Challenges of the Internet of Things for Sensor and Actuator Applications

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Challenges of the Internet of Things for

Sensor and Actuator Applications

Thomas Gessner, Torsten Thieme

Source: Journal Internet of Things

SEMICON Moscow 2015

Smart Systems Integration Session

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



_Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



_Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Internet of

Things

– a new dimension

Until now the Internet was blind

…

the Internet only connects

people

at

anytime

and

anywhere

,

but the environment of these

people could not be connected

With

the Internet of Things

a new dimension could be

connected:

ANYTHING

Source: Journal

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Internet of Things Definition according to Yole

Développement

“Internet of Things

devices is the

aggregation of all

sensing modules

which are linked to

the Cloud – either

directly or through a

gateway – and with

which data is

processed and

valorized in any

manner.“

(6)

smart car

E2_MS Electronic Engineering & Manufacturing Services

The Internet of Things consists of „Systems of Cyber-Physical Systems“

Real World Virtual World cont rol rep res en t rep res en t cont rol communication

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Smart fab – industry 4.0

Real World Virtual World cont rol rep res en t rep res en t cont rol communication

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smart me

E2_MS Electronic Engineering & Manufacturing Services Real World Virtual World cont rol rep res en t cont rol communication rep res en t

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Internet of Things - anywhere

Home

Office

Car

Industry

Shops

Street

Hotels

Hospital

Ski Slope

…

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Smart Cities

Cities cover 2% of the earth’s surface In cities live 50% of the earth’s population Cities consume 75% of global energy Cities are responsible for 80% of global carbon emissions

If we do not want to collapse in our own emissions smart system solutions for Mobility, Energy, Health ... are necessary;

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© Fraunhofer ENAS 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 PERSONAL COMPUTER MAINFRAMES SMARTPHONE AND TABLET CELLPHONE NEXT? PC M o b ile “T hi ng s” ~10% ~10% ~30% ~35%

Internet of Things Connections Early 2000s 2011 ~10% 2020 Consumer Electronics Buildings Energy Automotive Healthcare Other ~1 12 50

The Internet of Things

will drive the next industrial growth wave

Bringing the industry over $400bn

CONNECTED DEVICES IN USE

(in bn units)

ICT INDUSTRY REVENUE

(in bn US$)

~5%

3

2020

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



_Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Internet of Things - Threats and Questions

 … data privacy

 … undesirable control of persons

 … protection against health defects (caused by radiation and foreign substances)

 … protection of environment (recycling of electronic waste)

 … increasing requirement for energy  … regulating the causer pays principle

(who is responsible for defaults of the system?)

 … protection against cyber crime  …

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Internet of Things – enabling Technologies

 Low power consuming devices ( Electronics and sensors)  Sensing devices: MEMS/NEMS

 NFC (Near Field Communication)

 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

 Smart Systems Integration  New materials like polymers  New technologies

 New radio standards for bandwidth and frequencies

 Alternative energy sources, energy harvesting and low-power chipsets  …

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Internet of Things – enabling Social Needs

 Create laws and control by an impartial governance authority

(e.g. UN or an industrial consortium)

 Protection of privacy  Regulation of the liability  Protection of minorities

 Voluntary use of the smart things

 Creation of sensitive areas without networking

 Creation of the IoT by the general public (e.g. public forums, round tables)

 Education

 At the school: to learn the critical use of the IoT

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



_Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Fields of application

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IoT Structure according to Yole

Yole report lists 112 companies and research institute

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Need for diversified sensors

Machine Vision Optical Ambient Light Position/Presence/Proximity Motion/Velocity/Displacement Humidity/Moisture Acoustic/Sound/Vibration Chemical/Gas Flow Force/Load/Torque Strain/Pressure Leaks/Levels Electric/Magnetic Acceleration Temperature

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



_Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Smart Systems from the Technology Point of View

Silicon based technologies Non-silicon based technologies printing, polymer-based, embroidered… System integration technologies

hetero, hybrid light-weight structures, … Power Sensor & Actuator Processor & Memory Radio

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Outline

1. Internet of Things



_{Definition, Explanation}



_{What are the threats of the Internet of Things?}



_{What do we need to enable the Internet of Things?}



_Technologies



_{Social needs}

2. General Trends

3. Smart Integrated Systems

4. Application Examples of Fraunhofer ENAS

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Example 1: power line monitoring

Problem: increasing supply of renewable

energies (e.g. solar and wind) and its high

fluctuations

 Distribution of power from renewable sources is difficult (transport bottleneck)

 Safety margin (distance between power line and ground) reduce capacity utilization

Goal: online monitoring of the power lines

(temperature of the conductor, magnitude

of the current, conductor sag)

 Monitoring system allows evaluation and optimization of the capacity utilization

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power line monitoring

Harvester electronic

Filter Outer conducting hull

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power line monitoring

 Sensor nodes suspended at intervals of a few hundred meters along the high-voltage power line (e.g. at 110 kV or 380 kV)

 Transmission of sensor values (inclination, temperature, current) along the chain to a base station

 Self-organization of the network

 Wireless communication in 2.4 GHz frequency band

 Energy required to operate the system is harvested from the electrostatic fringing field of the power line

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Characterization

Field test at a 110 kV power

line

Measurement of temperature

and inclination

 Approval of the concept: power transmission can be monitored by measurement of inclination

 Wireless communication in 2.4 GHz frequency band

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Example 2: Grease Sensor

 Approximately 80 percent of all damages to

grease-lubricated bearings are caused by lubricants.

 Currently available sensors (structure-borne sound) are inapplicable, as they only detect a damage, which has already occurred.

 With grease sensors it is

possible to detect changes of state in grease long before damages to bearings occur.  Thus, the replacement of

grease can be defined precisely.

generation of heat

noise

overheating

vibration

Pre warn time (standardized

)

Co ndi tio n o f t he m ac hi ne [% ]

Chemical/Physical modification

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printed circuit board

optical window

Sensor case

Primary electronics

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Grease Sensor – Solution

Measurement categories:

 Temperature  Grease damage

 Contamination (abrasion, water)  Grease degradation (aging)

Parameter:

 Supply voltage: 12 – 36 V

 Range of temperature: 05 – 85 °C  Protection standard: IP68

 Communication interface:

 Power output (4 – 20 mA)

 Switching output (0 – 24 V)  CAN-Interface  Others:  Short-circuit proof  Overload protection  Inverse-polarity protection

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Example 3: smart Sealing Ring

 Current industrial trends aim particularly at the functional integration of sensors in

machine parts:

 Minimization of system errors

 Preservation of competitive advantages

 Seals are suitable machine parts, as they separate critical elements from anothers  Challenges are in the:

 Development of novel multifunctional sensors

 Energy supply as well as communication opportunity, integration to an overall working system.

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Challenges

 Reliability (range of temperature: -40 - +120 °C, lifetime: 10 years)  Aggressive surroundings (oil)

Functions

 Measurement of: temperature, wear out

of the seal and rotation speed every 3 seconds  Rectification of the generator ac voltage

smart Sealing Ring – Electronics & Signal Transmission

SPI SPI MOSI 1 MISO 1 SCLK 1 CS 2 μC CC2500 CC2500 MOSI 2 MISO 2 SCLK 2 CS 3 μC TXD RXD USB

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Example 4: fully integrated micro fluidic cartridges for

in-vitro diagnostics

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Smart Micro fluidic System:

Functions to be integrated

Fraunhofer ENAS works on full integration

of the following components:

 Reagents  Pumping  Heating  Control Electronics  Communication  Power supply  Sensing