1896 – 1903: Start of the Outbreak
1896 – 1903: Start of the Outbreak of the Philippine Revolutionof the Philippine Revolution Andres Bonficacio
Andres Bonficacio •
• Called the “Great Plebian”Called the “Great Plebian” •
• 33rdrd Supremo of K.K.K.Supremo of K.K.K. •
• Lived in TondoLived in Tondo •
• Was orphaned at an early ageWas orphaned at an early age •
• Worked as a “Bodegero”Worked as a “Bodegero” K.K.K.
K.K.K. •
• Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galKataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan na Anak ng angang Katipunan na Anak ng BayanBayan Difference of Reforms from Revolutions
Difference of Reforms from Revolutions •
• ReformsReforms: 1882-1896: 1882-1896 •
• Revolutions:Revolutions: 1892-19031892-1903 •
• Reformists are made up of ilustrados or those who are Reformists are made up of ilustrados or those who are in the middle class toin the middle class to
upper class society. They fight through peaceful means by making the people upper class society. They fight through peaceful means by making the people aware of the dire situation of the
aware of the dire situation of the PhilippinPhilippines and are thus seeking reforms fores and are thus seeking reforms for their rights. They
their rights. They are pro-Spanish colonization.are pro-Spanish colonization.
•
• RevolutionistRevolutionists are made s are made up of the civilians, mostly of those from up of the civilians, mostly of those from lower classlower class
to middle class of the
to middle class of the society. They believe that reforms are not the society. They believe that reforms are not the way inway in attaining freedom. They are
attaining freedom. They are fighting for the independence of the fighting for the independence of the PhilippinesPhilippines from Spanish rule.
from Spanish rule.
Objectives of Katipunan Objectives of Katipunan
•
• Political:Political: To fight for the independence of the PhilippinesTo fight for the independence of the Philippines •
• Moral:Moral: To teach good To teach good morals and manners. To correct morals and manners. To correct religious fanaticisreligious fanaticism.m.
To respect wo
To respect women and childmen and children.ren.
•
• Civic:Civic: To help the To help the oppressed.oppressed. Preparation of Katipunan
Preparation of Katipunan •
• They made bolos They made bolos •
• They stole guns and other a They stole guns and other arms from the Srms from the Spaniardspaniards •
• They negotiated with the Japa They negotiated with the Japanese to bring tnese to bring them arms but it hem arms but it failed. Thefailed. The
Japanese refus
Japanese refused to be involed to be involved in the warved in the war..
Betrayal of Teodoro Patiño Betrayal of Teodoro Patiño
•
• Why:Why: Apolinario dela Cruz and Teodoro Patino had an argument whileApolinario dela Cruz and Teodoro Patino had an argument while
working in the Diario de Manila. Patino sought revenge. working in the Diario de Manila. Patino sought revenge.
•
• How:How: Teodoro told his sister Honoria the secrets of the Katipunan. This led toTeodoro told his sister Honoria the secrets of the Katipunan. This led to
Honoria crying due to pity for the
Honoria crying due to pity for the SpaniardsSpaniards. The Madre Portera, Sor . The Madre Portera, Sor Teresa,Teresa, saw this and Honoria told her the
saw this and Honoria told her the reason. The madre portera then toldreason. The madre portera then told Teodoro to tell
Teodoro to tell this to this to Father Mariano Father Mariano Gil. With thGil. With this knowledge, Fis knowledge, Fatherather Mariano headed to Diario de Manila and saw the
Mariano headed to Diario de Manila and saw the proofs of the existence of proofs of the existence of the Katipunan. They saw the lithographic stone used by the Katipunan to the Katipunan. They saw the lithographic stone used by the Katipunan to make receipts. And in
make receipts. And in the locker of the locker of Policaripio Turla, whose signaturePolicaripio Turla, whose signature appeared in the receipts, was found the dagger, the rules of
appeared in the receipts, was found the dagger, the rules of the society andthe society and other documents concerning the Katipunan. These were then
the police who were now convinced about the existence of the underground society of the Katipunan.
Unang Sigaw ng Himagsikan
• Isinagawa ito pagkatapos ng pangtatraydor ni Teodoro Patino. • “Unang Sigaw ng Pugadlawin”. Hindi “Unang Sigaw ng Balintawak”
• Nung una pumunta silang Balintawak para pag-usapan ang kung anuman ang
gagawin dahil sa crisis na kinakaharap nila.
• Tapos pumunta silang Kangkong, sa lugar ni Apolinario Samson, isang
Katipunero, para kumain at makatulog.
• Pagkatapos ay pumunta sila sa lugar ng anak ni Melchora Aquino na si Juan
A. Ramos. Doon tinanong ni Bonifacio kung handa ba ang kanyang mga tao sa paglaban para sa kalayaan hanggang kamatayan. Tumutol ang brother-in-law ni Bonifacio na si Teodoro Plato. Pero tuloy pa rin at sa Pugadbrother-in-lawin ay pinunit nila ang kanilang mga cedula na binibigyang kahulugan ang kanilang pag-aaklas laban sa pamahalaan ng mga Kastila.
• “Long live the Philippines!” 8 Provinces na Unang Nag-alsa
1. Pampanga 2. Tarlac 3. Maynila 4. Batangas 5. Cavite 6. Laguna 7. Bulacan 8. Nueva Ecija
Mga Leaders ng mga Probinsya
Nueva Ecija – Tinio
Tarlac – Francisco Macabulos Soliman Pampanga – Tecson
Cavite – Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano Alvarez Laguna – Cavilles
Batangas - Malvar
2 Probinsya na Huling Nag-alsa
1. Bataan 2. Pangasinan
Proposal ng 9th Ray na Flag
• It was said that the Muslim resistance should be added but they did not
participate in the Philippine Revolution
• If ever it should be an honor bestowed upon Cordillera UP Campus
• The place was the HQ of Bonifacio View ni Rizal
• Rizal’s view is that the Philippines is not yet prepared for a revolution. • The Filipinos are lacking arms and the whole Philippines is not yet united. • Such are what he told Pio Valenzuela who was sent to him.
• He also refused the offer of him going to Cuba to be a doctor.
• He also refused the help of the KKK who proposed for him to be broken out of
jail
Pag-aaway ng mga Magdiwang & Magdalo
• Magdiwang – Mga Katipunero na malapit sa Batangas • Magdalo – Mga Katipunero na malapit sa Cavite
• Pinag-aawayan nila: Di raw kinikilala ng Magdalo ang Magdiwang. Ginugusto
rin ng mga Magdalo na bumuo ng bagong pamahalaan na para sa buong bansa. Habang ang ipinaglalaban naman ng mga Magdiwang ay na ang kanilang pamahalaan ay para sa mga rebolusyonaryo na may konstitusiyon na.
• Kinuha ang intervention ni Bonifacio, kaso wala ring nangyari. Sa tingin ng
mga Magdalo ay nakikialam lang si Bonifacio.
Deklarasyon ng Pagbuo ng Republika ng Katagalugan
• Sang-ayon si Bonifacio sa pagbuo ng Republika ng Katagalugan. Ang kaso ay
di magkasundo ang mga tao kaya wala ring mangyari.
Tejeros Convention
• Nagbotohan. Ang ibang naboto ay puro mga taga-Magdalo at ang nag-iisang
Magdiwang ay si Andres Bonifacio. Natalo siya sa pagkapresidente ni Emilio Aguinaldo. Chairman ng botohan si Andres Bonifacio. Sinasabi niya na ang lahat ng mangyayari sa korte ay in majority. At sinabi rin niya na ang lahat ng mahahalal sa posisyon ay rerespetuhin. Sumang-ayon naman ang lahat. Ang kaso ay nang mahalal si Andres Bonifacio, tumutol si Daniel Tirona, isang Magdalo, at sinabing hindi karapat-dapat si Andres Bonifacio para sa kanyang posisiyon dahil mababa lang ang kanyang napag-aralan. Mas nababagay raw si Jose del Rosario na isang abogado at mataas ang pinag-aralan. Nagalit si Bonifacio at pinilit si Tirona na bawiin ang kanyang sinabi ngunit ayaw niya. Nilabas ni Bonifacio ang kanyang baril at mambabaril na kundi dahil sa
interbensyon ng kanyang kasapi. Tumakas o nagwalk-out si Tirona. Sa galit ni Bonifacio ay idineclare niyang null and void ang lahat ng mga nangyari.
• Nagkaroon ng panunumpa ngunit di kasama si Bonifacio. Nasunod ang sinabi
ni Patino na si Jose del Rosario ang mas karapatdapat para sa katungkulan. Pinaniniwalaan ng mga Magdiwang nagkaroon ng pandaraya sa balot.
January 1897: Negotiation of Aguinaldo and Magdalos with 2 Spaniards • Nakipagnegosyasiyon si Aguinaldo at ang ilang Magdalos sa 2 Kastila, isang
pari at isang journalist, para sa mga favors.
Acta de Tejeros
• This was written by Bonifacio and the Magdiwangs. It states that they do not
Naic Military Agreement
• It states that there would be a reorganization of the assignment of military
forces in the different provinces
• 1st: All combatants should join whether it be through persuasion or force • 2nd: No one would be recognized to have power except those who are in the
Right or those who have fought from the start of the revolution or for the freedom of the Philippines to the present.
• 3rd: All traitors will be punished.
• Emilio Jacinto assigned military forces to the provinces. Pagkakakulong ni Andres Bonifacio
• When Aguinaldo read the Naic Military Agreement he had Andres Bonifacio
and his brothers arrested. They surrounded his house and fired shots. One of his brothers was killed and the other wounded. Bonifacio was struck at the throat which led him to be unable to defend himself in court.
Reasons ng Pagkakakulong
• Sedition – attracting others to revolt against thepresent government • Treason – fighting against the government
• Counter-revolution – starting a revolution opposite from that of the current
revolution
Trial ni Andres Bonifacio
• Puro Magdalo. Defense attorney nilang magkapatid ay Magdalo. Execution
ang hatol sa kanilang dalawa. Ginawang banishment ni Aguinaldo. Pinilit at naging execution ulit.
Conspiracies about Bonifacio’s Trial
1. It was said that Bonifacio and his brothers were planning to kill Aguinaldo 2. Testimonies of others were ignored
3. Hindi nagpresenta ng mga documents sa trial
4. Peke ang signature ng judge dahil alam niyang may conspiracy
5. Defense Lawyer ni Bonifacio na si Teodoro Gonzales ay isang Magdalo. Sa una pa lang ay sinasabi nang guilty ang kanyang “dinedepensahan”
6. Minamanipulate ang mga ebidensya at judge
Death of Bonifacio
• Inorder si Lazaro Macapagal na patayin si Bonifacio at kanyang kapatid • Ni hindi alam ni Bonifacio na papatayin na siya
• Dinala siya sa bundok
Witnesses to Bonifacio’s Execution • Lazaro Macapagal and his men • 14 year old na P.A. ni Bonifacio 1892-1897
• Succesful revolution Fernando Primo de Rivera
• pinalitan si Camili de Polaveja on April 15, 1897 • former governor general
• Nung May 15 ay sinabing bibigyan ng pardon ang lahat ng sumarrender • Inextend niya to May 17 onwards
Consequence of Bonifacio’s Execution • Catitismo/Regionalism
Within 5 Months: Death of Rizal and Bonifacio • December 30, 1896 – Rizal’s Death
• May 18, 1897 – Bonifacio’s Death Choosing of National Hero
• Constantino said that the Americans were the ones who chose Rizal as the
National Hero
• Choices:
1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar – not chosen because he wanted to join the Katipunan in 1896
2. Emilio Aguinaldo – was still alive at the time so he wasn’t chosen 3. Jose Rizal - CHOSEN
remained loyal to Spain opposed the Revolution
refused to acknowledge the Katipunan
Paciano and two sisters joined the Katipunan Refused the help of the Katipunan twice
1911: Monument of Rizal in Luneta was built. His remains from
Paco cemetery were transferred to Luneta 4. Apolinario Mabini
was irreconcilable
did not pledge loyalty to America
1903: was imprisoned and then allowed to return from America
5. Andres Bonifacio – representative of the Philippine Revolution
Monument of Katipuneros
• Katipuneros decided that they should build a monument for Bonifacio, but his
family said that he wouldn’t want that. But they said that they should build a monument for the Katipuneros instead. So they raised Php 10,000.00 to build the monument which was built by 1911. However due to the construction of the NLEX in 1966, a bulldozer ran over the monument thus breaking it. Prof. Agoncillo, a professor in UP, fixed the monument. And then it was now ever since in front of Vinzon’s. The place where Vinzon’s is was a place where Bonifacio gathered members for the Katipunan before so it was fitting.
Currency with Heroes’ faces • 1 peso – Rizal
• 5 peso – Andres Bonifacio. But was changed into Emilio Aguinaldo’s face by
Cesar Pinata, Head of Finance and grandson of Emilio Aguinaldo, during Marcos’ rule.
• 10 pesos – Apolinario Mabini. Now with Apolinario Mabini’s and Andres
Bonifacio’s face.
• 20 pesos – Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Recto Avenue
• Should be Bonifacio Avenue because this was the place where Bonifacio lived
before.
Bonifacio Street • “Boni” station
• Behind Sementeryo del Monte Fort Bonifacio
• was called Fort McKinley during the American colonization • named after Bonifacio during the Filipino-Spanish war Defense of Batangas
• fought against Spaniards after Magdiwangs fell due to demoralization Republic of Biak-na-Bato
• President: Emilio Aguinaldo Treaty of Biak-na-Bato
• a treaty of ceasefire between the Philippines and Spain • The Treaty Entails :
1. Re-establishment of Spanish control 2. Emilio Aguinaldo gains P400,000
3. P200,000 distributed to leaders of the revolution 4. Surrendering of arms of all Filipino revolutionaries
5. Voluntary exile of the leaders to the places of their choosing = Hong Kong, instead of death
Cuban Revolution
• 1895 – waging war Pedro Paterno
• acquired P500.00 from the Treaty of Biak-na-Bato
Parts of the Philippines that Joined Katipuneros Against the Spanish • Northern Luzon
• Visayas • Mindanao
Hong Kong Junta
• a group that Emilio Aguinaldo created whilst in Hong Kong
• advises him and helps him with regards to the construction of the Philippine
government
United States as an Imperialist • one of the leading
• had several territories
• nations as territories or protectorates
• wanted to acquire the Philippines since 1861
3 Major Economic Reasons Why The Americans Wanted to Acquire the Philippines
1. Source of raw materials
2. New market for American products 3. New investments could be made
Political Advantages
1. Naval and Marine bases in the Asian territory 2. Political power comparable to that of other bases
Social and Cultural Reasons
1. Manifest and Destiny Concept 2. White Man’s Burden
3. American Democracy
How the Americans Knew About the Philippine Revolution
1. Telegrams/telegraphs 2. American companies
Spanish-American War 1895 • Cuban Revolution
U.S. Sugar Cartel sent forces to three countries • Puerto Rico
• Philippines • Cuba
Asiatic Squadron
• sent to Hong Kong by Commodore George Dewey. They were to stay there
until commanded to go to the Philippines and to interfere
Battle of Manila Bay • May 1, 1898
• McKinley asked for 5,000 men, but General Anderson sent 15,000 • defeated Spanish fleet
• McKinley supposedly didn’t know that he already captured the Philippines,
Filipino Flag
• created by Hong Kong Junta – Marcela Agoncillo
• Aguinaldo carried a flag while he was on an American ship as he returned to
the Philippines from Hong Kong
June 12, 1898
• The date that Aguinaldo proclaimed independence • the date was used from 1962/1963
July 4, 1946
• the date that the Philippines became a republic • used by America for their own independence Strange Things
• George Dewey was invited to the Declaration of Independence. He declined
and instead sent the youngest officer, a lieutenant, of his Asiatic Squadron
• Said youngest officer signed the Declaration of Independence June Decrees
• decrees issued by Aguinaldo which were written by Mabini • Organic Decrees of June 1898
o declared the establishment of the gobierno o Philippine Revolutionary Governemnt
President and Cabinet legislatures Judiciary
Revolutionary Army
Provincial and Municipal Government
Daniel Perona
• appoined head of Cagayan Valley • isang malaking duwag
Americans Waged a War Against the Philippines • 1899-1903
Treaty of Paris: December 1898
• Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines are ceded to U.S. • U.S. bought the Philippines for $20million
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation
• U.S. will assimilate the Philippines in a cordial manner for the happiness and
well-being of the Filipinos. This was all of course, propaganda.
• If the Philippines will not cooperate with the U.S., they are willing to wage
war.
• 1898-1899 • Reasons:
1. Conquest: The Americans defeated the Spaniards 2. Purchase : They already paid for the Philippines
3. The Philippines wanted to be a protectorate country of the U.S. From the words of Emilio Aguinaldo, which were valid since he was the proclaimed leader of the country at the time.
Anti-Imperialist League
• They are a group of enlightened Americans, from Boston and New York, who
are saying that the U.S. has no business in acquiring the Philippines
• But there were only a few members as many were in favor fo the acquisition. Date of Philippine American War
• January 4, 1899 Filipino Elite/Ilustrados
• richest families of the Philippines • fund-raising but for Spanish
• August 1896
o Philippine revolution broke out.
o They proclaimed that they were legal subjects of Spain
• An example is the Blanco family from Macabebe, Pampanga.
• Macabebes became the term to call those people who are helping the
Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution
• They formed an advisory council for the Spanish Final Defeat of Spain
• August 1898
• already thousands of American troops in Cavite and Pasay Mock Battle Between America and Spain
• Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to leave their posts in Intramuros. • They were then replaced by Americans.
• But there was a secret agreement between the Americans and the Spaniards,
they were to hold a mock battle for approx. 1 hour.
• The Spaniards then raised white flag.
• Thus, the Filipinos lost the opportunity to capture Manila. What happened to the Filipino Elite after Spanish defeat?
• At first they had nowhere to go.
• But Aguinaldo welcomed them with open arms and even invited them to be a
part of the Revolutionary Congress
• The Revolutionary Congress had a half appointed by Aguinaldo and the other
half representatives of the provinces
• the congress was in Malolos then because Manila was in the arms of the
Spaniards
Good Laws of the Revolutionary Congress
1. The establishment of a state university: University of the Philippines 2. The appointment of Felipe Agoncillo as a representative
Bad Laws of the Revolutionary Congress
1. Friar Lands were given to officials. If they were instead given to the tenants then the problems of tenancy and povery
2. National Loan Law: Government Bonds. 10% intrest per annum for 10 years. And if the government couldn’t pay back by the time then land will be given in compensation.
3. The resolution to establish a new constitution and new government to replace the Revolutionary Government which is the Republic of the Philippines.
Central Bank
• It’s set of directors were composed of 7 congressmen
• There is a law that states that the congress shouldn’t make any law that
would directly benefit themselves. But the National Loan Law is a public disregard for this law.
January 1899
• Malolos Constitution already approved by congress and signature of
Aguinaldo is needed
• Mabini was against this, but Aguinaldo signed them anyway • start of the Republic of the Philippiens
Republic of the Philippines • Composed of:
1. Executive – appointed by Legislature
2. Legislature – has complete control. Would also appoint cabinet. 3. Judiciary – appointed by Legislature
• Provisions
1. Establishment of congress
2. Separation of Church and State
• separation of Church and state • Civil liberties and civil rights
• Mabini said that the constitution should not be signed by Aguinaldo but
Aguinaldo did.
Roles of Mabini and Aguinaldo • Aguinaldo – President
• Mabini – Sec. of Foreign Affairs
o He didn’t really have control
o sent a message to the U.S. that the Philippines is an independent country
January 23, 1899
• inauguration of the Malolos Constitution • U.S. getting ready to wage war
Schurman Commission
• Fact-Finding Commission • issued by McKinley
• Stated that the U.S. is willing to give the Philippines a status of Autonomy.
Autonomy is where the Philippines is under America as a colony, but we would have our own government. However, Mabini said no.
February 4, 1899 • first shot to war
• Americans walked into Intramuros Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902)
• A Philippine uprising against the Americas
• should be more properly called the Philippine-American War Resources of the U.S. and the Philippines
U.S. Philippines
1. Highly industrialised 1. No industries comparable 2. 2nd richest economy 2. Agricultural industry
3. Huge Military Force
• Army - land • Navy - sea
• Marines - fighting
3. Army but no navy
4. 50,000 troops 4. 6,000 soldiers
5. Repeating gounds, Many and new weapons
5. Old and only few weapons 6. Transportation, big horses 6. Ponies
7. Food: canned goods, mobile kitchen 7. Bring your own baon, half a sack of rice and salt. Few equipments.
Estimation of Defeat of the Philippines • 1 month
• became 3 months • lasted for 3 ½ years
• Aguinaldo surrendered after 2 years 1861
• America already has plans in acquiring the Philippines Cuban Revolution in 1895
• America saw an opportunity in caputuring the Philippines December 1898
• Treaty of Paris Pio Valenzuela
• an ilustrado who joined the Katipunan • Valenzuela City
Ilustrados
• August 1898 – Joined Aguinaldo
• January 1899 – Schurman Commission Pro-US/Colonization
• T.I.I. Parda de Tavera • G. Araneta
• P. Paterno • F. Buencanino Anti-US/Colonization
• Apolinario Mabini
o Adviser/Sec. of Foreign Affairs
o abanadoned by Aguinaldo government o Helped by military officers
o offered a position by the Americans but he refused.
• Antonio Luna Antonio Luna
• phD in Chemistry
• commander of the Military forces • had a degree in Military Science • editor of La Independencia
• made it to appear that he went to Aguinaldo’s place to kill him • murder • no investigation • telegram removed • by order of Aguinaldo • Luna’s Men: o demoted o imprisoned
o replaced by Aguinaldo’s men
Strategy/Plan of America
1. To destroy Philippine Republic 2. Capture Emilio Aguinaldo
3. To control Military occupation of the Philippines
Kawit Company
La Union Company
• soliders killed because Luna’s mother was in the area New Cabinet
• pledged loyalty to America • traitors
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar • 24 years old
• volunteered to defend Tirad Pass in order to let Aguinaldo go to Palanan,
Isabela safely
• killed by sniper • took clothes • threw body
• locals buried the bodies of the men • locals placed a stone marker
• 20 years after the event, Americans built a monument at Tirad Pass for
Gregorio del Pilar
Aguinaldo @Palanan, Isabela
• sent letters all throughout Luzon • one of those letters intercepted
• Americans, leaded by General Funston, disguised themselves as Macabebes
as they entered the house where Aguinaldo was staying
• They captured them and brought back to Manila Aguinaldo’s command
• That the people of the Philippines should bow down to American rule • not many followed
Miguel Malvar
• one of the last generals to surrender • took over the presidency of Aguinaldo Military Occupation by U.S.
1. All towns and provinces had U.S. military presence and military garrison 2. Propaganda: Partido Federal
• Anti-Katipunan • Anti-Tulisan
3. Neutralize areas/gain alliances
• Negros Republic • Muslim Mindanao
4. Wage a war against the Filipinos
Negros Republic
• declared themselves under U.S. protection • to protect rice
Muslim Mindanao • Sultanate of Sulu
• General Bates was sent there • Bates Treaty (1899-1903)
1. Sulu as an autonomous government 2. No conversion to Christianity
3. Will provide leaders with stipend and allowance
Guerilla Warfare
• back-up plan of Luna in case Filipino forces fail • Katipunan, Military offcers, ordinary people
1. Recruits
2. Food and supplies 3. Military intelligence
• all from civilians Balangiga Massacre • Leyte to Samar • town in Samar • Vicente Lucban
• abuse by American soldiers • Women fled
• Men disguised as women
• Priests were also asked to flee
• They striked when the American soldiers were eating • sound of bells at the Church
• all soldiers were killed except two
• not a massacre but an encounter between guerillas and soldiers
• American forces burned down the town and killed everyone – this was the
massacre
• bells taken as souvenir and are at the U.S. and South Korea • Samar was one of the most devastated provinces after the war Ways of Americans Attacking
1. “zona”
2. torture – water torture, beatings 3. Executions
4. Systematic Arson
• all places within 1 km radius from the town where ambushed
happened are burned 5. exile
Reconcentration
• an entire community placed in detention camp • they weren’t allowed to leave
• this was to stop them from giving help to the guerillas Tagalog insurrection
• was not true
• all Filipinos are involved April-May 1902
• many guerillas surrendered Law of U.S. Congress
• Insular government of the Philippine Islands • by General William H. Taft
3 Laws Passed by Philippine Commission
1. Legalize reconcentration
2. Only the American Flag is allowed to be raised 3. Anti-Brigandege law
Macario Sakay • was captured July 1902
• for many this was the time that the American War ended 1903
• for Historians this was the year that the American war ended • death of Apolinario Mabini
December 1902
• war came to an “end”
Condition of the Philippines After American War • Philippines once more under foreign power
1. Casualties
1889 census was that there were 6million filipinos
After the American War, 100,000+ were injured and 1.5 million
died
For the Americans, there were 300,000 of them here, 30,000
were injured and about 3,000 were killed
According the the 1903 census by the Americans, Novaliches
has no people
25% of the Filipino population died
2. Epidemics
by 1889-1896 there were no epidemics
when Americans came there was typhoid and even the Bubonic
plague from ships from China 3. Famine – because of Systematic Arson 4. Refugees – because of Systematic Arson
internal refugees – those reconcentrated
5. 90% of Carabao population died 6. Economic Devastation
because of burned/destroyed livelihoods
America didn’t pay for the reconstruction of the Philippines. Philippines’ reconstruction only came from taxes
Legacy of the Philippines in the Philippine-American War and Philippine Revolution
1. Nation/Nation-state 2. Independence
3. Heroes/Heroines – role models
