W
orkshop on
P
ublic
P
olicies to
M
itigate
E
nvironmental
I
mpact from
B
rick
P
roduction
Guanajuato, Guanajuato Mexico
September 4th at 6th, 2012.
Session II b. Panel on Public Policies.
”Public policies on Brick production in Mexico
to mitigate the environmental impact"
Beatriz Cárdenas, Na1onal Ins1tute of Ecology
Please cite as:
Cárdenas, B. (2012). Public policies on Brick produc1on in Mexico to mi1gate the environmental impact. In: INE
Proceedings of the Workshop on public policies to mi:gate environmental impact of ar:sanal brick produc:on. (Session IIb. Panel on Public policies). Guanajuato, Mexico, 4‐6th September, 2012. [PowerPoint slides]. Ins1tuto Nacional de
Ecología. Available in: : hUp://www.ine.gob.mx/cenica‐memorias/1111‐taller‐ladrilleras‐2012‐eng. Last accessed: 17th Sep, 2012.
Brick production in Mexico
Public Policies on Brick
Production in Mexico to
mitigate the environmental
impact
September 4th, 2012
Guanajuato, Gto.
Beatriz Cárdenas
Outline
•
Artisanal-traditional and mechanized-modern production in Mexico
•
Features of traditional brick production in Mexico
•
Public policies and programs on traditional brick production
•
Ongoing projects and critical mass on artisanal brick production in
Mexico
•
Opportunties and challenges: Initiative to mitigate short-lived
pollutants for brick production as part of the Climate and Clean Air
Coalition
Brick production in Mexico:
craft and mechanized production
• Brick production in Mexico takes place both using modern and
mechanized process as well as traditional methods
– Of total number of kilns (reported as production units), 70% are
traditional (12.264 / 16.953) but account for 30 to 50% of total production.
– The technified production is modern and high production
• One such company, located in Tlaxcala (according to
their own reports) produces 2000 ton/day equivalent to 1,000,000 bricks /day**
*Economic Census INEGI, 2009
Plant in Tlaxcala Traditional kiln
Artisanal brick production
Production (bricks/batch): Small kilns: 5,000 Medium kilns: 10 000-15,000 Large kilns: 30,000 - 35,000 Batch/month: Dry season: 1-2 Rainy season: 1Crafted production of bricks
How many and where:
- Currently SEMARNAT* is compiling an
inventory of artisanal kilns in Mexico
- In 2007, 16 of 31 states provided information
to SERMARNAT* on artisanal kilns. Based on this information and population estimates, an approximate number of 16,300 kilns nationwide was determined (Maiz et al., 2010).
- Example of questionaires (production per kiln
types and fuels used.
* DGCAyRETC-SEMARNAT (Air Quality Management and National Registry for Pollutant Release and Transfer- Office)
Distribution of artisanal brick production
Distribution of artisanal brick production in Mexico • 74% * of craft production is concentrated in 7 states*:
– Puebla (25%)
– Jalisco (15%)
– Guanajuato (14%)
– San Luis Potosí (7%)
– Michoacaan (5%)
– Durango (4%)
Distribution of artisanal brick production
General Information on craft production:
• Numerous projects to reduce environmental impact over the last 3 decades
- State and federal level involving
• Little documentation on the projects including costs, results, verification
• Focused mainly on environmental issues
• Little or no coordination between the different institutions
– Science and technology projects
• Local and national funds (Science and Technology Ministry) – Documentation: reports, Thesis, papers
– Poor coordination between research groups and local authorities
– Intervention projects documented
• Ciudad Juárez (1980´s)
• Relocation kilns in some states (Guanajuato, Querétaro, Coahuila)
INE is currently making efforts to document the different programs and policies in relation to artisanal brick production and its environmental impact
Some considerations and public policies related
to the production of brick
• Federal jurisdiction
- Use of alternative fuels and firewood • Municipal and state jurisdiction
- Land use planning
– Mining of sand and cal
– Fuels
• Environmental and health policies
– Air quality
• Standards for criteria pollutants: PM2.5, Ozone
• Social policies
– Poverty, child protection, gender equity
• Economic and development policies
– Support for small and medium businesses
Public policies related to the brick
production
Urgent problems
• Environmental – Air quality – Climate change• Short-lived pollutants and greenhouse gases
• Social
– Basic services
– Health protection
• Political
– Governance to pollution problems
• Economic
Public policies related to the brick
production
• Public policies related to the brick production
– Mexico's participation in the Climate and Clean Air Coalition
• Coordination of the initiative to mitigate short-lived pollutants: climate
and air
– Climate Change Act (June 4, 2012)
– Strategy for low carbon growth
Public policies related to the brick
production
• Great opportunities and challenges of the Initiative for
Mexico
• Information about artisanal and mechanized brick
production
• Placing Artisanal brick production on the agenda at the
state and national level
• Identification of alternative technologies
• Design of integrated projects
• Coordination between the three levels of government and
Public policies related to the brick
production
•
What we already have
–
Regulatory framework (state and some elements related to federal
issues)
–
Interest and ongoing work involving state governments
–
Critical mass: science and technology development
–
Great experience in projects implementation: opportunity to learn
from past experiences
–
Participation and enthusiasm of different sectors
And after this workshop?
Activities to do in the coming months, invitation to collaborate on:
•
Brick production in Mexico: detail report
•
Synergy and coordination between different public policies
•
Program to mitigate emissions of short-lived pollutants from brick
production
¡Gracias!
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
ANNEX
Critical mass and ongoing projects related
to artisanal brick production
Critical mass and ongoing projects related
to artisanal brick production
EVALUATION OF EMISSIONS REDUCTION TO THE ATMOSPHERE
BY COUPLING BRICK KILNS IN MEXICO STATE.
• Funding: S&T Mix-funds (CONACyT-Mexico Edo:
FM-EDOMEX-2009-C02-135728) and participant institutions • 2010-2013
• Evaluate the reduction of pollutants to the atmosphere by coupled brick kilns in
State of Mexico State. MK type kilns
• Dra. Rosa Hilda Chávez, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
Black carbon emissions from artisanal kilns
• Objective: To determine black carbon and GHG emisions from
measurements in a traditional and MK kilns • Responsible: Dra. Beatriz Cárdenas
• Period: 2012
• Funding: INE, Clean Air Task Force (UAMI, MCE2, Julio Medina, Fam.
Esparza.
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
•
Environmental impact assessment and identification of public policies
to mitigate the environmental impact of brick production
• Objectives:
a) Evaluate the environmental impact of the production of bricks based on the characterization of emissions of greenhouse gases, criteria pollutants and toxics, personal exposure and energy efficiency.
b) Identify, evaluate and design public policies and programs that contribute to the mitigation of environmental impact
• Responsible: Ing. Uriel Aréchiga and Dra. Beatriz Cárdenas
• Period: 2007-2012
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to artisanal brick production
•
Environmental impact assessment and identification of public policies
to mitigate the environmental impact of brick (references)
• Cárdenas B., Aréchiga, U., Márquez C., Munguía J.L., 2008. Informe Final: “Evaluación preliminar de la contribución de fuentes específicas en la calidad del aire de la Ciudad de Salamanca”. INE-UAMI. México D.F.
• Cárdenas B., Aréchiga, U., Munguía J.L., Márquez C., Campos, A. 2009. Evaluación preliminar del impacto ambiental por la producción artesanal de ladrillo: cambio climático, eficiencia energética y calidad del aire. Informe Final del Convenio de Colaboración INE/ADA-013/2009. México D.F. 44 pp.
• Cárdenas B., Aréchiga, U., Munguía J.L., Márquez C., Campos, A. 2010. Evaluación preliminar del impacto ambiental por la producción artesanal de ladrillo: cambio climático, eficiencia energética y calidad del aire: segunda etapa. Informe Final del Convenio de Colaboración INE/ADA-110071. México D.F. 54 pp.
• Cárdenas B., Aréchiga, U., Munguía J.L., Márquez C., 2012. Identificación de políticas públicas para lograr la mitigación del impacto ambiental de la producción artesanal de ladrillo en México. Informe Final del Convenio de Colaboración INE/PS-005/2011. Versión Actualizada Julio 2012. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa y el Instituto Nacional de Ecología. México D.F. 43 pp.
• Cárdenas, B. (2012). Iniciativa para mitigar contaminantes de vida corta y otros contaminantes por producción de ladrillo. En: INE Memorias del Taller sobre políticas públicas
para Mitigar Impacto Ambiental de Ladrilleras Artesanales (Sesión VI. Hacia programas y políticas para mitigar el impacto ambiental de ladrilleras artesanales). Guanajuato,
México Septiembre 4-6, 2012. [diapositivas de]. Instituto Nacional de. Disponible en: http://www.ine.gob.mx/descargas/dgcenica/2012_ladrilleras_pon_s6_bcardenas.pdf. Fecha de acceso: Septiembre 17, 2012.
• Maiz P., Umlauf G., Mariani G, Skejo M., Cardenas B., Grochowalski, A. 2010. PCDD/F, PCB and HCB Emissions from artisanal brick production in developing countries – a case study in México. Organohalogens compounds. Vol 72, 1507-1510.
• Umlauf, G. Bouwman H, Cardenas B., Fiedler, H. Mariani G., Mirikau, C., Skejo, H., Thanner, G. 2011. PCDD/F, PCB, HCB in soil and ash from brick production sites in Kenya, South Africa and Mexico. Organohalogen Compounds, Vol. 73, 1041-1045.
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
RISK ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN CHILDREN EXPOSED to artisanal brick production. CASE REPORT ON THE STATE OF GUANAJUATO
• Objective: To determine the prevalence of respiratory and pulmonary function abnormalities in
children exposed to artisanal brick production in “El Refugio” community of Guanajuato
– Cross-sectional epidemiological study, all children 6 to 14 years old community “El
Refugio” (350 children 6 to 14 years old). Compared with 350 children in a community not exposed to brick production
– Responsable: Dr. Benigno Linares and Dra. Diana Rocha, Universidad Autónoma de
Guanajuato (blinares70@ugto.mx) • Period: 2011-2012
• Collaborators: UAG, IEEG, INE, Secretaria de Salud-Guanajuato, Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
DEVELOPING AN ACTION PLAN FOR MEXICO ON Short lived
climate FORCERS
– INE y MCE2
– Period: 2012-2017
– Funding: Global Environmental Fund, INE and participant institutions
– Responsible: M.C. Julia Martínez (jmartine@ine.gob.mx)) and Dr. Luisa
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ARTISANAL BRICK PRODUCTION IN LATIN AMERICA
Objectives: To promote the reduction of GHG emissions from artisanal brick kilns by implementing comprehensive energy efficiency models; impact on national policies; promote learning generated by the exchange between countries. Pilot projects at community level (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru).
• Pilot project in Mexico: El Refugio, León Guanajuato
• Period: 2010-2013
• Funding: Swiss Cooperation Agency (300,000 usd), other participating
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to
artisanal brick production
GEOMETRIC NUMERICAL VALIDATION REDESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN TRADITIONAL BRICK KILNS IN THE STATE OF GUANAJUATO.
• Objective: Redesign the geometry of campaigns cooking red brick through
numerical modeling of heat transfer that can contribute to the productivity, efficiency, and reducing the environmental impact of the brick industry in the state of Guanajuato.Responsible: Dr. Sergio Alonso, CIATEC (salonso@ciatec.mx)
• Period: 2012-2013
Critical mass and ongoing projects related to artisanal brick production
NETWORK ON SUSTAINABLE BRICK PRODUCTION
• Objectives: To improve the quality of life of producers, improve working
conditions, asess health of workers and surrounding communities.
• Participants: Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez (Pollution in natural
resources, Labor and Environmental Health, Pharmacology, Environmental problems), Autonomous University of Queretaro, Autonomous University of Guanajuato (Toxicology), University of the State of Hidalgo (Materials), University of San Luis Potosí (Materials Engineering)
• Period: 2012-
