ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CARDIOSPERMUM
CANESCENS WALL. (SAPINDACEAE) ON CARRAGEENAN
INDUCED HIND PAW ODEMA IN RATS
M. R. Udhayasankar1*, U. Danya2, D. Punitha3, A. Shalimol, and K.Arumugasamy1
1
PG and Research Department of Botany, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Coimbatore 641029, Tamil Nadu.
2
PG and Research Department of Botany, Sri Parasakthi College for Women (Autonomous), Courtallam-627802, Tamil Nadu.
3
Department of Botany, Providence College for Women (Autonomous),Coonoor-04, The Nilgiris. Tamil Nadu.
ABSTRACT
Cardiospermum canescens is an important medicinal plant of Tamilnadu used in the traditional medicinal system allied with other species of Sapindaceae and known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory effect of methanolic extract of C. canescens
was studied by the carrageenan induced hind paw odema in rat model. In the present study, the methanol extract of C. canescens showed the significant anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 200mg/kg b.wt. The per cent inhibition of paw edema of C. canescens is 68.96 at the dose of 100mg/kg b.wt. and 79.11 at the dose of 200mg/kg b.wt. The results confirmed that C. canescens has potent anti-inflammatory activity.
Keywords: Cardiospermum canescens, methanolic extract and Anti-inflammatory activity.
INTRODUCTION
Inflammatory diseases including different types of rheumatic diseases are a major cause of morbidity of the working force throughout world. This has been called the ‘King of Human Miseries’. Any form of injury to the human body can elicit a series of chemical changes in the injured area is called inflammation. The severe side effects of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs evoked us to search for new anti-inflammatory agents from natural
Volume 2, Issue 5, 1751-1755. Research Article ISSN 2277 – 7105
Article Received on 20 June 2013,
Revised on 23 July 2013, Accepted on 27 August 2013
*Correspondence for
Author:
M. R. Udhayasankar
PG and Research Department
of Botany, Kongunadu Arts
and Science College
(Autonomous), Coimbatore
641029, Tamil Nadu.
botanical sources which may have minimal drawbacks. There is a growing interest in the pharmacological evaluation of various plants used in Indian traditional systems of medicine (1)
.
Cardiospermum canescens is a member of Sapindaceae which is yet to be exploited scientifically for the medicinal use. It is a climber distributed in tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia. The whole plant contains saponins, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, apigenin and phytosterols (2). The genus Cardiospermum is named for their anti-inflammatory activity and recorded in the traditional medicinal system of Tamilnadu (3). It also has analgesic, vasodepressant, antipyretic, antimalarial and antioxidant activity (4). It may be the first scientific report on anti-inflammatory activity of C. canescens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of the C. canescens methanol extract
C. canescens plant was collected from the hills of Anaikatti, Coimbatore and identified by the taxonomist. Fresh plants were washed in the running tap water and shade dried. The dried plant was powdered using mechanical grinder and extracted in methanol using cold extraction method. Then the extract was evaporated to dryness in a rotary evaporator and stored in sealed vials under refrigerator (5-8°C) until further analysis.
Maintaining the animals
The extract was subjected for acute and sub-acute toxicity studies using animal model and LD50 doses were determined for the pharmacological activity. The methanolic extract was used as an emulsion in 5% suspension with gum acacia and administered orally at the dose of 100and 200mg/kg b.wt. The animals were grouped in cage in an air conditioned room at the temperature of 22±1ºC with 12 hour light and dark cycle. The animals were maintained with pellet diet and water ad libitum. They were further segregated into various groups. This experiment was performed according to ethical guidelines for the investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals (659/02/a/CPCSEA).
Carrageenan-induced paw oedema in albino rats (5)
animals were premedicated with indomethacin (10mg/kg b.wt.) orally two hour before infection. Mean increase in paw volume was measured and percentage was calculated for all the extracts. These extracts were subjected for acute toxicity studies and 1/10th of the LD50 dose was selected for pharmacological activity. Percentage inhibition of paw volume was calculated by the following formula
Vc – Vt
% inhibition = --- X 100 Vc
Where
Vt- means increase in paw volume in rats treated with test compounds Vc- means increase in paw volume in control group of rats.
Statistical analysis
The mean paw volume was expressed in terms of mean ± SEM and evaluated for statistical significance by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test, P<0.05 was considered by statistically significant.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The present study demonstrates the potent anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of C. canescens in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The mean increase in paw edema volume was about 12.50±0.58 in control rats for 180 mins. C. canescens
methanol extract (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, b.wt.) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the mean paw edema volume at 3 h after carrageenan injection. C. canescens methanol extracts treated groups exhibited improved anti-inflammatory activity with the per cent inhibition of paw edema of 68.96 and 79.11 respectively, as compared with the control group. However, the standard drug, indomethacin (10mg/kg, b.wt.) showed highly significant (p<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity with the per cent inhibition of 83.13 as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Cardiospermum
canescens on Carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in rats.
Treatment Groups
Dose mg/kg
Paw thickness (mm) %
Inhibition 0 min 60 min 120 min 180 min
Group I Normal saline
5.42±0.12 5.67±0.04 8.21±0.37 12.50±0.58 --
Group II 100 mg/kg 5.32±0.51 5.74±0.12 6.58±0.25 8.62±0.05 68.96
Group III 200 mg/kg 5.46±0.17 5.82±0.56 6.71±0.20 6.82±0.19* 79.11
Group IV 10 mg/kg 5.27±0.50 6.28±0.12 4.98±0.05 5.67±0.28** 83.13
Value is SEM ± 5 individual observations * P < 0.05; ** P<0.01 Compared paw oedema
induced control vs drug treated rats.
Group I : Control rats given normal saline
Group II: Rats given methanolic extract of C. canescens at the dose of 100mg/ kg b.wt.
Group III: Rats given methanolic extract of C. canescens at the dose of 200mg/ kg b.wt.
Group IV: Rats given Indomethacin at the dose of 10mg/kg b.wt.
The similar results were found in the ethanolic whole plant extract of Cardiospermum helicacabum significantly inhibited the development of Carrageenan induced paw edema after 3 hrs (P<0.001) of treatment (8). Venkatesh Babu and Krishnakumari (9) have studied the inhibitory effects of the ethanolic fraction of C. halicacabum leaves extract on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The fraction potently inhibited TNF a (5-40µg/mL) with IC50=17µg/mL, and NO (20-100µg/mL) with IC50 value being 90µg/mL.
CONCLUSION
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