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Circulatory and Immune

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Functions of the circulatory system: Distribute nutrients,

Transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide,

Remove waste materials,

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Prevent excessive bleeding, Prevent infection, and

(3)

Anatomy and Physiology

of the Vascular System

The vascular system is made up of three types of blood vessels:

• Arteries,

(4)

Photo from U. S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia.

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Arteries are blood vessels that

carry blood, rich in oxygen, from the heart to other parts of the body.

The large arteries have thick walls of elastic-like tissue that enables them to withstand the blood pressure

(6)

As the arteries extend away from the heart, they branch out into

smaller arteries called arterioles. The smaller arteries’ walls are

(7)

Arterioles branch into smaller vessels called capillaries.

(8)

Blood pressure for the entire

circulatory system is maintained by the tension at the end of the arterioles.

Shock is a serious condition that occurs when the arterioles dilate

(relax) and allow a large volume of blood into the capillary beds.

(9)

Capillaries are tiny, thin-walled

blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and are located in all body tissues.

(10)

The semi-permeable membrane of capillary walls allows nutrients,

oxygen, and water to diffuse from the blood to the tissues.

Waste products, like carbon

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Capillary Bed

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Larger tubular connectors, which also connect arterioles to venules,

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Once blood passes through the capillary beds, it begins its return to the heart.

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Capillaries unite to form small veins called venules.

The venules join together to form larger veins, which have thin walls and are collapsible.

(15)

Veins have valves that aid the return flow of blood and prevent the blood from reversing flow.

These valves allow for muscle contractions and movement of body parts.

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Pulmonary Circulation System

Red portion of heart and red blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood.

(17)

Pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system that takes the blood from the heart to the

lungs, where it is oxygenated, and returns it to the heart.

The main parts of the pulmonary

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Blood that is low in oxygen returns to the heart through two large veins

called the superior (or cranial) vena cava and the inferior (or caudal)

vena cava.

The un-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart.

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The blood then passes through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid)

valve into the right ventricle.

The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary

(20)

The pulmonary artery quickly divides into two branches.

Each branch of the pulmonary artery carries blood to a lung.

In the lungs the pulmonary arteries branch into capillaries that

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Through diffusion, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the

alveoli and oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood.

The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the

(22)

From the left atrium, the blood

flows through the left atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve into the left

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The thick-walled left ventricle

pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.

The amount of pressure that is

required for pulmonary circulation is much less than what is required for systemic circulation.

Therefore, the muscle mass

(24)

Un-oxygenated blood is dark or

brownish red, while oxygenated blood is bright red.

In the pulmonary system,

un-oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries and oxygenated

blood is carried by pulmonary veins.

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The Flow of Blood Through the Systemic Circulatory System

Oxygenated blood leaves the left

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The left and right coronary

arteries immediately branch from the aorta and carry fresh blood to the heart muscle itself.

(27)

A heart attack often involves a

clot in the coronary arteries or their branches.

In this illustration, a clot is shown in the location of #1. Area #2 shows the portion of the damaged heart that is affected by

the clot.

(28)

Veins normally accompany arteries and often have similar names.

Veins are always larger than the arteries and are sometimes more visible than arteries because they are closer to the skin surface.

Most veins eventually empty the

(29)

Anatomy and Physiology of

the Lymphatic System

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Functions of the lymphatic system: • remove excess fluids from body

tissues,

• absorb fatty acid and transport fat to circulatory system, and • produce immune cells

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Blood fluid escapes through the thin-walled capillaries into spaces between body tissue cells.

Lymph vessels, which have very thin walls, pick up these fluids

(32)
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The lymph vessels join to form larger ducts that pass through lymph nodes (or glands).

Each lymph node has a fibrous outer covering (capsule), a

(34)
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Lymph nodes filter foreign

substances, such as bacteria and

cancer cells, from the lymph before it is re-entered into the blood

system through the larger veins.

(36)

Lymph nodes produce the following cells:

Lymphocytes – a type of white blood cell,

Monocytes – a leukocyte that protects against blood-borne

pathogens, and

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Each lymph node has its own blood supply and venous drainage.

The lymph nodes usually have names that are related to their location in

(38)

When a specific location gets infected, the lymph nodes in that area will enlarge to fight the infection.

If the lymph node closest to an infected area is unable to

eliminate the infection, other

(39)

This is particularly critical in the case of cancer, which can be

(40)

Anatomy and Physiology

of the Blood

Blood is an important component of the circulatory system.

(41)
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Plasma, which makes up 50 – 65% of the total volume of blood, is a

straw-colored liquid containing water (90%) and solids (10%). The solids in plasma include

inorganic salts and organic

substances such as antibodies, hormones, vitamins, enzymes,

(43)

The non-plasma, or cellular, portion of blood is composed of red blood

cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Photo from U. S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia.

From left to right:

Red blood cell

(erythrocyte);

Platelet

(thrombocyte);

White blood cell

(44)

Red blood cells, called erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen

from the lungs to various body tissues.

(45)
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Anemia is a condition caused by low levels of red blood cells and

hemoglobin.

Anemia can be caused by the following: • Loss of blood due to injury,

• Infestations of blood-sucking parasites, or

(48)

Hemoconcentration is a

condition in which there is an above normal level of red blood cells.

Hemoconcentration is normally

caused by dehydration (loss of body fluid), which can be the result of

(49)

Blood platelets, or thrombocytes, are oval-shaped discs that are

formed in the bone marrow.

Blood platelets help prevent blood loss from injuries to blood vessels

(50)

Platelets may secrete a substance that causes the clot to contract

and solidify.

Platelets may also secrete a

(51)

White blood cells, or leukocytes, are divided into two general categories:

(52)
(53)

Granulocytes are the category of leukocytes that contain granules

within the cytoplasm. Granulocytes include:

• Neutrophils,

(54)

Neutrophils – produced by bone

marrow, neutrophils fight disease by migrating to the point of infection,

absorbing bacteria, and destroying them.

Neutrophils dissolve

dead tissue resulting in a semi-liquid

material called pus.

Abscess – a concentrated area of pus.

Neutrophil (purple) migrating through tissue to engulf bacteria through phagocytosis.

(55)

Eosinophils - a type of granulocyte that plays a role in combating

infection by parasites, as well as, impacting allergies and asthma.

They contain most of the histamine protein in the blood,

which is an indication of allergic reaction when elevated.

(56)

Basophils – rare granulocytes that are responsible for the symptoms

of allergies, including inflammation.

Basophils

(57)

Agranulocytes are the category of leukocytes that contain very

little, if any, granules.

Agranulocytes are produced by

(58)

• Lymphocytes, and • Monocytes.

(59)

Lymphocytes – agranulocytes that produce and release antibodies at

site of infections to fight disease. Lymphocytes also

(60)

Monocytes are agranulocytes that absorb disease-producing materials, such as bacteria that cause

tuberculosis, through phagocytosis. Unlike neutrophils,

monocytes do not produce pus.

Monocytes join body tissue to form larger, disease-absorbing masses called macrophages.

(61)

When bacterial infections occur, the number of white blood cells normally increases.

When viral infections occur, the number of white blood cells

normally decreases.

Therefore, the concentration of white blood cells can help

(62)

Blood clotting is called

coagulation and is important in reducing blood loss caused by

(63)

Fibrin is a thread-like mass

(64)

Blood types are classified based on certain antigens and antibodies found on surface of red blood cells.

For example, in humans there are a

(65)

Human ABO Blood Types

(66)

Young animals can receive certain antibodies from their mothers.

These antibodies must be passed on to the young animal through the colostrum milk because the placental membrane is fairly

(67)

When two different blood types, an antigen and its antibody, combine as a result of mating, the reaction would cause agglutination or the clumping together of red blood cells.

This may cause some deaths during the early embryonic

(68)

Many blood types and groups have been identified in domestic animals.

• Cattle have 9 recognized blood groups;

• Horses have 8 recognized blood groups; and

References

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