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Causal diagrams and the logic of matched case-control studies

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Figure

Figure 1 A causal structure.
Figure 4 Confounding (study.Note: A) and deconfounding (B) in an unmatched case-control The question mark denotes the effect of interest.
Figure 7 Colliding bias superimposed on confounding bias in a matched case-control study.Note: The question mark denotes the effect of interest.
Figure 9 Deconfounding in a matched case-control study.
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