JECET; June – August-2013; Vol.2.No.3, 567-571.
Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology
Available online at www.jecet.org Environmental Science
Research Article
JECET; June – August 2013; Vol.2.No.3, 567-571. 567
An Analysis of Efficiency and Water Quality Parameters of Dye Effluent Treatment Plant, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
T. Marimuthu1*, S.Rajendran2, 3, M. Manivannan4
1Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
2Corrosion Research Centre, PG and Research Department of Chemistry, GTN Arts College, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
3Department of Chemistry, RVS School of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
4Department of Chemistry, Chettinad College of Engineering and Technology, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Received: 3 June 2013; Revised: 20 Jun 2013; Accepted: 26 June 2013
Abstract; Pollution of the water is evident by the colouration of water which in most of the rivers and streams. Low pH (between 2-3), high electrical conductivity, high concentration of ions of sulphate and iron and toxic heavy metals, low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high BOD are some of the physico-chemical and biological parameters which characterize the degradation of water quality. In this research work ,two water samples were collected (inlet and out of dye effluent treatment plant)from textile effluent treatment plant .The physic-chemical parameters were analysed and result this investigation findings reveal that out let water sample had high TDS,EC,BOD ,COD& TH. The Textile bleaching and dyeing units and CETPs shall provide zero liquid discharge plant as recommended by the TNPCB. The discharge into to river system should be completely stopped. Until implementing ZLD plant, the bleaching and dyeing units CETPs have to be thoroughly monitored
JECET; June – August 2013; Vol.2.No.3, 567-571. 568 Key words; TNPCB,chinnaandan kovil, dye effluent,water quality parameters
INTRODUCTION
The Karur area is located at 10.95º N 78.08 ºE.. It is about 371 km southwest of Chennai (Madras), the capital of Tamil Nadu. It has an average elevation 122 m (400 ft). It spread over an area of 2,895.57 sq.km. with a population of 1, 76,588.The average annual rainfall is about 855 mm. The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the northeast monsoon winds, from late September to mid November
Water sources available for drinking and other domestic purposes must possess high degree of purity, free from chemical contamination and microorganisms. The rapid growth of urban areas has further affected the groundwater quality due to over exploitation of resources and improper waste disposal practices1. Also, the effluent industry are characteristics of waste water released from sizing, desizing, kiering, bleaching, mercerizing, dye house and printing sections of composite cotton textile mills. The wastewater is highly viscous with high-suspended solids and total dissolved solids2. Therefore, pollution of water resources needs a serious and immediate attention through periodical checkups of water quality.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate chinnaandankovil village of Karur District, India.
Cotton yarn bleaching and dyeing3 is one of the major industrial activities in Karur Town, Tamil Nadu, india. The wastewater let out from this industry is a major environmental concern. Out of 487 units,391 units are member in common effluent treatment plant (CETP). Eight CETPs are in operation. The remaining 96 units have provided individual effluent treatment plant (IETP). After treatment, the effluent let into Amaravathi River a tributary of river Cauvery. The quality of effluent discharge from CETPs monitored for a period one year. The report of analysis reveals that the total dissolved solids, chlorides, bio chemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand are exceeding the permissible inland surface water discharge standards. The discharge of partially treated effluent has adversely affected the river water quality as well as the groundwater quality. In order to protect the river and the groundwater, Tamil Nadu pollution control board (TNPCB) have directed all the dyeing units to provide Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant with Reject Management System (RMS) and recycle the entire treated effluent so as to achieve Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
The degradation of the environment due to the discharge of polluting wastewater from industrial source is a real problem in several countries. This situation is even worse in developing countries like India where little or no treatment carried out before the discharge4-8.The textile industries use large volumes of water in their operations and therefore discharge large volume of wastewater into the environment, most of which is untreated. The wastewater contains a variety of chemicals from the various stages of process operations, which include desizing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing9-10 .The industries consist of various World Health Organisation (WHO), each of which carried out different operations and produces one type of specific wastewater11. The Wastewater contains acid used in desizing, dyeing bases as caustic soda used in scouring and mercerization12
Scarcity of water resources can have both quantitative and qualitative aspects. When demand exceeds availability, supplies are insufficient to meet the needs of growing populations and economic development, and such situations can be aggravated by traditional use of water or the unfavourable climatic conditions. At the same time, water quality can compromised because of the disposal of solid wastes, discharge of untreated industrial and domestic effluents, and agricultural activities involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Poor land management can further exacerbate the problem, due to deforestation, erosion, and the silting up of waterways. Groundwater is highly valued because it
JECET; June – August 2013; Vol.2.No.3, 567-571. 569 constitutes the major drinking water source in most of the parts in India. The quality and quantity of the dye effluent type of dyeing.
Table-1: Raw effluent quality of bleaching and dyeing units 4
EXPERIMENTAL
Chinnaandankovil situated within Karur district in Tamil Nadu, India. The sampling from 2 effluent samples from dyeing effluent industry were collected after running them for 10 minutes was done during the month of september to november – 2008. The water samples analyzed in Tamil Nadu water testing laboratory at Karur. Before collecting water samples, the plastic water bottles rinsed with concentrated hydrochloric acid and then with ground water to be analyzed totally about 26 water parameters were analyzed. Turbidity measured by turbidity meter and TDS was measured by gravimetric method.
Electrical conductivity measured by electrical conductometer. pH was measured by using pH meter. The phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA), total alkalinity (TA), hardness, chloride, chemical oxygen demand (COD) , biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO) and Tidy’s test were measured by using titration methods. The mount of sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, free ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate measured by using spectrophotometer method. Fluoride measured by visual comparison method
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result this research work given in table one & two as follows. When the inlet water sample compared with out let water, outlet water had high values due to raw effluent and outlet water had low value due to various chemical and physical treatments. The out had high TDS, which was above permissible limit of BIS and WHO standards. The EC value of out let was 2900 micro mho/ cm2. The constituents of alkalinity in natural system mainly include carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide. These constituents result from dissolution of mineral substances in the soil and mosphere. The WHO acceptable limit of 200 to 600 mg/L. Hardness in water caused by metallic ions dissolved in water due to the presence of Ca2+
and Mg2+ ions; also, the heavy metals such as Fe and Mn contribute to hardness.
Outlet had high TH values, which were beyond the permissible limit13. The total hardness is relatively high in inlet sample due to the presence of calcium, magnesium, and chloride and sulphate ion. Hence, the water available in these areas is not suitable for drinking, washing, cleaning and laundering purpose.
Also, leads to heart diseases and kidney stone formation14.
S.No. Parameter Range value
1 pH 6.91-7.86
2. Total suspended solids 120 – 268 mg/L 3 Total dissolved solids 5764 – 7120 mg/L
4 Chlorides 2789 – 3199 mg/L
5 Sulphate 286 – 346 mg/L
6 BOD 53 – 172 mg/L
7 COD 248 – 352 mg/L
8 % Sodium 8 4 – 91
JECET; June – August 2013; Vol.2.No.3, 567-571. 570 Sodium and potassium of water samples collected lies in the range of 336to 846 mg/L and 18.4 to 30.1 mg/L respectively. Thesethe inlet value was exceeds the permissible limit proposed by WHO and BIS Thus, the excess amount of potassium present in the water sample may leads nervous and digestive disorder15 Inlet and outlet sample had chloride content more than permissible limit. In addition, fluoride found within the permissible limit for all samples. High amount of sulphate imparts bitter taste to the sample 1 and 2. In addition, this will cause laxative effect to the children in hot weather climates16. As sample 1 and 2 had very low nitrate concentration within permissible limit according to WHO, It has been reported that nitrate concentration causes methemoglobinemia and cyanosis17-18.
The DO level of two samples had very low value because of the effluent from the industries containing high amount of organic wastes depletes the oxygen level.It was observed from the experimental data that the COD ranges from 216 mg/L to 700 which exist in above the permissible limit it clearly indicates the toxic nature of water found in analysed samples . But COD of out let and inlet were beyond the permissible limit of BIS Standard19.
Table- 2: Physicochemical Parameters of Dye effluent
Sample S1 S2
Appearance Blockish
&Turbidity
Slightly Brownish
Odour OBJ OBJ
Turbidity 200 12
TDS 6850 2030
EC 9800 2900
pH 9.2 8.5
Alkanity Ph(CaCo3) 130 50
Alkalinity Total (As Ca CO3) Mg/L 730 320 Total Hardness (as Ca CO3) mg/L 600 260
Sodium (as Na) mg/L 846 346
Potassium (as K) mg/L 30.1 18.4
Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 192 72
Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 29 19
Iron (as Fe) Mg/L 2.28 1.12
Manganese (as Mn)mg/L NIL NIL
Free Ammonia(asNH3)mg/L 0.52 0.47
Nitrite (asNO2) mg/L 0.54 0.25
Nitrate (asNO3) mg/L -- --
Chloride (asCl)mg/L 3375 750
Flouride (as F) mg/L) -- --
Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 180 77
Phosphate (as PO4) mg/L 0.24 0.28
Tidy's test (as O) mg/L 78 24
BOD mg/L 234 81
COD mg/L 700 216
D.O mg/L 2.8 4.1
JECET; June – August 2013; Vol.2.No.3, 567-571. 571 CONCLUSION
Out let water must have low TDS, EC, Total hardness, BOD& COD according to BIS and WHO standards. However, these parameters above permissible limit and it indicate the need of proper treatment. Of dye effluent. The Textile bleaching and dyeing units and CETPs shall provide zero liquid discharge plant as recommended by the TNPCB. The discharge into te river system should be completely stopped. . Until implementing ZLD plant, the bleaching and dyeing units CETPs have to be thoroughly monitored
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
The authors thank the management and UG C for completing this work.
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*Corresponding Author: T. Marimuthu;Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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