JECET; December 2012-February, 2013; Vol.2.No.1, 13-18.
Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering & Technology
Available online at www.jecet.org Environmental Science
Research Article
JECET; December 2012-February 2013; Vol.2, No.1, 13-18. 13
Mycoflora Inhabiting In Soil of Sugar Cane Industries of Madhya Pradesh
A.K.Pandey1, Jamaluddin2, Rashmi Dubey3, *A.K.Awasthi2 and Amit Pandey2
1Chairman, M.P. Private Universities Regulatory Commission, Bhopal (M.P.) India 2Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,
R. D. University, Jabalpur-482001, India
3Scientist ‘C’ Botanical Survey of India, Pune (M.H.) India
Received: 10 November 2012; Revised: 30 November 2012; Accepted: 4 December
Abstract: isolation of soil mycoflora from sugar industries of M.P. was carried out by soil dilution method. Forty three soil samples were collected from different sites of various sugar industries of m.p. during winter season. About different species belongs to various groups viz. zygomycotina, ascomycotina and deuteromycotina were identified with the help of relevant literature. In investigation period 136 colonies were observed, a total of 45 taxa belonging to 19 genera were isolated. The maximum percentage contribution was of Aspergillus niger (100 %) followed by A. flavus and A. lucheunsis. the minimum contribution is of Curvularia lunata (1.39 %). the maximum of species belongs to anamorphic fungi.
Keywords: Fungi, diversity, Soil, Sugar industries.
INTRODUCTION
The relationship between biodiversity of soil fungi and ecosystem function is an issue of paramount importance. The soil is one of the most important habitats for filamentous fungi are major contributors to soil biomass. Fungi are an important component of the soil micro biota typically constituting more
JECET; December 2012-February 2013; Vol.2, No.1, 13-18. 14 of the soil biomass than bacteria, depending on soil depth and nutrient conditions1. The fungi responsible primarily for the decomposition of organic compounds2 actively participate in processes related to biodeterioration and biodegradation3-7 and also influence above- ground ecosystem by contributing to soil fertility8-13. Sugar industries play a major economical role but effluent generated from the industry may act as a potential source of contamination of soil which can potentially affect soil microbial diversity. In fact the major environmental challenge posed by sugar production is large amount of pollutant waste water and chemicals which may be a potential source of contamination of agricultural field soil also. Many of the papers on distribution of fungi in soil have deal with the species in agriculture soil and less is known about the occurrence of fungi in soil of sugarcane industries under natural conditions. The present study was under taken to explore fungal diversity in soils of sugarcane industries of Madhya Pradesh.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soil samples were collected in a small polythene bags at a depth of 1-2 inch from various sugarcane industries like Dabra sugar industries, Bacchai sugar industries and Kareli sugar industries of M.P.
and transferred immediately in laboratory for microbiological analysis. The soil samples were collected from around the sugar industries viz., Press mud, cane caner soil, spray point soil, molasses soil, last mile soil, Bagasse Yard, near ETP soil,, ETP discharge site etc. Isolation of fungi was done by using serial dilution plate method14 . Potato Dextrose Agar medium was used to isolate fungi from soil. After incubation the fungal identification was carried out. The slide culture technique was also conducted and fungal identification was done using by using relevant literature
15-20
. The pattern of distribution of fungal species was carried out by calculating their frequency, density and abundance by using following formulae.
Fig. 1: Map indicating Dabra, Kareli and Bacchai Sugar industry.
JECET; December 2012-February 2013; Vol.2, No.1, 13-18. 15
Fig. 2: Some sampling sites around Sugar industry.
FREQUENCY % :
Number of plates in which individual fungal species occurred
Total no. of plates studied
x 100
DENSITY:
Total number of individual fungal species in all the plates studied Total no. of plates studied
ABUNDANCE:
Total number of individual fungal species present in all plates studied
Number of plates in which individual species occurred
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
During investigation period 136 fungal colonies of 44 fungal species were observed. The maximum fungal colonies belong to anamorphic fungi (109), Zygomycotina (22), Ascomycotina (5). Aspergillus species (15) are the predominate genera followed by Penicillium spp. (6). Many workers already reported that reported Aspergillus was most dominant in soil habitat. Rane & Gandhe21 reported Aspergillus was the most dominant genus and repeatedly isolated from both the soils in all seasons.
Similar, results were reported by Reddy et al.22, Saksena et al.23, Manoharachary et al.24, that Aspergilli occur more frequently. Fassatiová et al., 1970 reported that Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A.
terreus, A. versicolor, Fusarium solani and Humicola fuscoatra were isolated most frequently. In our study the pattern of distribution were of common forms. The genera of Fusarium (4 species ) Curvularia (3 species ), Trichoderma(2 species ), Paecilomyces (2 species ) was observed by more than one species and other genera were represented as single.
JECET; December 2012-February 2013; Vol.2, No.1, 13-18. 16 Table -1: The pattern of distribution of fungal species in sugar cane industries of Madhya
Pradesh S.
No
Fungi AF
(%)
AD AA Location site / Place 1. Aspergillus giganteus 69.3 0.4 0.9 Molasses soil (Kareli)
2. A. ustus 70.2 0.8 0.2 Near discharge effluent(Dabra)
3. A. candidus 65.5 0.25 0.46 Cane caner soil (Dabra)
4. A. citrisporus 59.2 1.2 0.8 Molasses soil (Kareli)
5. A. elegans 56.3 1.4 0.2 Molasses soil (Dabra)
6. A. flaviceps 69.5 2 0.6 Near discharge effluent
7. A. flavipes 71 3 1 Cane caner soil (Dabra)
8. A. fumigatus 22.2 0.22 0.33 ETP Discharge site (Kareli)
9. A. granulose 29 0.7 1 Last mile Soil (Kareli)
10. A. lucheunsis 22.2 0.18 0.27 Cane caner soil (Dabra)
11. A. niger 92.5 0.9 0.4 Molasses soil (Kareli)
12. A. ochraceous 38.5 2 1 Sludge waste (Dabra)
13. A. sulphurus 48.2 0.8 2 Last mile Soil (Kareli)
14. A. terreus 72.1 0.86 1.25 Sludge waste (Bacchai)
15. A. versicolor 69.2 0.6 1 Molasses soil (Dabra)
16 Absida cylindrospora 72 2.1 0.8 Last mile Soil (Kareli) 17. Alternaria sp. 83.2 1.18 1.44 Molasses soil (Kareli)
18. Curvularia lunata 63.1 2.3 2.4 Press mud (Kareli)
19. C .ovoidea 59.2 2.1 2 Molasses soil (Kareli)
20. C. robusta 56.2 2.8 0.9 Press mud (Bacchai)
21. Chaetomium globosum 63.2 2.3 0.2 Press mud (Bacchai) 22. Cladosporium cladosporoides 69.3 2 1.5 Sludge waste (Bacchai)
23. Cunnighmella sp. 65.3 2.1 1.3 Molasses soil (Dabra)
24. Fusarium solani 81.2 2.1 0.8 Sludge waste (Bacchai)
25. F. lateritium 89.3 1.2 0.5 Molasses soil (Dabra)
26. F. oxysporum 96.2 1.86 1.93 Press mud (Dabra)
27. Humicola grisea 59.3 2.4 0.3 Sludge waste (Bacchai)
28. Lasidiplodia sp. 45.2 1.4 0.6 Sludge waste (Bacchai)
29. Mucor racemosus 86.3 1.5 1.2 Baggase yard (Kareli)
30. Myrothecium sp. 76.3 0.9 0.4 Molasses soil (Dabra)
31. Nigrospora sphaerica 80.2 2.1 0.9 Molasses soil (Dabra) 32. Paecilomyces fumorosum 63.1 2.3 2.01 Sludge waste (Bacchai)
33. P. variotii 59.2 2 1.02 Main gate (Dabra)
34. Penicillium chrysosporium 61.3 1.9 0.2 Cane caner soil (Kareli)
35. P. rubrum 69.3 1.3 0.9 Main gate (Dabra)
36. P. digitatum 70.2 1.1 1.02 Before crushin (Dabra)
37. P. ochraceum 60.2 0.9 1.4 Cane caner soil (Dabra)
38. P. expansum 66.3 1.6 0.7 Before crushing (Bacchai)
39. Penicillium sp. 62.2 1.2 0.4 Before crushing (Bacchai)
40. Phoma sp. 80.4 1.6 1.9 Cane caner soil (Dabra)
41. Rhizopus stolonifer 56.8 1.03 0.7 ETP Discharge site (Kareli) 42. Syncephalastrum racemosum 68.2 1.6 1.8 Final sera soil (Bacchai) 43. Trichoderma harzianum 77.7 0.55 0.7 ETP Discharge site (Kareli)
44. T. viride 75.1 0.41 0.3 Last mile Soil (Kareli)
AF (%) - Average Frequency, AD - Average Density, AA - Average Abundance
JECET; December 2012-February 2013; Vol.2, No.1, 13-18. 17 CONCLUSION
The present study clearly indicates that there was marked increase in number of colonies with increasing micronutrients and macronutrients because organic carbon largely controls the soil mycoflora. The highest number of fungi was reported in near Molasses soil and Bagasse yard. It could be considered that soil micronutrient depletion leads to decrease in mycoflora.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Head, Department of Biological Sciences, R.D. University, Jabalpur (M.P) for providing laboratory facilities. Ministry of Environment and Forests New Delhi and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research are also thankfully acknowledged for financial support.
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Correspondence Author; A.K.Awasthi; Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, R. D. University, Jabalpur-482001, India