Problem A: Laurel Creek

Problem A: Laurel Creek

Laurel Creek is a perilous river that divides the campus into two halves and contains dangerous inhabitants such as geese and beavers. Your task in this problem is to find a way to cross the river without getting wet.

To do so, you will take advantage of several tree stumps in the middle of the river. A tree stump provides a safe place for you to stand as you ponder your next move. To get from one stump to another, you walk along logs that connect the stumps.

In cases where no log connects to the stump you wish to reach, all is not lost. You may pick up any log adjacent to the stump on which you are standing and put it down somewhere else so that it leads to the stump you wish to reach. In order for a log to be considered adjacent to a stump, it must be

oriented in the appropriate direction; for example the log in S-S is adjacent to the two stumps, but the

log in S|S is not considered adjacent to the two stumps.

Each tree stump is located at a point on a square grid. Two stumps are designated as the beginning and end point of the crossing. Any two stumps lying in the same row or column of the grid may be

connected by a log. At any point in time, you may perform one of the following legal moves: Traverse a log adjacent to the tree stump you are standing on to the tree stump at the opposite end of the log.

Pick up a log adjacent to the tree stump you are standing on. You may not hold more than one log at a time.

Put down the log that you are holding so that it connects the stump you are standing on to some other stump. The log must be of precisely the right length to reach the other stump. The log must rest in the water: you may not use a log to connect two stumps if there is a third stump directly between them, or if the log would cross some other log already in the water.

Input Specification

The first line of input contains one integer specifying the number of test cases to follow. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers 1 <= r <= 15 and 1 <= c <= 15 specifying the number of rows and columns in the grid. Each of the next r lines of input contains c characters with the

following meaning. The character S denotes a stump. The characters B and E denote the beginning and

end stumps of the crossing, respectively. A consecutive sequence of - or | characters in a line denotes a single log whose length is proportional to the number of symbols. The character . denotes an empty grid point containing only water. There will never be more than fifteen stumps in the river.

... ... ....S.S...E

Output Specification

For each test case, output a line containing a single integer, the minimum number of moves in which the end stump can be reached from the initial configuration. If it is not possible to reach the end stump from the initial configuration, output a line containing the integer 0.

Output for Sample Input

10

Problem B: Rocket Stages

Many rockets are made up of several stages to increase efficiency. When the fuel in one stage burns up, the stage can be discarded, reducing the weight of the remaining rocket. The first stage needs a strong engine capable of lifting the whole rocket, while later stages can have smaller engines. In this problem, you will determine which stages to put together to maximize the upward velocity of the rocket when all the fuel has burned.

For each stage, you will be given:

the mass S of the stage, in kilograms, when it is empty (without fuel), the mass L of the fuel, in kilograms, in the stage,

the thrust T, in newtons, provided by the engine in the stage, and the fuel consumption C, in kilograms per second, of the stage.

Assume that the rocket points straight upward for the duration of the flight. Two forces act on the rocket: the force of the engine, which is T newtons upwards, and the force of gravity, which is 9.8 M newtons downwards, where M is the total mass of the rocket in kilograms, including fuel. The acceleration of the rocket is F divided by M metres per second per second upwards, where F is the total net force acting on the rocket in newtons, and M is the total mass of the rocket in kilograms, including fuel. As soon as a stage finishes burning, it is immediately discarded and the next stage starts to burn. The final velocity of the rocket is the integral of the net acceleration (due to gravity and the engine) over time.

Due to safety regulations, the net acceleration of the rocket is never allowed to be downwards, until the rocket runs out of fuel.

Also due to safety regulations, the total mass of the rocket cannot exceed 10000 kilograms. The rocket must have at least one stage.

Input Specification

The first line of input contains one integer specifying the number of test cases to follow. Each test case begins with a line containing an integer N, the number of rocket stages in the current test case. There will be no more than 1000 stages. This line is followed by N lines, one for each stage. Each of these lines contains the four integers S, L, T, C that describe a stage, as explained above. Each of these integers can be represented by a 32-bit unsigned binary number. The order of the stages as listed must be preserved but some stages (including, possibly, the first stage) may be left out of the rocket. The stage listed first is at the top of the rocket (and will burn last). For every test case in the input, it is always possible to construct at least one rocket satisfying all the requirements of the problem statement.

1 1

9999 1 1000000 1

Output Specification

For each test case, output a line containing a single integer, the maximum possible speed in metres per second of the rocket when it has finished burning, rounded to the nearest metre per second.

Output for Sample Input

90

Problem C: Virtual Friends

These days, you can do all sorts of things online. For example, you can use various websites to make virtual friends. For some people, growing their social network (their friends, their friends' friends, their friends' friends' friends, and so on), has become an addictive hobby. Just as some people collect stamps, other people collect virtual friends.

Your task is to observe the interactions on such a website and keep track of the size of each person's network.

Assume that every friendship is mutual. If Fred is Barney's friend, then Barney is also Fred's friend.

Input Specification

The first line of input contains one integer specifying the number of test cases to follow. Each test case begins with a line containing an integer F, the number of friendships formed, which is no more than 100 000. Each of the following F lines contains the names of two people who have just become friends, separated by a space. A name is a string of 1 to 20 letters (uppercase or lowercase).

Sample Input

Output Specification

Whenever a friendship is formed, print a line containing one integer, the number of people in the social network of the two people who have just become friends.

Output for Sample Input

2 3 4

Problem D: Dominos

Dominos are lots of fun. Children like to stand the tiles on their side in long lines. When one domino falls, it knocks down the next one, which knocks down the one after that, all the way down the line. However, sometimes a domino fails to knock the next one down. In that case, we have to knock it down by hand to get the dominos falling again.

Your task is to determine, given the layout of some domino tiles, the minimum number of dominos that must be knocked down by hand in order for all of the dominos to fall.

Input Specification

The first line of input contains one integer specifying the number of test cases to follow. Each test case begins with a line containing two integers, each no larger than 100 000. The first integer n is the number of domino tiles and the second integer m is the number of lines to follow in the test case. The domino tiles are numbered from 1 to n. Each of the following lines contains two integers x and y indicating that if domino number x falls, it will cause domino number y to fall as well.

Sample Input

Output Specification

For each test case, output a line containing one integer, the minimum number of dominos that must be knocked over by hand in order for all the dominos to fall.

Output for Sample Input

1

Problem E: Logo

Logo is a programming language built around a turtle. Commands in the language cause the turtle to move. The turtle has a pen attached to it. As the turtle moves, it draw lines on the page. The turtle can be programmed to draw interesting pictures.

We are interested in making the turtle draw a picture, then return to the point that it started from. For example, we could give the turtle the following program:

fd 100 lt 120 fd 100 lt 120 fd 100

The command fd causes the turtle to move forward by the specified number of units. The command lt causes the turtle to turn left by the specified number of degrees. Thus the above commands cause the turtle to draw an equilateral triangle with sides 100 units long. Notice that after executing the commands, the turtle ends up in the same place as it started. The turtle understands two additional commands. The command bk causes the turtle to move backward by the specified number of units. The command rt causes the turtle to turn right by the specified number of degrees.

After executing many commands, the turtle can get lost, far away from its starting position. Your task is to determine the straight-line distance from the turtle's position at the end of its journey back to the position that it started from.

Input Specification

The first line of input contains one integer specifying the number of test cases to follow. Each test case starts with a line containing one integer, the number of commands to follow. The commands follow, one on each line. Each test case will contain no more than 1000 commands.

Sample Input

Output Specification

For each test case, output a line containing a single integer, the distance rounded to the nearest unit.

Output for Sample Input

0