
1) Character constants : ____________________
a) Characters Ex: 'a', '5', '+', ' ', ... b) Strings Ex: "abc", "435", 'rama", ... 2) Numeric Constants :
b) Real numbers
i) Fractional form Ex: 435.67, 345.00054, ... ii) Exponential form Ex: 0.02e3, 1.17e-38, ... Variables :
__________
The quantities which can be changed during the execution of program are called Variables. A variable can be considered as the name of the cell which can hold the constants. To use any variable it must be declared with its data type before the first executable statement and they can be initialised. Naming the variable is very important.
1) The variable name must be start with either alphabets or an
underscore and may contain alphabets, digits, hyphen or underscore. 2) The maximum length of a variable is 8 characters. But some compilers can accept upto 32 characters.
3) There must not be any blank spaces or special symbols in a variable name.
4) A variable name must not be a keyword. Ex: valid invlid --- eno emp name empname emp(name emp_name 45abc
Keywords : _________
These are predefined words.
There are 32 keywords in C language.
These keywords can not be used as user-defined variables.
Operators : __________
There are 42 operators in C language. 1) Arithmetic Operators : + - * / % Example : 100 + 40 ==> 140 100 - 40 ==> 60 100 * 40 ==> 4000 100 / 40 ==> 2 100 % 40 ==> 20 40 % 100 ==> 40 2) Assigning Operators : =
(variable) = (constant) / (variable) / (expression) ; Example :
a = 5 b = a c = a + b -2 3) Multiple operators : += -= *= /= %= Example : a = a + 3 ==> a += 3 a = a - 3 ==> a -= 3 a = a * 3 ==> a *= 3 a = a / 3 ==> a /= 3 a = a % 3 ==> a %= 3 4) Unary Operators : ++ Ex : a = a + 1 ==> a += 1 ==> a ++ ==> ++ a a = a - 1 ==> a -= 1 ==> a -- ==> -- a 5) Relational Operators : == > < >= <= != 6) Logical Operators : && || ! && - AND || - OR ! - NOT AND OR NOT T T = T T T = T F F = T T F = F T F = T T T = F F T = F F T = T F F = F F F = F , . : ; < > # { [ ( ) ] } ... Structure of a 'C' program : preprocessor commands global declarations main() { local declarations ; statements ; } function(arguments)
{
local declarations ; statements ;
}
* The 'C' program has a free formated structure.
* Every statement must be terminated with a semicolon ; * A program is a collection of functions. There may be a lot of functions but at least one function must be there that is main(), where the execution starts.
* C has case sensitivity. All the keywords are defined in lower case. * So better to write entire program in lower case.
Preprocessor commands :
The commands which start with a hash(#) symbol are called Preprocessor commands. Eample : # include <stdio.h> # include "conio.h" # define PI 3.14159 Global declarations : _____________________
To use any variable it must be declared with its data type before the first executable statement. The variables which declared in a block are available in that block only. To use the variable in the entire program with same effect it must be declared as global.
Data Types :
__________________________________________________________________ Type Range occupied bytes format string signed char -128 to 127 1 %c
unsigned char 0 to 255 1 %c
shortsigned int -32768 to 32767 2 %i %d %o %x short unsigned int 0 to 65535 2 %u
long signed int -2^31 to 2^31 -1 4 %ld long unsigned int 0 to 2^32 -1 4 %lu float 3.14e-38 to 3.14e38 4 %f %e double 1.17e-308 to 1.17e308 8 %lf long double 1.17e-4932 to1.17e4932 10 %Lf
____________________________________________________________________ Functions :
The functions are two types. 1) derived functions. 2) user-defined functions.
The derived functions are defined by the 'C' authors. They defined them in the header files. To use the
statement. 1) clrscr()
This function is used to clear the screen. This function's prototype has defined in the header file CONIO.H ( CONIO ==> Console Input Output )
Syntax : clrscr(); 2) printf()
This function is used to display the text and the values of variables. This function's prototype has defined in the header file STDIO.H To display the variable's value the format string must be used.
(STDIO ==> Standard Input Output ) Syntax :
printf(" format string ", variables) ; Example :
printf(" Hello \t World "); printf(" %d %c", k, j);
printf("The marks are %d, %d, %d", m1, m2, m3 ); Note : The function printf() returns an integer
value that is the number of arguments given to the statement. Remarks :
To write any remarks or comments to the statements they must be enclosed with the symbols /* */
Example : /*
Write a program ... ...so ..and ..so */ Example Programs : 1). My First 'C' Program # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { clrscr() ; printf("Hello" ); printf("Softech Computers") ; printf("Welcome") ; }
Save this program (F2) as FIRST.C
After compilation(Alt-F9) it creates an object file, and an executable
file which can be executed at MS-DOS prompt.
By saving a modified file it creates a backup file. FIRST.C FIRST.BAK FIRST.OBJ FIRST.EXE Output : Hello Welcome TURBO C editor :
It is a compiler of C program and it can be also used as an general editor. To enter into editor first change into the directory which contains the software and enter the command TC at the command prompt.
C:\> CD TC C:\TC> tc
Then it opens the editor which contains a menu bar at the top, a status bar at the bottom and a main window to write the
programming statements and a sub window which shows the messages. The menu bar contains some menu pads and they can be selected by pressing ALT and the highlighted character in the required menu pad. Then it shows the submenu which contains some bars and they can be selected using arrow keys.
The status bar shows online help and the keys information.
1). To write a new program select 'New' command from "File" menu. 2). To save the working program select 'Save' command from "File" menu or press F2 and enter a name.
3) To compile the program select 'Compile to OBJ' command from "compile" menu or press Alt + F9. Then it shows the list of errors or warnings. If the program is error-free then the compiler creates an object file (.OBJ) and an executable file (.EXE).
4) To execute the program select 'Run' command from "Run" menu or press Ctrl + F9.
5) To seee the output of the execution select 'User Screen' command from "Run" menu or press Alt + F5.
6) To close the editor select 'Quit' command from "File" menu or press Alt + X.
Escape Sequences : _________________ \0 ==> Null character \t ==> Tab ( 8 spaces) \l ==> Line feed \r ==> Carriage Return
\n ==> New line character ( \n = \l + \r ) \a ==> Alert (beep sound)
\' ==> Single quotes \" ==> Double quotes \\ ==> back slash printf() ______ Syntax of Printf() printf(); ========
Def :- printf is a function printf the values on the screen Syantax
:-printf("Message");
printf("format string",var);
printf("format string,format string",var1,var2);
P . N . R / 100 main() { int p; int n; int r; int si; p=1000; r=2; n=12; si=p*n*r/100; printf("%d%d%d",p,n,r); printf("%d",si); }
Diffrent Type Useges of C program 1. main() { int a; int b; int c; clrscr(); a=10; b=20; c=a+b; printf("%d",c);
} 2. main() { int a,b,c; a=10; b=20; c=a+b; printf("%d",c); } 3. main() { int a=10,b=20,c; c=a+b; printf("%d",c); } 4. main() { int a=10,b=20,c=a+b; printf("%d",c); } 5. main() { int a=10,b=20; printf("%d",a+b); } 6. main(){int a=10,b=20;printf("%d",a+b);} program to compute 619+348 main(){ int a=1; float area=69.25; clrscr(); printf("%4d\n",a); a=10; printf("%4d\n",a); a=100; printf("%4d\n",a); a=1000; printf("%4d\n",a); printf("%.2f",area); } Ex Programs :
2) Using Escape Sequences # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main()
{
printf("Hello \t ") ; printf("Softech \n") ; printf("Welcome ") ; } Output : Hello Softech Welcome 3) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { clrscr() ;
printf("Hello \t Softech \n Welcome ") ; } Output : Hello Softech Welcome 4) Using Variables # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k = 65 ; char j = '*' ; clrscr() ;
printf("\n The value of k is %i %d %c %o %x", k, k, k, k, k ) ; printf("\n The value of j is %i %d %c %o %x", j, j, j, j, j ) ; }
Output :
The value of k is 65 65 A 101 42 The value of j is 42 42 * 52 2a
5) Formatting the output # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, c ; clrscr() ; a = 6 ; b = 23456; c = 678 ;
printf("\n %05d \t %d", a, a ) ; printf("\n %05d \t %d", b, b ) ; printf("\n %5d \t %d", c, c ) ; } Output : 00006 6 23456 23456 678 678 6) Arithmetic Operations # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, c, d, e, f ; clrscr() ; a = 100 ; b = 40 ; c = a + b ; d = a - b ; e = a * b ; f = a / b ;
printf("The given values are %d, %d", a, b ) ; printf("\n The addition is %d", c) ;
printf("\n The subtraction %d", d) ; printf("\n The product is %d", e) ; printf("\n The division %d", f) ; printf("\n The reminder is %d", a%b) ; }
Output :
The given values are 100, 40 The addition is 140 The subtraction 60 The product is 4000 The division 2 The reminder is 20
Notes : The Arithmetic operations are three types
depend on the types of the operands in the expression. operand1 operand2 result
integer integer integer
integer real real real real real Ex Programs :
7) Type casting # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h>
main() { int m1, m2, m3, tot; float avg ; clrscr() ; m1 = 65; m2 = 66; m3 = 68; tot = m1 + m2 + m3 ; avg = tot / 3.0 ;
avg = (float) tot / 3 ;
printf("The three subjects marks are %d,%d,%d",m1,m2,m3); printf("\n The total %d \t Average %f", tot, avg ) ; }
Output :
The three subjects marks are 65, 66, 68 The total 199 Average 66.33
8) Formatting the output of floating point values # include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h> main()
{
float bas, da, hra, pf, net ; clrscr() ;
bas = 5000;
da = bas * 20 / 100 ; hra = bas * 30 / 100 ; pf = bas * 5 / 100 ;
net = bas + da + hra - pf ;
printf("The Basic Salary %f", bas) ;
printf("\n Da %.1f\tHra%010.3f\tPf%5.0f",da,hra,pf); printf("\n Net Salary %10.2f", net) ;
} Output :
The Basic Salary 5000.000000
Da 1000.0 Hra 001500.000 Pf 00250 Net Salary 7250.00
9) Program to demonstrate the Increment / Decrement operators # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k = 5 ; clrscr() ; printf("\n %d", k) ; k ++ ; printf("\n %d", ++k) ; printf("\n %d", k++); printf("\n %d", k) ;
k -- ; printf("\n %d", k--) ; printf("\n %d", --k) ; k = ++k + ++k + ++k ; printf("\n %d", k) ; k = 5 ; k = k++ + ++k + ++k + k++ + k++ ; printf("\n %d", k) ; getch() ; } scanf() : _________
This function is used to accept the values for the variables while executing the program from keyboard.
This function's prototype has defined in the header file STDIO.H The function printf() returns an integer value that is the number of arguments given to the statement.
Reading data items from the standard Input into variables Standard Input Statement
Syntax : scanf(<format>,<address of variable>); scanf("format ",&var); scanf("format ",&var1,&var2,&var3); scanf("formatstring" , &(variables) ); Note :
To accept two or more values with a single scanf() they can be seperated by space or tab or enter key.
Format:
string containg the type of the data Exampel : "%d"
address of variable Note :
it is the physical location where the variable has been created.
To know the address of a variable we can use the address operator &.
Example: scanf("%d",&i); scanf("%d",&a); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b); main() { int a=1; float area=69.25; clrscr(); printf("%4d\n",a); a=10; printf("%4d\n",a); a=100; printf("%4d\n",a);
a=1000;
printf("%4d\n",a); printf("%.2f",area); }
Adding two no using scanf(); main() { int a,b,c; clrscr(); printf("Enter a value "); scanf("%d",&a); printf("Enter b value "); scanf("%d",&b); c=a+b; printf("Addition %d ",c); }
Student marks program main()
{
int sno,m1,m2,m3,tot,avg; char sname[10];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter student no"); scanf("%d",&sno);
printf("\nEnter student name "); scanf("%s",sname);
printf("\nEnter three subject maks"); scanf("%d%d%d",&m1,&m2,&m3);
tot=m1+m2+m3; avg=tot/3;
printf("\nStudent no %d",sno); printf("\nStudent name %s",sname);
printf("\nThree subject makrs %d\t%d\t%d",m1,m2,m3); printf("\nTota marks %d",tot);
printf("\nAverage maks %d",avg); }
getch() : _______
This function is used to accept a single character for the variable while executing the program. But this function does not display the entered character. This
function's prototype has defined in the header file CONIO.H Note :
To see the entered character the function getche() can be Used. Syntax:
(variable) = getch() ; Example :
char c; c = getch();
Example Programs :
9) Program to demonstrate the difference between the functions scanf(), getche(), getch()
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char k ; clrscr();
printf("Enter any character ") ; scanf("%c", &k) ;
printf("You entered the character %c", k) ; printf("\n\n Enter any character ") ;
k = getche();
printf("\n You entered the character %c", k) ; printf("\n\n Enter any character ") ;
k = getch() ;
printf("\n You entered the character %c", k) ; getch();
} Output :
Enter any character abcdef You entered the chracter a Enter any character g You entered the chracter g Enter any character
You entered the chracter d
10) Write a program to calculate the total,
average of a student's three subjects marks # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int m1, m2, m3, tot; float avg ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter three subjects marks \n") ; scanf("%d%d%d", &m1, &m2, &m3 ) ;
tot = m1 + m2 + m3 ; avg = tot / 3.0 ; avg = (float) tot / 3 ;
printf("The three subjects marks are %d,%d,%d",m1,m2,m3); printf("\n The total %d \t Average %f", tot, avg ) ; }
Output :
65 66 68
The three subjects marks are 65, 66, 68 The total 199 Average 66.33 11)
Write a program to accept an employee's basic
salary, calculate da, hra, pf, net salary and print all
Notes :
Conditional Statements :
In C language the conditional statement returns zero when the condition is false. Otherwise it returns a non-zero(1) value when the condition is true.
Ex Program : # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { output int k = 5 ; clrscr() ; printf("\n %d", k ); 5 printf("\n %d", k<10) ; 1 printf("\n %d", k>10) ; 0 printf("\n %d", k+(k==5) ); 6 printf("\n %d", k=10) ; 10 getch() ; } Notes :
There are three types of conditional statements in 'C'. I) if
II) switch
II) conditional operators 1). if ... else : Syntax : if (condition) if (condition) { { (statements); (statements); } or } else { (statements) ; } Ex Program :
given number is zero or not # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &k) ;
if(k==0)
printf("The number is zero ") ; else
printf("The number is not zero ") ; getch() ;
}
14) Write a program to check the given number is positive or negative # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &k) ;
if(k==0)
printf("The number is zero ") ; else
if(k>0)
printf("The number is Positive "); else
printf("The number is Negative ") ; getch() ;
}
15) Write a program to find the big number in the given two numbers.
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any two numbers \n") ; scanf("%d%d", &a, &b) ;
if(a==b)
printf("\n Given both are equl ") ; else
{
printf("\n The big is ") ; if(a>b) printf("%d", a) ; else printf("%d", b) ; } getch() ; }
16) Write a program to find the biggest number in the given three numbers
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, c ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any three numbers \n") ; scanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c) ;
if(a==b && a==c)
printf("Given all are equal ") ; else
{
printf("\n The biggest is ") ; if(a>b && a>c)
printf("%d", a) ; else if(b>c) printf("%d", b); else printf("%d", c); } getch() ; }
17 Write a program to find the smallest number in the given five numbers # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, c, d, e, t ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any five numbers \n") ; scanf("%d%d%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c, &d, &e ) ; if(a==b && a==c && a==d && a==e)
printf("\n Given all are equal ") ; else { t = a ; if(t>b) t = b; if(t>c) t = c ; if(t>d) t = d ; if(t>e) t = e ;
printf("\n The biggest is %d", t) ; }
getch( ); }
program to display the positive value of a number main()
{
int n; clrscr();
printf("\n Enter any negitive no"); scanf("%d",&n); if(n<0) /* n=-n;*/ n*=-1; printf("%d",n); }
18) Write a program to find the biggest and
smallest numbers in the given five numbers # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, c, d, e, x, y ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any five numbers \n") ; scanf("%d%d%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c, &d, &e ) ; if(a==b && a==c && a==d && a==e)
printf("\n Given all are equal ") ; else { x = a ; y = a ; if(x<b) x = b; else y = b; if(x<c) x = c ; else if(y>c) y = c ; if(x<e) x = e ; else if(y>d) y = d ; if(x<e) x = e ; else if(y>e) y = e ;
printf("\n The biggest is %d", x) ; printf("\n The smallest is %d", y) ; }
}
19) Write a program to accept three subjects marks of a student, calculate total, average find the result, division and print all details # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int m1, m2, m3, tot ; float avg ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter three subjects marks \n") ; scanf("%d%d%d", &m1, &m2, &m3 ) ;
tot = m1 + m2 + m3 ; avg = (float) tot / 3 ;
printf("The three subjects marks %d, %d, %d", m1, m2, m3 ) ; printf("\n The Total %d \t Average %03.2f", tot, avg ) ; if(m1<35 || m2<35 || m3<35)
{
printf("\n Result is Fail ") ; printf("\t division is NIl ") ; }
else {
printf("\n Result is Pass \t") ; if(avg>=60) printf("Division is I class ") ; else if(avg>=50) printf("Division is II class") ; else
printf("Division is III class") ; }
getch() ; }
20)
Write a Employee Salary Program Accept Employee no, Employee name Basic Salary . Conditions bas<500 hra da pf esi 5% 8% 2% 1% bas>=500 and bas<1000
8% 10% 3% 2% bas>=1000
10% 12% 4% 3%
Calculate Gross and Net Salary Print all Details
main() {
char ename[10];
printf("\n Enter employee No"); scanf("%d",&eno);
printf("\n Enter employee name "); scanf("%s",ename);
printf("\n Enter employee basic Salary "); scanf("%d",&bas); if(bas<500) { hra=bas*5/100; da =bas*8/100; pf= bas*2/100; esi=bas*1/100; } else
if(bas>=500 && bas<1000) { hra=bas*8/100; da=bas*10/100; pf=bas*3/100; esi=bas*2/100; } else if(bas>=1000) { hra=bas*10/100; da=bas*12/100; pf=bas*4/100; esi=bas*3/100; } gross=bas+hra+da; net=gross-(pf+esi);
printf("\n Employee No %d ",eno); printf("\n Employee Name %s",ename); printf("\n Employee Basic %d",bas); printf("\n H.R.A %d",hra); printf("\n D.A %d",da); printf("\n P.F %d",pf); printf("\n E.S.I %d",esi); printf("\n Gross %d",gross); printf("\n N.E.T Salary %d",net); getch(); } Notes : 2) switch... case : Syntax:
switch(variable) {
case (value) : (statements) ; case (value) : (statements) ; default :
(statements) ; }
break :
This keyword stops the execution in the given block and come out. Generally this is used in switch..case statements and looping Statements. Ex Programs : 21) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number " ); scanf("%d", &k) ;
switch(k) {
case 0 :
printf("\n Number is zero " ); case 1 :
case 2 : case 3 : case 4 :
printf("\n Number is less than five ") ; break ;
case 5 :
printf("\n Number is five " ); break ;
default :
printf("\n Number is greater than five ") ; } getch() ; } 22) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char k; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any one of the alphabets " ); k = getche() ;
switch(k) {
case 'a' : case 'A' :
printf("\n A for Active ") ; break ;
case 'b' : case 'B' :
printf("\n B for Brave ") ; break ;
case 'c' : case 'C' :
printf("\n C for Courage "); break ;
case 'd' : case 'D' :
printf("\n D for Dare ") ; break ;
default :
printf("\n You are timid ") ; } getch() ; } 23) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, k ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter two numbers \n") ; scanf("%d%d", &a, &b) ;
printf("\n\n 1. Addition ") ; printf("\n 2. Subtraction ") ; printf("\n 3. Multiplication ") ; printf("\n 4. Division ") ;
printf("\n\n Select your choice ") ; scanf("%d", &k);
printf("\n") ; switch(k) {
case 1 :
printf(" The addition %d", a+b) ; break ; case 2 :
printf(" The subtraction %d", a-b) ; break ; case 3 :
printf(" The multiplication %d", a*b); break ; case 4 :
printf(" The division %d", a/b); break ; default :
printf(" Invalid choice "); } getch() ; } Notes : 3) Conditional Expressions : ( ? : ; ) Syntax :
(condition) ? (statement1) : (statement2) ; Ex Programs :
24) Write a program to check whether the given number is zero or not. # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k; clrscr() ;
pritnf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &k);
(k==0) ? printf("Number is zero ") : pritnf("Number is not zero ") ; getch() ;
}
25) Write a program to find the biggest number in the given three numbers # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, b, c, t ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any three numbers \n") ; scanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c);
t = (a>b) ? a : b ; printf("The biggest is %d", (t>c)?t:c ); getch() ; } Notes : gotoxy() :
This function locates the cursor position to the given place on the screen. This function's prototype has defined in the header file CONIO.H
Syntax:
gotoxy(column, row) ;
Generally in MS-DOS mode the screen contains 80 columns and 25 rows. Ex Programs : 26) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { clrscr() ; gotoxy(20, 3) ; printf("Hello "); gotoxy(70, 5); printf("Welcome") ;
gotoxy(35,12); printf("Welcome "); gotoxy(50,20); printf("To smile "); getch() ; } Notes : goto :
This command changes the execution control to the given statement.
Syntax: goto (label) ; (label) : (statements) ; Example Programs : 27) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { clrscr() ; printf("Hello ") ; printf("World ") ; goto abc ; printf("Go out ") ; xyz : printf("To smile ") ; goto end ; abc : printf("Welcome ") ; goto xyz ; end : getch() ; } Output :
Hello World Welcome To smile Note :
Looping Statements :
Repeating a block of statements number of times is called Looping.There are three types of looping statements defined in C language.
1) do..while 2) while 3) for. Note :
statements number of times. Example Programs : 28) # include <stdio.h> main() { abc : printf("Welcome ") ; goto abc ; }
29) /* Program to display the first 10 natural numbers */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k ; clrscr() ; k = 1 ; abc : printf("%d ", k) ; k++ ;
if(k<=10) goto abc ; getch() ; } Notes : 1) do ... while() : Syntax : do { (statements); } while(condition) ; Ex Programs :
Without loop natural numbers main() { int n=1; clrscr(); printf("\n%d",n); n=n+1; printf("\n%d",n); n=n+1; printf("\n%d",n); n=n+1; printf("\n%d",n); n=n+1; printf("\n%d",n); }
30) /* Write a program to display the first 10 natural numbers */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k ; clrscr() ; k = 1 ; do { printf("%d ", k) ; k++ ; }while(k<=10) ; getch() ; }
31) /* Write a program to display the even numbers upto the given number an d find the sum of them */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k, n, s ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; k = 2 ; s = 0; do { printf("%d ", k) ; s += k ; k += 2 ; }while (k<=10) ;
printf("\n The sum is %d", s) ; getch() ;
}
Notes :
There is a draw-back in do.. while() staement. It executes the conditional state ment after executing the statement.
2) while() : Syntax: while(condition) { (statements); } Ex Programs :
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k ; clrscr() ; k = 1 ; while(k<=10) { printf("%d ", k) ; k++ ; } getch() ; }
33) /* Write a program to display the even numbers upto the given number an d find the sum of them */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k, n, s ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; k = 2 ; s = 0; while (k<=10) { printf("%d ", k) ; s += k ; k += 2 ; }
printf("\n The sum is %d", s) ; getch() ;
}
0000000
program to generate natural number series upto 20. main(){ int i; i=1; clrscr(); while(i<20){ printf("%d\n",i); i++; } }
program to compute the biggest of a set of numbers.
main(){ int a; int sum;
printf("Enter all the numbers and a 0 at the end"); sum=0; scanf("%d",&a); sum=a; while(a!=0){ scanf("%d",&a); sum+=a; } printf("sum = %d",sum); }
Write a program Generate Natural Numbers 1 to 100 using While Loop
main() { int n=1; clrscr(); while(n<=100) { printf("\t%d",n); n=n+1; } getch(); }
Write a program print name 100 times
main() { int n=1; clrscr(); while(n<=100) { printf("\tRam Kumar"); n=n+1; } getch(); }
Write program Generate Natural numbers 1 to 100 in Revers order
main() { int n=100; while(n>=1) { printf("\t%d",n); n=n-1;
}
getch(); }
W.A.P Generate natural numbers upto Given no 1 to n<100
1 to t=25
main() {
int n=1,t;
printf("\n Enter any no"); scanf("%d",&t); while(n<=t) { printf("\t%d",n); n=n+1; } getch(); } main() { int n,t;
printf("\n Enter Starting no"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter Ending no "); scanf("%d",&t); while(n<=t) { printf("\t %d",n); n=n+1; } getch(); }
W.A.P Sum of natural numbers upto 10
1 s=s+n 2 0 3 4 5 15 s = s + n 1 = 0 + 1 3 1 + 2 6 3 3 10 6 4 15 10 5
Sum of Natural Numbers up to Given no Sum of Odd
main() { int n=1,s=0; clrscr(); while(n<=5) { s=s+n; n=n+1; }
printf("\n Sum of Natural numbers %d",s); }
W.A.P Accept no Find Foctorial Value
5*4*3*2*1=120 1*1= 1 1*2= 2 2*3= 6 6*4= 24 24*5=120 main() { int n=1,ft=1,f;
printf("\n Enter any no"); scanf("%d",&f); while(n<=f) { ft=ft*n; n=n+1; }
printf("\n Factorial Value %d",ft); }
Write a program Generate Table 1 to 10 given table 1 * 2 = 2 2 * 2 = 4 3 * 2 = 6 2 * 1 = 1 2 * 2 = 2 2 * 3 = 6 main() { int n=1,t,r;
printf("\n Enter any table"); scanf("%d",&t); while(n<=10) { r=n*t; printf("\n %d * %d = %d",t,n,r); n=n+1; } }
W.A.P Generate Febonachi 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 main() { int s1=1,s2=1,s3,t,n=1; printf("\n Enter any no"); scanf("%d",&t); printf("\n%d",s1); printf("\n%d",s2); while(n<=t) { s3=s1+s2; printf("\n %d",s3); s1=s2; s2=s3; n=n+1; } } n=n+1 n++ or ++n n=n-1 n-- or --n n=n+2 n+=2 n=n-2 n-=2 000000000
34) /* Write a program to check whether the given number is Prime or not Prime Number :
A number which is divisible by 1 and itselft. */ /* I method */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, k, s; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; k = 1; s = 0; while(k<=n) { if(n%k==0) s++; k++ ; }
if(s==2) printf("\n Number is Prime " ); else printf("\n Number is not a Prime ") getch( ); } /* II method */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, k, s; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; k = 2; s = 0; while(k<=n/2) { if(n%k==0) { s++; break ; } k++ ; }
if(s==0) printf("\n Number is Prime " ); else printf("\n Number is not a Prime ") getch( );
}
35) /* Write a program to find the number of digits, sum of digits, and rev erse order of the given number */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { long int a, b ; int n, s, r ; clrscr( );
printf("Enter any big number " ); scanf("%ld", &a) ; n = 0; s = 0; b = 0;
while(a>0) { n ++ ;
r = a % 10 ; s += r ;
b = (b*10) + r ; a /= 10 ;
}
printf("\n The number of digits %d", n) ; printf("\n The sum of digits %d", s) ; printf("\n The Reverse number %lu", b) ; getch( );
}
36) /* Write a program to check whether the given number is Armstrong or not Armstrong Number :
A number which is equal to the sum of the cubes of the digits is called Armstrong Number.
Ex: 1, 153, 370, 371, 407 */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> # include <math.h> main() { int a, b, r, s ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &a) ; b = a ; s = 0; while(a>0) { r = a % 10 ; s = pow(r, 3); /* s += r * r * r ; */ a /= 10; }
if(b==s) printf("\n The number is an Armstrong ") ; else printf("\n The number is not an Armstrong ") ; getch() ; } Notes : 3) for() : Syntax:
for ( initialisation ; condition ; iteration ) {
(statements) ; } Ex Programs : 37)
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, a ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number " ); scanf("%d", &a ); /* n = 1 ; for ( ; a>=n ; ) { printf("%d ", n); n += 2 ; } */ for(n=1; n<=a ; n+=2) printf("\n %d " , n) ; getch() ; } 38)
/* Write a program to display the even numbers upto the given number and find the sum of them */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, n, s ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &a) ; /* n = 2 ; s = 0 ; for( ; n<=a ; ) { printf("%d ", n) ; s += n ; n += 2 ; } */ /* s = 0 ; for(n=2; n<=a; n+=2) { printf("%d " , n ); s += n; } */ for(n=2, s=0 ; n<=a ; s+=n, n+=2 )
printf("%d ", n) ;
printf("\n The sum is %d", s) ; getch() ;
}
39) /* Write a program to find the sum of natural numbers, even numbers, od d numbers upto the given number */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main()
{
int a, n, s, odd, even ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &a) ;
for(n=1, s=0, odd=0, even=0 ; n<=a ; s+=n, n++) if(n%2==0) even += n;
else odd += n;
printf("\n The sum of natural numbers %d", s) ; printf("\n The sum of even numbers %d", even ) ; printf("\n The sum of odd numbers %d" , odd ) ; getch() ;
}
40) /* Write a program to find the factorial value of the given number n! = n * (n-1) ! */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { long int a, f ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%ld", &a) ; /* f = 1 ; for( ; a>1 ;) { f *= a ; a -- ; } */
for(f=1; a>1; f*=a, a--) ;
printf("\n The factorial is %ld" , f) ; getch() ; }
41)
/* Write a program to display the multiplication table of the given number using all types of loopings. */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, k; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number " ); scanf("%d", &n) ; /* k = 1 ; do { printf("\n %d x %2d = %3d", n, k, n*k ); k ++ ; } while (k<=10) ; */ /* k = 1 ; while( k<= 10 ) { printf("\n %d x %2d = %3d ", n, k, n*k ); k ++ ; } */ for(k=1; k<=10; k++) printf("\n %d x %2d = %3d", n, k, n*k); getch() ; }
42) /* Write a program to display the ASCII chart
ASCII ==> American Standard Code for Information Interchange */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k ; clrscr() ; /* k = 0 ; do { printf("\t %d %c", k, k) ; k ++ ; if(k%50==0) getch() ; } while(k<=255 ) ; */ /* k = 0 ; while(k<=255) { printf("\t %d %c", k, k) ; k ++ ;
if(k%50==0) getch() ; } */ for(k=0; k<=255; k++) { printf("\t %d %c", k, k) ; if(k%50==0) getch() ; } getch() ; }
43) /* Write a program to display the multiplication table of the given numb er using all types of Loopings. */
Notes :
Nested Loops :
Looping in a loop is called Nesting of Loops. Ex Programs : 44) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, k, j ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; for(k=1; k<=n; k++) { printf("\n ") ; for(j=1; j<=k; j++) printf("%d ", j) ; } getch() ; } /* output :
Enter any number 5 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 */ 45) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, k, j ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; for(k=1; k<=n; k++) { printf("\n ") ; for(j=1; j<=k; j++) printf("%d ", k) ; } getch() ; } /* output :
Enter any number 5 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 */ 46) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n, k, j ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &n) ; for(k=n; k>=1; k--) { printf("\n ") ; for(j=1; j<n-k; j++) printf(" ") ; for(j=1; j<=k; j++) printf("%d ", j) ; } getch() ; } /* output :
Enter any number 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 */ 47)
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int n,j,k,a; clrscr();
printf("Enter the any number"); scanf("%d",&a); for(n=a;n>0;n--) { printf("\n"); for(k=1;k<=n;k++) printf("%c",64+k); for(k=1;k<=2*(a-n)-1;k++) printf(" "); k=(a==n)?n-1:n; for (;k>=1;k--) printf("%c",64+k); } getch(); } /* Output :
Enter any number 5 ABCDEDCBA ABCD DCBA ABC CBA AB BA A A */ 48)
/* Write a program to display the multiplication tables upto the given number */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a, n, k ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &a) ; for(n=1; n<=a; n++) { for(k=1; k<=10; k++ ) printf("\n %d x %2d = %3d ", n, k, n*k); getch() ; clrscr() ; } } 49)
/* Write a program to display the list of Prime numbers upto the given number */
# include <conio.h> # include <stdio.h> main() { int a, n, k, s ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any number ") ; scanf("%d", &a ) ; for(n=2; n<=a; n++) { for(k=2, s=0; k<=n/2; k++) if(n%k==0) { s++; break ; } if(s==0) printf("%d ", n) ; } getch() ; }
50) /* Write a program to display the list of Armstrong Numbers upto the gi ven number */
51) /* Write a program to display the Fibonacci Series upto the given numbe r
Fibonacci Series : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ....
In this series every element is the sum of its previous two numbers */
52)/* Write a program to display a box with the given character, length and width using arrays */
/* Output :
Enter box length 10 Enter box width 5 Enter any character *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */ Notes : Arrays :
An array is a collection of similar data type elements. It stores the elements i n contiguous locations. To use any array it must be declared with its size and t hey may be initialized. The size must be a constant.
The indexing is start from 0. The arrays are two types.
1) Single Dimensional arrays, 2) Multi Dimensional Arrays. 1) Single Dimensional Arrays :
Syntax :
(type) (variable) [size] ; Ex:
int eno[5] = { 56, 67, 45, 89, 45}; char ena[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd' } ; float bas[] = { 56.67, 900.45, 567 } ; Ex Programs :
53) /* Write a program to create a 5 cells single dimensional array, store 7 in cells and print all */
# include <conio.h> # include <stdio.h> main() { int k, a[5] ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any five numbers \n") ; for(k=0; k<=4; k++)
a[k] = 7 ;
printf("\n The array elements are \n") ; for(k=0; k<5; k++)
printf("%d ", a[k]) ; getch() ;
}
/* Output: 7 7 7 7 7 */
W.A SINGLE dimention array program create 5 cells array store all cell values = 7
7 7 7 7 7 main() { int a[5]; int i; a[0]=7; a[1]=7; a[2]=7; a[3]=7; a[4]=7; printf("\n %d",a[0]); printf("\t %d",a[1]); printf("\t %d",a[2]); printf("\t %d",a[3]); printf("\t %d",a[4]); } or main() { int a[5],i; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<5;i++) a[i]=7; for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf("\t%d",a[i]); }
main() { int a[10],i,n=1; for(i=0;i<10;i++) { a[i]=n; n++; } for(i=0;i<10;i++) printf("\t %d",a[i]); } 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
54) /* Write a program to accept 5 numbers and print all in reverse order */ # include <conio.h> # include <stdio.h> main() { int k, a[5] ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any five numbers \n") ; for(k=0; k<=4; k++)
scanf("%d", &a[k]) ;
printf("\n The array elements in reverse order \n") ; for(k=4; k>=0; k--) printf("%d ", a[k]) ;
getch() ; } 55)
/* Write a program to accept 5 numbers print all, and find the sum of them */ # include <conio.h> # include <stdio.h> main() { int k, s, a[5] ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any five numbers \n") ; for(k=0, s=0; k<=4;s+=a[k], k++) scanf("%d", &a[k]) ;
printf("\n The array elements are \n") ; for(k=0; k<5; k++) printf("%d ", a[k]) ;
printf("\n The sum of elements is %d", s) ; getch() ; }
56) /* Write a program to create 10 cells single dimensional array, accept 9 cells values, assign the sum of them to the
last cell and print all */ # include <conio.h> # include <stdio.h> main() { int k, a[10] ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any nine numbers \n") ; for(k=0,a[9]=0; k<=8;a[9]+=a[k], k++) scanf("%d", &a[k]) ;
printf("\n The array elements are \n") ; for(k=0; k<10; k++) printf("%d ", a[k]) ;
getch() ; }
Notes :
2) Multi Dimensional Arrays : Ex:
int a[5][3], b[4][5][6][7], ...
char na[3][20] = { "abcdefgh", "ramakrishna", "Bhanodaya" };
A multi dimensional array is a collection of another arrays. That means a double dimensional array is a collection of single dimensional arrays.
Ex:
The array a[5][3] is a collection of 5 single dimensional arrays with size 3. Ex Programs :
57)
/* Write a program to create a 5x5 double dimensional array, store 7 in all cells and print them as a matrix */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int k, j, a[5][5] ; clrscr() ; output: for(k=0; k<5; k++) 7 7 7 7 7 for(j=0; j<5; j++) 7 7 7 7 7 a[k][j] = 7; 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 for(k=0; k<=4; k++) 7 7 7 7 7 { printf("\n"); for(j=0; j<=4; j++) printf("%d ", a[k][j] ); } getch() ; } 58) main() {
(same as above) for(k=0; k<5; k++) for(j=0; j<5; j++) a[k][j] = (k==j || k+j==4) ? 7 : 0; (same as above) } /* Output : 7 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 7 */ 59) main() { (same as above) for(k=0; k<5; k++) for(j=0; j<5; j++) a[k][j] = (k==0 || k==4 || j==0 || j==4) ? 7 : 0; (same as above) } /* Output : 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 */
60) /* Write a program to display a box with the given character, length and width using arrays */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char ch, a[25][80] ; int k, j, len, w ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter the box length "); scanf("%d", &len) ;
printf("Enter the box width ") ; scanf("%d", &w ); printf("Enter a character "); ch = getche() ; printf("\n\n") ; for(k=0; k<w; k++) for(j=0; j<len; j++) a[k][j] = (k==0 || j==0 || k==w-1 || j==len-1) ? ch : 32 ; for(k=0; k<w; k++) {
printf("\n"); for(j=0; j<len; j++) printf("%c ", a[k][j] ); } getch() ; } /* Output :
Enter box length 10 Enter box width 5 Enter any character *
* * * * * * * * * *
* *
* *
* *
* * * * * * * * * * */
61)/* Write a program to find the addition matrix of
two 3x3 matrices */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3], k, j ; clrscr();
printf("Enter 9 numbers for firs array \n") ; for(k=0; k<3; k++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf("%d", &a[k][j] );
printf("\n Enter 9 numbers for second array \n") ; for(k=0; k<3; k++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf("%d", &b[k][j] ); for(k=0; k<3; k++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) c[k][j] = a[k][j] + b[k][j] ;
printf("\n The Addition matrix is \n"); for(k=0; k<3; k++) { printf("\n ³ "); for(j=0; j<3; j++) printf("%3d ", c[k][j] ); printf("³"); } getch(); }
62) /* Write a program to find the multiplication matrix of
two 3x3 matrices */
# include <conio.h> main()
{
int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3], k, j, t ; clrscr();
printf("Enter 9 numbers for firs array \n") ; for(k=0; k<3; k++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf("%d", &a[k][j] );
printf("\n Enter 9 numbers for second array \n") ; for(k=0; k<3; k++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) scanf("%d", &b[k][j] ); for(k=0; k<3; k++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) for(t=0, c[k][j]=0 ; t<3; t++) c[k][j] += a[k][t] * b[t][j] ;
printf("\n The multiplication matrix is \n"); for(k=0; k<3; k++) { printf("\n ³ "); for(j=0; j<3; j++) printf("%3d ", c[k][j] ); printf("³"); } getch(); } SORT'S ---LINER SORTING */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main() { int a[5],i,j,temp;
printf("\n Enter 5 values "); for(i=0;i<5;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); for(i=0;i<5;i++) for(j=i+1;j<5;j++) if(a[i]>a[j]) { temp=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=temp; }
for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf("\t %d",a[i]); } Babbule Sort ___________ _ main() { int a[5],i,j,temp;
printf("\n Enter 5 values"); for(i=0;i<5;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); for(i=0;i<5;i++) for(j=0;j<4-i;j++) if(a[j]>a[j+1]) { temp=a[j]; a[j]=a[j+1]; a[j+1]=temp; } for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf("\t %d ",a[i]); } Notes: STRINGS :
A string is an array of characters. It ends with a null character. ( '\0' ==> N ull character )
Ex :
char na1[6] = { 'a', 'b','c', 'd', 'e', '\0' } ; char na2[6] = "abcde" ;
char names[][] = { "rama", "krishna", "abcd" } ; char str1[20], str2[40] ;
Note :
The format string for a string variable is %s . Ex programs : 63) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char str[80]; clrscr();
printf("Enter any string "); scanf("%s", str) ;
printf("\n You entered the string %s", str) ; getch() ; }
/* Output :
Enter any string udaya bhanu
You entered the string udaya */ Notes :
scanf() function can accept the string values. But it does not allow spaces in t he string. To avoid this problem gets() can be used.
gets() :
This function is used to accept the value for a string variable. This function's prototype has defined in the header file STDIO.H.
Syntax :
gets(varaible) ; Ex :
gets(str) ; puts() :
This function is used to display the string value of the variable. This function 's prototype has defined in the header file STDIO.H
Syntax : puts(string) ; Ex : puts("The string is "); puts(str) ; Ex Programs : 64) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char str[80] ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any string ") ; gets(str) ;
printf(" You entered "); puts(str);
getch() ; } /* Output :
Enter any string udaya bhanu
You entered the string udaya bhanu */
65) /* Write a program to find the length of a string */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char str[80]; int k; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any string "); gets(str) ; /* k = 0; while(str[k]!='\0') k++ ; */ for(k=0; str[k] !='\0'; k++) ;
printf("\n The length is %d", k); getch() ;
}
66)/* Write a program to change the given string into upper case */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char str[80] ; int k ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any string \n") ; gets(str) ;
for(k=0; str[k]!='\0'; k++) if(str[k]>=97 && str[k]<=122) str[k] -= 32 ;
/*
if( str[k] >='a' && str[k] <='z' ) str[k] -= 'a' - 'A';
*/
printf("\n In upper case %s", str) ; getch() ;
} /* Output :
Enter any string Udaya Bhanu
In upper case UDAYA BHANU */
67)/* Write a program to change the given string into lower case */ 68)/* Write a program to change the given string into Sentence case that means the first character into upper case and the remaining
into lower case */
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char str[80] ; int k ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any string ") ; gets(str) ;
if(str[0]>='a' && str[0]<='z' ) str[0] -= 'a' - 'A' ; for(k=1; str[k]!='\0'; k++)
if(str[k]>=65 && str[k]<=90) str[k] += 32 ;
printf("\n In sentence case %s", str) ; getch() ;
} /* Output :
Enter any string UDAYA BHANU
In upper case Udaya bhanu */
69) /* Write a program to change the given string into Title Case */ /* Output :
In upper case Udaya Bhanu */
70) /* Write a program to copy a string to another */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char s[80], t[80] ; int k; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter the source string to copy ") ; gets(s) ; k=0; while(s[k]!='\0') { t[k] = s[k] ; k++ ; } t[k] = '\0' ;
printf("\n The new string is %s", t) ; getch() ;
}
71)/* Write a program to concatenate two strings */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char a[80], b[80] ; int k, j ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter two strings \n") ; gets(a) ; gets(b);
for(k=0;a[k]!='\0'; k++) ; for(j=0; b[j]!='\0'; k++, j++) a[k] = b[j] ;
a[k] = '\0' ; printf("\n The concatenated string is %s", a) ; getch() ; }
72)/* Write a program to reverse the given string */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char a[80], b[80] ; int k, j ; clrscr() ;
printf("Enter any string ") ; gets(a) ;
for(k=0; a[k]!='\0'; k++) ; for(k--, j=0; k>=0; k--, j++) b[j] = a[k];
printf("\n In reverse order %s", b) ; getch();
} /* Output :
Enter any string bhanodaya
In upper case ayadonahb */
73)/* Program to move the given name around the screen */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> # include <string.h> main() { int k, r, c, DL; char str[80]; clrscr();
puts("Enter your name "); gets(str); k = strlen(str); DL = 10000; while(!kbhit()) { for(r=1; r<=23; r++) { gotoxy(1,r); printf("%s", str); delay(DL); clrscr(); } for(c=1; c<=80-k; c+=3) { gotoxy(c,23); printf("%s", str); delay(DL); clrscr(); } for(r=23;r>0; r--) { gotoxy(80-k,r); printf("%s", str); delay(DL); clrscr(); } for(c=80-k;c>0; c-=3) { gotoxy(c,1); printf("%s", str); delay(DL); clrscr(); } } }
74)/* Program to fall and replace the given name character by character */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> # include <string.h> # include <dos.h> main() { char na[80];
int r, c, k, n, DL; clrscr();
printf("Enter your name "); gets(na); k = strlen(na); DL = 2000; clrscr(); for(n=1; n<5; n++) { for(c=0; c<k; c++) { for(r=1; r<=15; r++) { gotoxy(c+20,r);printf(" "); gotoxy(c+20,r+1);printf("%c", na[c]); delay(DL); } } for(c=0; c<k; c++) { for(r=16; r>1; r--) { gotoxy(c+20, r); printf(" ");
gotoxy(c+20, r-1); printf("%c", na[c]); delay(DL);
} } } }
75)/* Program to display the given name as a box */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> main() { char str[20], a[25][20]; int k, j, n ; clrscr( );
printf("Enter Your name ") ; gets(str) ;
for(n=0; str[n]!='\0'; n++) ; for(k=0; k<n; k++)
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
if(k==0) a[k][j] = str[j] ; else if(j==0) a[k][j] = str[k];
else if(j==n-1) a[k][j] = str[n-k-1] ; else if(k==n-1) a[k][j] = str[n-j-1] ; else a[k][j] = 32 ; for(k=0; k<n; k++) { printf("\n"); for(j=0; j<n; j++) printf("%c ", a[k][j] ) ; }
getch() ; } /* Output :
Enter Your name Bhanodaya B h a n o d a y a h y a a n d * o d n a a y h a y a d o n a h B */ Notes : STRING.H functions :
To manipulate the strings the C authors designed some functions in the header fi le STRING.H
1) strlen():
This function returns an integer value that is the length of the string. length means the number of characters.
Syntax:
int strlen(string) ; 2) strupr() :
This function changes the given string into uppercase characters. Syntax :
strupr(string) ; 3) strlwr() :
This function changes the given string into lowercase characters. Syntax :
strlwr(string) ; 4) strcpy() :
This function copies the string to another string. Syntax :
strcpy(target, source) ; 5) strcat() :
This function adds two strings. Syntax :
strcat(destination, second) ; 6) strrev() :
This function change the given string into reverse order. Syntax :
strrev(string) ; 7) strcmp() :
This function compares two strings and returns zero when both are same. Syntax :
int strcmp(first, second) ; Ex Programs :
Function are
1. Pree Define Functions 2. User Define Functions Predefined Functions
2. scanf(); 3. clrscr(); 4. getch(); 5. puts(); 6. gets(); 7. strlen(); 8. strupr(); 9. strrev(); 10.strcpy(); 11.strcat(); 12.strcmp(); strupr(); Syntax strupr(var); strupr("name"); Ex :-strupr(sname) welcome WELCOME strupr("softech"); SOFTECH Strlwr(); Syntax strlwr(var); strlwr("name"); Ex :-strlwr(sname) WELCOME welcome strupr("SOFTECH"); softech main() { char s1[10];
puts("\n Enter any Lower string"); gets(s1);
strupr(s1);
printf("\n Upper String %s",s1); strlwr(s1);
printf("\n Lower String %s",s1); } Strrev(); Syntax strrev(var); strrev("name"); Ex
strrev(sname); strrev("welcome");
main() {
char s1[10],s2[10];
puts("\n Enter any string"); gets(s1);
strrev(s1);
printf("\n Revers of string %s",s1); printf("\n %s",strrev(s1)); } strcpy Syntax strcpy(t,s); strcpy(var,"name"); strcpy(s1,s2); strcpy(res,"pass"); main() { char s1[10],s2[10];
puts("\n Enter any Strings"); gets(s1);
strcpy(s2,s1);
printf("\n Copy to Strings %s",s2); } strcat(); Syntax strcat(var1,var2); Ex strcat(s1,s2); s1=wel s2=come output welcome main() { char s1[10],s2[10];
puts("\n Enter two strings"); gets(s1);
gets(s2); strcat(s1,s2);
printf("\n Adding two strings %s",s1); }
Strcmp(); --- Syntax strcmp(var1,var2); Ex strcmp(s1,s2); */ main() { char s1[10],s2[10]; int n;
puts("\n Enter any two strings"); gets(s1);
gets(s2);
n=strcmp(s1,s2); if(n==0)
puts("\n Both strings are equal"); else
if(n>=1)
puts("\n s1 sting is big"); else
puts("\n s2 sting is big"); }
77) /* Program to demonstrate the library functions of STRING.H */ # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> # include <string.h> main() { char a[80], b[80] ; clrscr() ; printf("Enter a string ") ; gets(a) ;
printf("\n The given string is %s", a);
printf("\n The length of string is %d", strlen(a) ) ; printf("\n In Upper case %s", strupr(a)) ;
printf("\n In Lower case %s", strlwr(a) ); strcpy(b, a) ;
printf("\n The new string is %s", b) ; strrev(b);
printf("\n The difference is %d", strcmp(a,b) ); getch();
}
/* Output :
Enter a string Bhanodaya The given string is Bhanodaya The length of string is 9 In Upper case BHANODAYA In Lower case bhanodaya The new string is bhanodaya In reverse order ayadonahb The difference is 1
*/
FUNCTIONS :
The function is a piece of code. These functions are used to reduce the repetiti on of coding.
The functions are two types. 1) Derived functions, 2) User-defined functions.
The derived functions are provided by the C writers and they defined them in hea der files. To use these functions the header file must be included at the top of the program.
We can create our own functions. To write any function there are three steps. 1) Functions declarations, 2) Functions calling, 3) Function definition. or
1) Function definition, 2) Function calling.
In the function declaration and/or in the definition the name must be follow the return data type, and it should be followed by parenthesis. In the parenthesis there may be arguments with their data types. If the function does not return a ny value it must be declared as void. The default return type is int.
Syntax:
(datatype) (functionname) (argumentstype) ; /* Function declaration */ functionname(arguments) ; /* Function calling */ (datatype) (functionname) (arguments) /* Function definition */ {
(statements) ; }
These functions are three types.
1) No arguments with no return value functions, 2) Arguments with no return value functions, 3) Arguments with return value functions.
1) No arguments with no return value functions :
78)
# include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> void first(void) ;
void second(void) ; void third(void)
{
printf("\n This is in third function ") ; }
void fourth(void) {
printf("\n This is in fourth function ") ; } void main() { clrscr() ; printf("This is in Main ") ; first() ; second() ; third() ; fourth() ;
printf("\n This is in main again ") ; getch() ;
} void first(void)
{
printf("\n This is in first function ") ; }
void second(void) {
printf("\n This is in second function ") ; }
/* Output : This is in Main
This is in first function This is in second function This is in third function This is in fourth function
This is in mainagain */ 79) # include <stdio.h> # include <conio.h> void replicate(void) { int k; for(k=1; k<=50; k++) printf("*") ; } void main() { clrscr() ; replicate() ; printf("\n Hello \n") ; replicate() ; printf("\n World \n") ; replicate() ; printf("\n Welcome \n") ;
