2.1 Support and locomotion in human and animals
No Marking scheme Marks
(a) What is the difference between locomotion and movement?
Locomotion: Locomotion refers to the ability of a whole organism to move from one place to another
Movement: Movement refers to a change in the position of any part of an organism’s body but it does not necessarily involve locomotion
1
1 2 (b) Diagram shows three organism P,Q,and R
Describe the type of skeleton in P and Q 4 Organism P
F1-Hydrostatic skeleton
E1-The support is derived from body fluid contained within the body cavity
Organism Q F2-endoskeleton
E2-the support is derived from hard skeleton of bones inside the body
1 1
1 1 4 Explain one similarity and two differences between the skeleton Q and R
Similarity:
P1-the skeleton support important body organ P2-It protect the organ form damage
Differences:
Exoskeleton Endoskeleton
D1-Found in the bodies of invertebrate such as arthropods
D2-Found in the bodies of all vertebrate including fish amphibian ,bird, reptiles and mammals
D3-Are non living D4Are living structure D5-Made up of chitin, whereas in crap it
contains lime
D6-Made up of calcium and phosphate
1 1
2
2
Support and locomotion with an endoskeleton Label all the structures:
Suture Canial bone Facial bone sacrum coccyx Pubic symphysis ilium iscium obturator ribs Strenum Humerus Synovial membrane Tendon Synovial fluid fibula Tibia Femur Patela Tarsals Metatarsals phalanges
The Vertebral Column
Aspect Marking scheme
Knowledge
Diagram shows two vertebrae. Structure S is located between the vertebrae Name structure S and state the importance of structure S?2
Name: Cartilagenous disc
Importance: Absorb shock/reduce friction
Labelling Label the part of the vertebra as shows P: Spinous processes
Function State the function of P and Q. P : muscle attachment Q : the placing of spinal cord
Vertebrae Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic
Name:
Cervical (vertebra) Characteristic:
Have (a pair of )transverse forearm Name:
Lumbar (vertebra) Characteristic:
Processes short/thick//large centrum S: Transverse process R: vertebral foramen
U: Centrum
Name vertebra, State their special structural characteristic Type of vertebrae Name & Characteristic
Name: Thoracic Vertebrae Charactersitic:
Have spinous processes that are long and serve as points of attachment for muscles and ligaments
State two main characteristic of P F1-Have long process
F2-Have two facet/zygophophysis Name: Sacrum
Characteristic:
- Formed through fusion of 5 bones - Coccyx – triangular in shape and formed through the fusion of 4 bones
Name the bones Q:Rib
State one function of Q in respiration 1
Protect the lungs in the thoracic cavity//move upward and downward /to change the volume /pressure of thoracic cavity
Differences Diagram shows two types of vertebrae inhuman backbone
State two differences in structure between the vertebra P and vertebra Q
P Q
Smaller Centrum Larger Centrum
Has vertebratrial canal Has no vertebratrial canal Has no zygapophysis at the transerverse
process and side of centrum
Has zygapophysis at the transverse process and side of centrum Has short transverse process and Has long transverse process Has large neutral canal Has small neutral canal
Differences Diagram11.2.3 shows two vertebrae.
Compare and contrast between the two vertebrae. Similarities:
Similarity Explanation
S1 – Both have centrum E1 – Gives support and able to withstand compression force
S2 – Both have neural canal E2 – to contain spinal nerve S3 – Both have neural spine E3 – For muscle attachment S4 – Both have transverse process E4 – For muscle attachment
S5 – Both have neural arch E5 – Form neural canal which protect the spinal cord E6 – Both have zygapofisis
E7 – To articulate with another vertebra Differences:
Vertebra cervical Vertebra lumbar D1: Flat (small) centrum Large and thick centrum E1: Give more support
D2: Short neural spine Long neural spine E2: Attachment more muscles
D3: Broad transverse prosess
Well develop transverse process
E3: For attachment more muscles
D4: Has to vertebrarterial canals
No vertebrarterial canal E4: Enable blood supply to head
D5: Bigger neural canal Small neural canal E5: Contain bigger spinal cord/ brain trunk
Appendicular Skeleton
Label all of the appendicular parts.
Pelvic girdle Head of femur Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Head of humerus Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals
The Upper Limb The Lower Limb
metatarsals
Phalanges
Metacarpa ls
The structure of a joint
Aspect Marking scheme Marks
Ligament
Name the tissue that holds bones P and Q
Ligament 1 1
State the characteristic of the tissue names in (b)
Tough fibrous connective tissue //elastic 1 1
Diagram shows a joint in human pelvic girdle
Describe briefly the importance of L for movement P1-L/Ligament is elastic /tough
P2-Connect between pelvic girdle and femur P3-Prevent dislocation (of joint during movement)\
1 1 1 3 A synovial
joint
Name the structure that produces liquid W
Synovial membrane 1 1
Name and state the function Liquid W Liquid S: synovial fluid
Function :Acts as a lubricant ( which reduces friction between the ends of bones )
1 1 2 The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?
F1-X is the cartilage which
F2- cushions the joints// absorbs shock// reduces the friction between the end of
1 1 2
Aspect Marking scheme Marks A synovial
joint
What is the function of the structure labelled V?
To hold the two bones together and facilitate movements 1 1 Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.
The hip joint between the femur and the pelvic girdle (or the shoulder joint between the
humerus and the pectoral girdle) 1 1
Knee joint
Name the type of joint at X
Hinge joint 1 1
State the characteristic of the type of joint named in (c)
Allow movement in one direction /axis/at 180 o 1 1
Ball-and- socket-joints
Name the type of joint
F-Shoulder joint 1 1
State the characteristic of the type of joint named
F-allow rotational movement in all direction 1 1
Differences What is the different between the knee joint and the joints on the shoulder/ P1-Joints in allow movement t in one plane
P2-Joints on the shoulder allow rotational movement in all direction
1 1 2 Diagram shows a forearm of humans
Explain the similarity and difference between joint S and T Similarities:
F1-Both Joint s and Joint T has a cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as lubricants to
E1--the end surface of humerus bone of Joints S and Joint T are covered with cartilage F2-the end surface of the humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T are covered with cartilage E2-To protect the bone /reduce friction between the bones
F3-Both Joints and T are connected with ligaments
E3-to absorb shock //strengthen the articulation of bines /joints Differences:
D1-joint s is hinge joint
E4-Joint s allow the movement of bones in one plane direction D2-Joints T is ball-and –socket joint
E5-Joint T allows rotation movement of bones in all direction
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Differences Diagram 7 shows a forearm of humans
Compare joint S and joint T in diagram5 Criteria
C1-Name of joint
C2-Characteristic of the joints Similarities:
F1-Both joints and joints T has a cavity filled with synovial fluid //lined with synovial membrane
E1-Which acts lubricant to reduce friction between bones//which secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity
F2-the end surface of humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T atr covered with cartilage //strengthened with ligaments
E2-To absorbs shock//reinforce the articulation of bones Differences:
F3-Joint S is hinge joint while Joint T is ball-and socket joint
E3-Joints S allows the movement of bones in one plane while Joint T allow rotational movement of bones in all directions
E4-Joints S is the point where the distal end of humerous articulates with the ulna and the ulna radius while Joint T is the point where proximal end of humerous articulates with the scapula
The action of antagonistic muscles Fill in the blanks with correct answers.
No Marking scheme Marks
Name the muscle involved in the movement in the F1-Biceps muscle
F2-triceps muscle
Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the P1-The biceps muscle and triceps muscle act antagonistically
P2-to pull the radius bone or ulna bone, and enable the arm to be bent or straightened
B
CB
C
C: ulna A: radius D: scapula B) Biceps muscle, B: B- contracts, whileTriceps muscle, C- relaxes
E: Humerus
H: radius F: Ulna
G)Biceps muscle, B – relaxes while
No Marking scheme Marks (a) Figure shows a human forearm which consist of muscle .bones .tendons and joints
Based on diagram, explain the meaning of antagonistic muscle2
F1-A pair of muscle that work together in opposite direction to allow movement
E1-when triceps muscle contract, biceps muscle relaxes at same time, and the arm is straighten 1 1 2 (b) Describe the action of muscle, bones tendon and joint which enable the movement of the
forearm to bend and to straighten efficiently
P1-When triceps muscle contract, biceps muscle relaxes P2-Ulna is pull down, the arm is straightened
P3-When biceps muscle contract, triceps muscle relaxes P4-Ulna is pull up ,the arm is bent at the elbow joint
P5-Tendons which are strong and inelastic fibers attached muscle to the bones
P6-Synovial fluid which fills the space in the joint lubricates the joint to prevent friction when bones move
P7-The cartilage at the articulating surfaces of the serves as a shock absorber to prevent the bones form damage
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 (c) Diagram 7 shows a forearm of humans
Describe the straightening and bending of the forearm brought about by the antagonistic action of the muscle labelled as M and N
C1-state the Name of muscle M and N correctly
C2-the action of muscle and the resulting movement sample F1-M is the biseps and n is the triseps
E1-When the M/biseps contracts,the tendons transmit the pulling force produce by contraction to the radius
1 1
E2-at the same time the N .triceps relaxes resulting in the bending of elbow joint//the forearm moves upwards
E3-When the triceps contracts the tendons transmit the pulling force to ulna E4-At the same time the biceps relaxes, the forearm is straightened /extended
1 1 1 4 (d) Diagram 11.1.3 shows the movement of a human forearm.
Diagram 11.1.3(i) Diagram 11.1.3(ii)
Based on Diagram 11.1.3(i) and Diagram 11.1.3(ii), explain the roles of the muscle, tendons, bones and ligaments in the movement of the forearm.10
P1 – Forearm has two sets of muscles; biceps and triceps P2 – acts antagonistically
P3 – muscles connected to bone by tendons. P4 – Bones are held together by ligaments.
P5 – When the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes.
P6 – Biceps becomes shorter (and thicker), triceps becomes longer (and thinner). P7 – This exerts a pulling force which transmitted to the radius through the tendons. P8 – The radius is pulled upward and the fore arm is bent.
P9 – When the triceps contracts, the biceps relaxes.
P10 – The triceps becomes shorter and thicker while the biceps becomes longer and thinner. P11 – This exerts a pulling force on ulna through tendons.
P12 – The ulna and radius pulled downward, causing the forearm to straighten.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
Muscles Involved in Walking
No Marking scheme Marks
(a) Figure shows movement activities in a human
Based on figure (i) and (ii) explain how the above movement takes place which involves muscle tendons, bones, ligament, and joint
P1-Tendons ,ligament ,bones muscle and joints are important feature in a movement P2-Tendons connect muscle to bones
P3-Tendons are strong and non elastic
P4-Force is transfers to bones through tendons P5-Ligament connect two bones together P7-to give support and strength to the joint P8-Ligament is string and elastic
P9-The quadriceps/extensor muscle contract while the biceps femoris muscle relax and the leg is bent
P11-Calf muscle contract to lift up the heels P12-feet push downward and backward
P13-Repeated contraction and relaxation muscle results in the running movement Max 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
Consequence of impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion Type of impairment Marking Scheme
Osteoporosis A boy has broken his femur during a sport practice .the doctor suggest to take plenty of dairy product and vitamin .Explain why2
F1-Contains more calcium E1-for bone formation F2-Viatmin D
E2-For the absorption of calcium and phosphorus
State one type of mineral that is essential for the strength of this vertebra calcium/ phosphorus
Explain how the lack of mineral stated in (c)(i) leads to osteoporosis. osteoporosis // Porous / brittle bone
Suggest one way on how to reduce the risk of this disease.
taking a diet rich in calcium/phosphorus and vitamin D // drink milk, regular exercise (any one)
Arthritis When structure T (cartilage) wear and tear at certain joints. it may cause a person suffer form a painful and stiff knee which restrict daily activities like walking Name the disease describe in above statement1
Arthritis//osteoarthritis
Name the disease related to the condition in diagram 4.1 Osteoarthritis
Explain the disease you named in (e) (i) 2 F-Caritilage wears off and tears off E1-Friciton takes place
E2-Individual feels pain during movement
State one factor that increase the chances an individual to get this disease Age/dief
Suggest one method that can be used to treat the disease in (e)
Medication /surgery to replace the damage joints with the artificial ones made of plastic or metal
No Marking scheme Marks (a) Diagram, 4.1 and 4.2 shows two conditions that may occur at joint
Differentiate the condition in Diagram 4.1 and 4.2
the cartilage in diagram 4.1 wear off whereas cartilage in diagram 4.2 is not wear off /synovial membrane in diagram4.2wear off//synovial membrane in diagram 4.2 swollen whereas synovial membrane in diagram 4.1 not swollen
1 1 (b) Joints and the contraction of muscle are very important to allow the movement of organism
occurs. Explain why the contraction of muscle needs sufficient blood2 P1-Contraction of muscle need more energy form cell respiration P2-Need more oxygen and more glucose that transported through blood
1 1 2
Aspect Marking scheme Marks
Muscle cramp
Muscle cramp, muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis and arthritis are four health problems related to the musculoskeletal system
F1-caused by involuntary and painful contraction which develop when there is lack of stretching during an exercise
E1-Heat,massage ,rubbing and rest can reduce cramps
1 1 Muscular
dystrophy
F2-Caused by mutation in a gene on the X chromosome
E2.1-the mutated gene makes the body unable to produce he protein needed to build and maintain healthy muscle
E2.2Medicine and therapy are provided to show the course of the disease
1 1 1 Osteoporosis F3-Caused by the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus into the blood stream si
more than the withdrawing of calcium during the formation of bones
E3.1-Prevention beginning form childhood ,with good nutrition and exercise E3.2-A balance diet including and adequate calcium intake
E3.3-Fall prevention in elderly people
1 1 1 1 Arthritis F4-Cause by the exhaustion if cartilage /depletion of synovial fluid and degeneration of
synovial membrane at the joint
E4-Certain drug such as colchicines and non –steroidal anti flammatory drugs are used to reduce the pain.
1 1 10
No Marking scheme Marks (a) Diagram 6.3 9a) and 6.3 (b) show two disease that are related to musculoskeletal system
Describe both disease 4 in diagram 6.3 (a) diagram 6.3 (a)
F1-Type of disease is osteoroposis
E2-Caused by gradual loss of bone density/bone m,ass is reduced E2-Bone become porous and lighter/easily break /brittle
E3-Occur most often in old people /particulary women who have gone meno pause
E4-This disease can prevented by taking a diet rich in calcium ,phoporous and vitamin D /doing weight bearing exercise
Diagram 6.3 (b)
F1-The disease is arthritis /rheumatoid arthritis
E1-It caused by an inflammation or degeneration of the synovial membrane, bones and cartilage at the joints
E2-cause joint pain /stuffiness and swelling of joints/loss of joint function
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 (b) Osteoporosis is a bone disorder. Arthritis cause painful joint
Explain the condition of osteoporosis and arthritis respectively Osteoporosis
P1-the bone become thinner /more brittle /porous /fragile P2-Loss of bone mass
P3-Lack of calcium /phosphorous/vitamin D
Arthritis
P4-Cartilage between bones becomes thinner P5-Ligaments become shorter/loss elasticity P6-Less production of synovial fluid
P7-The joints become swollen stiff/painful any 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm
Aspect Marking scheme Marks
Knowledge Diagram 2.1 shows the movement of an earthworm
Name two types of muscle that are involved in the movement of an earthworm P1-Cicular muscle
P2-Longtitudinal muscle
1 1 2 Explain the function of the liquid found in the worm’s body that allow it to move
forward
P1-The fluid in the body acts as a hydrostatic skeleton P2-to propel its body forward
1 1 2 Adaptation How these organisms support it? Explain. 4
P1 – Has hydrostatic skeleton
P2 – Body wall consist of outer circular muscle P3 – (and) inner longitudinal muscle.
P4 – Body cavity is filled with a fluid which is held in compartments. P5 – The muscles act antagonistically
1 1 1 1 1 4 Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the Worm
P1-Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles act antagonistically P2-to enable its body to shorten and lenghten (alternately)
1 1 2 Mechanism Explain the muscle action for the forward movement of an earthworm 3
P1-Cicular muscles and longtidinal muscle /both muscle act antagonistically// apair of antagonistic muscle
P2-The contraction of contraction of circular muscles//relaxation of longitudinal muscle
P3-Cause the segment (of the earthworm ) to extend /be longer relaxation of circular muscles
P4-the contraction of longitudinal muscle //the relaxation of circular muscles P5-Cause the segment (of the earthworm )to shorten /shorter
Any 3 1 1 1 1 1 3
Aspect Marking scheme Marks Mechanism
(Essay)
Diagram 11.1.2 shows the locomotion of earthworm in habitats.
Explain how locomotion in earthworm occurs. 6
P1 – (When earthworm is crawling over a surface), the chaetae in posterior end of the body pushed into the ground to anchor it.
P2 – The muscle in the anterior end of the body contracts, while the longitudinal muscle relaxes.
P3 – (Hence) the anterior end of the body elongates P4 – The hydrostatic pressure builds up in the body P5 – The body fluid is pushed backward.
P6 – The chaetae in the posterior end of the body are withdrawn while the chaetae in the anterior end of the body are push into the ground.
P7 – The longitudinal muscle in the anterior end of the body contract, while the circular muscle relax.
P8 – causes the anterior end of the body become short and thick. P9 – The body fluid flows into the anterior end of the body P10 – causing the posterior end of the body pulled forward.
P11 – The earthworm moves on the ground by alternately lengthening and shortening its body, assisted by chaetae.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
C. The mechanism of locomotion in a bird
No Marking scheme Marks
(a) Diagram 7.2 shows one of the adaptive characteristic found in birds which help in their in locomotion
Based on the diagram 7.2 and on your biological knowledge i how birds are adapted to fly C1-Name the adaptive characteristic
C2-Explain its function
Adaptive characteristic Function F1-Bird have hollow bones /small head
/no fat in the body
E1-To achieve light weight
F2-The body is streamlined E2-To reduce air resistance/drag (while flying in the air)
F3-Having feather in their tails and wings
E3-To increase the surface area which enables the bird to fly over a long period of time
F4-Having aerofoil wings E4-Which generate the lift for flying though air
F4-Having a pair of antagonistic muscle //pectoralis major and pectoralis
E5-Which enable the bird to flap their wings up and down
2 2 2 2 2 10
The mechanism of locomotion in a fish
Aspect Marking scheme Marks
Adaptation diagram shows a fish
State two adaptation of the fish on how to reduce the resistance in water 2
P1-Fish have stream line shapes //the anterior of fish is smooth and rounded/the body is long and tapers towards the end
P2-the body of fish is covered with scales that have a slimy coating
1 1 2 Diagram 7.1 shows the structure of fish. Diagram 7.1 is a cross section of fish showing
Myotomes
Based on both diagram ,Explain how these structures help the fish to move6 P1 Has flexible endoskeleton
P2 Has W shaped muscle block ie myotomes
P3 Contract and relax antagonistically // one side contracts, another side relaxes P4 Make the tail/ caudal fin to move side by side alternatively
P5 To push the fish forward // control the fish direction P6 Has sleek and streamlined body shape
P7 Overlapping scale facing backward P8 To reduce water resistance
P9 Yawing is prevented by having dorsal and ventral fin P10 Pitching is prevented by having pelvic and pectoral fin P11 Rolling is prevented by having dorsal and ventral fin
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
Aspect Marking scheme Marks Adaptation Diagram shows the movement of a fish in water
Explain the adaptation of fish to enable them to move in water
Adaptation Explanation
F1-Fish have streamlined
shapes(where the anterior of fish is smooth and rounded .and . the body is long and tapers towards the end)
E1-This will help the fish to reduce water resistance
F2-The skin is covered with scales that have a slimy coating
E2-This will help the fish to reduce friction
F3-Fish have fins E3-helps fish to stabilize and help to move efficient in water
2
2 2 6 Mechanism Describe the mechanism of locomotion of fish
P1-The muscles of the fish called myotomes
P2-Myotomes are arranged p\on both sides of the body /anchored to both side of the vertebral
P3-The muscle act antagonistically
P4-When one side of myotomes cantract,the other side of myotomes relax P5-This causes the body to bend in the direction of the contraction
1 1 1 1 1 4 Explain the role of body muscle in the mechanism of locomotion 6
P1-Myotomes muscles are arranged on both side of the body
P2-The vertebral column of fish is flexible and can bent form side to sode
P3-Myotomes muscle act antagonistically in fish/carry out opposite action in a fish P4-when the muscle on right side contract, the muscle on the left side relax
P5-the tail /body will be bent to the right
P6-when the muscle on the left side contract, the muscle on the right side relax P7-the tail /body will be bent to the leaf
P8-alternate contraction of the right and left myotome back block enables its tails to move left and right
P9-to produce a force that propel the fish forward
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
Aspect Marking scheme Marks Mechanism Diagram 11.4.1 shows a body structure of a fish.
Explain how coordination of a myotome and fins of a fish contributes to swimming activities in the aquatic habitat.
P1: Myotomes are muscle block
P2: arranged in segments on both sides of the body / vertebral column. P3: The muscles acts antagonistically / contraction of myotomes on one side of vertebral column and relaxation of the myotomes on the other side.
P4: the contraction of myotomes on the right side of the body will bend the tail to the right // the contraction of myotomes on the left side of the body will bend the tail to the left.
P5: Alternate contraction of the right and left myotome block causes the body to bend side to side.
P6: This produces the forward thrust which propel the fish forward P7: The paired fins and unpaired fin used to maintain the balanced of body during swimming.
P8: The pectoral fins used to steering and brake.
P9: The pelvic fin are used to prevent diving and rolling movements P10: Dorsal and ventral fins used to stay on course without yawing. P11: Tail/caudal fin used to propel the fish.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
The mechanism of locomotion in a bird
Aspect Marking scheme Marks
Knowledge Diagram shows flight muscle of a bird
Name X and Y
Structure X – Pectoralis major muscle Structure Y – Tendon
1 1 2 Name two other groups of animal that can fly.
Bats, Insects 1 1
Adaptation Explain why structure X has an abundance of mitochondria 2
F1-Mitochondria generate / produce energy / ATP // Structure X needs a lot of energy E1-For contraction
1 1 2 State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air.
P1- Insects have wings without bones while birds have wings with bones P2- The muscles of insects are attached to the exoskeleton
P3- The muscle of birds are attached to the endoskeleton
1 1 1 3 How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?
The feathers are parallel and overlap one another to reduce wind resistance 1 1 Describe the characteristics of bird’s bones that allow the bird to gain elevation in
the air.
The bones are hollow; the body is small; the body is shaped like an aerofoil 1 1 State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air.
very light body 1 1
Function Explain the function of X in locomotion of bird2 P1-X contracts
P2- Create pulling force
P3-To pull the wing downward/down stroke
1 1 1 2 Predicting Explain the effect to the locomotion of bird if structure Y is torn 2
P1-(Pulling) force (that created by contraction of muscle) cannot be transferred to the bone.
P2-Bone cannot be pulled downward
1 1 2
Aspect Marking scheme Marks Predicting Explain why the bones of a female bird that lays eggs are more brittle as its age
increase
F1-(bird’s) bones mass decrease
E1-As the bones are more porous /lighter E2-(since it had) lay many eggs
E3-Much calcium /phosphorus /phosphate used in forming the shells of the eggs E4-Leaving less /little calcium /phosphorus /phosphate used to form (strong )bones //more bone minerals to be lost than deposited //re-absorption of calcium. phosphorus /phosphate into blood stream is more than the withdrawing of calcium (during the formation of bones 1 1 1 1 1 3
Mechanism Diagram 2.2 shows the arrangement of flight muscle in a bird
Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying in the air. P1 – Bird fly by flapping their wings / gliding
P2 – The wings of bird is in the shape of aerofoil During flying:
P3 – (To fly) the pectoralis major contract P4 – The pectoralis minor relax
P5 – The pectoralis muscles are antagonistic muscles P6 – The wings moving downward and backward
P7 – The air resistance produced as a result of moving wing downward P8 – provide an upthrust on the wings
P9 – The thrust is transmitted from wings to the coracoids until sternum P10 – (As result) the whole body is lifted up
P11 – (then) the pectoralis minor contract P12 – The wings are pulled up
P13 – The air resistance is very low
P14 – The wings are ready to move downward. During gliding:
P15 – The wings spread (to act as aerofoil)
P16 – The air move faster on the upper of the wings compared to the lower of the wings
P17 – The air pressure is lower in the upper surface than below the wings P18 – Upward thrust produced enable the birds to glide.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 A bird can fly with its wings.
Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System
No Marking scheme Marks
(a) Impaired musculoskeletal system could cause diseases such as osteoporosis, muscular dystrophy and arthritis.
Discuss how someone could have a healthy musculoskeletal system.
Facts Explanation
F1: Having a well- balanced diet
E1-contain sufficient calcium and phosphorus E2-Contain sufficient vitamin D
E3-To build strong bones / prevent osteoporosis F2: Having a good
posture
E4-While standing, our body should be erect straight, so that the weight of our body is supported by both our feet.
E5-While sitting, the thorax is vertical/the thigh is comfortable/ almost all muscle relaxed
E6-While walking, our body should be upright and straight
E7-While lying down, use a mattress that is firm so that the body is evenly supported
E8-Bend both knees when lifting heavy object from the floor. F3: Using proper
attire for daily activities
E9-Wearing tight could restrict the movement
E10: Wearing high-heeled shoes could injure the back bone.
F4-Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous activities
E15: Consistent and moderate exercise can increase the bone mass and prevent osteoporosis
E16: Very vigorous activity could results in pain/strain/ dislocation/ Fractures.
F5: practicing correct and safe exercise techniques
E17: Warming up before exercise can raise the temperature of our muscle to enabling them to make more efficient use of energy/ Preventing injuries 4 6 3 3 2 10 .
No Marking scheme Marks (b) Table shows the lifestyle of two adults X and Y
Individual X Individual Y
Taking too much carbohydrate in his diet Taking a diet rich in
calcium ,phosphate,carbohydrate,protein and vitamin D
While sitting backbone and hip are not supported by the back of the chair
Sit upright with the backbone against the back of the chair
Always wear high heels Always ware flat shoes
Wear tight clothes at all times Wear loose and comfortable clothing at all times
Practising extreme sports for long period of time
Always warm up before doing vigorous activities
Based on table:
Which individual practice good life style which leads to a healthy musculoskeletal system State the factors that affect the musculoskeletal system of the individual chosen and give your reasons 10
Facts Explanation
F1-Having a balance diet is important in maintaining a healthy
musculoskeletal system
E1-Because taking a diet rich in
calcium ,phosphate and vitamin D can build up strong bone
//can prevent osteoporosis
F2-Having a good posture when sitting E2-Having a good posture will enhance good musculoskeletal system and blood circulatory system
F3-Wearing proper shoes E3-Shoes that fits allow freedom of movement of feet //wearing high heeled shoes may inhibits proper walking posture as the //body weight is exerted on the front part of the feet
F4-Wearing proper clothes /attire E4-Clothes should not be too tight because tight clothes will restrict our body movement F5-Taking the appropriate precautions
during vigorous activities
E5-shoulds take warm-up exercised and to prevent injuring our muscles
2 2 2 2 2 10
No Marking scheme Marks (c) The musculoskeletal system is important to us to give us support and movement.
Give two ways to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system2 P1-Have a balanced diet//taking a diet rich in calcium
P2-Have a good posture (when standing,sitting and walking)
1 1 2 (d)
Justify the above statement and explain how such diseases can be avoided. P1: (unbalanced diet) such as diet less in calcium /
P2: less in phosphorus could lead P3: less in vitamin D
P4: unhealthy lifestyle such as consume liquor P5: Process of ageing such as life after menopause
P6: (could) cause osteoporosis / bone becomes porous/ soft and brittle P7: (could) cause arthritis / inflammation of the joints.
Way to overcome osteoporosis:
P8: Optimize calcium intake to increase the bone mass P9: Optimize vitamin D intake to enhance calcium absorption P10: Exercise regularly to help strengthened the muscle and bone P11: undergo hormone replacement therapy during menopause to prevent osteoporosis
Way to overcome gouts:
P12: Reduction of offal and protein in diet
P13: Taking medication to lessen the joint inflammation and to reduce the level of uric acid in the body.
P14: Less/stop consumption of liquor.
P15: Massage on the surrounding muscles using heat therapy.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the process of ageing may cause diseases
No Marking scheme Marks (a) Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine
Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions
Define the term posture.
Posture is defined as a way a body is positioned 1 1
(b) What is meant by a correct posture? P1- body shape is in a correction position P2-the muscles are minimally strectched
1 1 2 (c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B
Student A 1 1
(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?
P1-When standing, the head must be aligned with the backbone and backside P2-the shoulder should be arched slightly to the back of the head
P3-the body and the sole of the feet should form a straight line
1 1 1 2 (e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in terms of:
(i) Energy
causes a lot of energy to be wasted when the muscles are working
(ii) Breathing mechanism
P1-prevents proper movement of the chest area and P2makes breathing difficult
1
1 1
1
2 (f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?
P1-helps to maintain muscle strength
P2-produces good movement and support 1
Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants
Type of plant Marking scheme Marks
Floating plant
Diagram shows a plants ,water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes ) on the surface of the pond
Figure 4.2(a) shows the cross section of a water hyacinth stem and figure 4.2 (b) shows the cross section of a woody plant.
What is structure P? P: air sac
1 1 Explain how structure P helps the plant in support.
P: to reduce the density of aquatic plant // to keep aquatic plant light 1 1 Describe how woody plant is supported by structure Q in figure 4.2 (b).
P1-able to float
P2-get enough sun light P3--carry out photosynthesis
1 1 1 2 Explain the adaptation of the plants which enables to float water surface // Explain
the adaptation of the plant which enable it to float on water surface. Adaptation Explanation
F1-Large air sacs in the roots /leaves E1-Keep the plant floating on the water surface buoyancy/plant is light /low density F2-Aerenchyma tissue in the stem
/root/leaf
E2-Keep the plant is light /low intensity
F3-Broad leaves which firm and flexible
E3-Resist tearing by wave action
F4-Few vascular tissue found in the middle of the stem
E4-Enable the stem to bend without breaking //xylem tissue are not lignified F5-stem are large and swollen E5-Increase the air content to help plant to
float
F6-Small and fibrous root E6-To trap the air bubbles /gases (help plant to float) any 2F with 2E 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
Type of plant Marking scheme Marks Woody
plants
Name one tissue that provided support to plant in diagram 4.2
Schlerenchyma tissue/xylem tissue 1 1
Like humans and animal, plants also need support. Give one necessity for support in plant
P1-to be in an upright position so their leaves can absorb maximum sunlight P2for photosynthesis//flower need to be lift for pollination
1 1 2 Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main purpose.
To absorb maximum sun light energy for photosynthesis 1 1 Explain how turgidity provides support to in plant in diagram
P1-Turgor pressure of liquid content in the vacuole P2-Pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall
P3-Creating support for the stem .leaves and roots Any 2P
1 1 1 2 Diagram 11.2.2 shows a cross-section of a woody plant stem.
Explain what modifications are found in the tissues of woody plants which giving support to the plants.
Type of tissue Explanation
P1 – Xylem tissues E2– Xylem vessels and tracheids are strengthened with lignin
P2 – Parenchyma tissues E3 – Store starch and sugar and water. E4 – Turgid cells give support to the plant. P2 – Collenchyma tissues E5 – Walls thickened with cellulose and pectin P3–Schlerenchyma
tissues
E5 – Wall thickened with lignin to provide support
2 2 2 2 6
Type of plant Marking scheme Marks Woody
plants
How plant Q obtain support?
Q: it obtains support from the xylem vessels and tracheid (lignin) 1 1 Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Q’s stem.
2 2 Compare
Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem condition.
P stem is soft because it has no lignin but the stems of Q and R is hard 1 1 By giving one example woody plant and non woody ,explain how the support system
in woody plant differ from that of non –woody plant Non-woody plants (herbaceous plants)
Example: Balsam plants
P1-(support in herbaceous plants is ) Provided by the turgidity of the parenchyma /collenchymas cells
P2-(when there is enough warm in the ground),the cell take in water by osmosis and become turgid
P3-the turgid pressure of the fluid in the vacuole pushes the cell contents/plasma membrane against the cell wall
P4-Creating support for it stem /root /leaves
P5-the thin thickening die cell walls with cellulose/collenchymas cells gives support to herbaceous plants 1 1 1 1 1
Woody plants:
example :Rambutan tree/hibiscus/any suitable example
P6-woody plants have specialized tissues /scerenchyma tissues/xylem vessels /tracheid.ti gove tehn support
P7-These tissue have cellulose walls which jave deposits of ligin for added strength P8-Sclerenchyma cells have very thick walls 9which do not provide water to pass through)
P9-(these cells are dead cells and )their function is provide support for the plant P10-xylem vesels from he woody tissues of the stem
P12-This makes the plant stronger and also provides support for then plant P13-Tracheid are also dead cells with thick walls and very small
P1-they are found with the xylem vessel and together they support the plants Max10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 TIPS:
