I N T E G R A T E D P O W E R S Y S T E M A N A LY S I S S O F T W A R E
DIgSILENT
PowerFactory
15
User Manual
DIG
SILENT
PowerFactoryDIgSILENT PowerFactory
Version 15.1
User Manual
Online Edition
DIgSILENT GmbH Gomaringen, Germany December 2013Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9 72810 Gomaringen / Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0 Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88
Please visit our homepage at: http://www.digsilent.de
Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the publisher. December 2013 r1181
Contents
I
General Information
1
1 About this Guide 3
1.1 Introduction . . . 3
1.2 Contents of the User Manual . . . 3
1.3 Used Conventions . . . 3
2 Contact 5 2.1 Direct Technical Support . . . 5
2.2 General Information . . . 6
3 Documentation and Help System 7 4 PowerFactory Overview 9 4.1 General Concept . . . 10
4.2 Database, Objects, and Classes . . . 11
4.3 PowerFactory Simulation Functions . . . 12
4.4 General Design of PowerFactory . . . 12
4.5 Type and Element Data . . . 14
4.6 Data Arrangement . . . 14 4.6.1 Global Library . . . 15 4.6.2 Project Library . . . 16 4.6.3 Diagrams . . . 16 4.6.4 Network Data . . . 16 4.6.5 Operation Scenarios . . . 17 4.6.6 Study Cases . . . 18 4.6.7 Settings . . . 18
4.7 Project Structure . . . 18 4.7.1 Nodes . . . 18 4.7.2 Branches . . . 19 4.7.3 Cubicles . . . 19 4.7.4 Switches . . . 19 4.7.5 Substations . . . 19 4.7.6 Sites . . . 19 4.7.7 Branch Elements . . . 19 4.8 User Interface . . . 20 4.8.1 Overview . . . 20 4.8.2 Menu Bar . . . 21 4.8.3 Main Toolbar . . . 22
4.8.4 The Output Window . . . 25
4.9 DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) Scripts . . . 28
II
Administration
31
5 Program Administration 33 5.1 Program Installation and Configuration . . . 335.2 The SetConfig Dialogue . . . 34
5.2.1 General . . . 34 5.2.2 Database . . . 34 5.2.3 License . . . 34 5.2.4 Workspace . . . 35 5.2.5 External Application . . . 35 5.2.6 Advanced Settings . . . 35 5.3 Workspace options . . . 35
5.3.1 Show Workspace Directory . . . 35
5.3.2 Import and Export Workspace . . . 35
5.3.3 Show Default Export Directory . . . 36
5.4 Offline Mode User Guide . . . 36
5.4.1 Functionality in Offline mode . . . 36
CONTENTS
5.4.3 Terminate Offline session . . . 39
5.5 Housekeeping . . . 40
5.5.1 Introduction . . . 40
5.5.2 Configuring permanently logged-on users . . . 41
5.5.3 Configuring housekeeping tasks . . . 41
5.5.4 Configuring deletion of old projects . . . 42
5.5.5 Configuring purging of projects . . . 43
5.5.6 Configuring emptying of recycle bins . . . 44
5.5.7 Monitoring Housekeeping . . . 44
5.5.8 Summary of Housekeeping Deployment . . . 44
6 User Accounts, User Groups, and Profiles 45 6.1 PowerFactory Database Overview . . . 45
6.2 The Database Administrator . . . 46
6.3 Creating and Managing User Accounts . . . 47
6.4 Creating User Groups . . . 47
6.5 Creating Profiles . . . 48
6.5.1 Tool Configuration . . . 49
6.5.2 Configuration of Toolbars . . . 51
6.5.3 Configuration of Menus . . . 52
6.5.4 Configuration of Dialogue Pages . . . 53
6.5.5 Configuration of Dialogue Parameters . . . 53
6.5.6 References . . . 54
7 User Settings 55 7.1 General Settings . . . 55
7.2 Graphic Windows Settings . . . 56
7.3 Data Manager Settings . . . 57
7.4 Output Window Settings . . . 58
7.5 Functions Settings . . . 58
7.6 Directories . . . 59
7.7 Editor . . . 59
7.9 Advanced Options . . . 60
III
Handling
61
8 Basic Project Definition 63 8.1 Defining and Configuring a Project . . . 638.1.1 The Project Edit Dialogue . . . 65
8.1.2 The Project Overview Window . . . 66
8.1.3 Project Settings . . . 68
8.1.4 Activating and Deactivating Projects . . . 69
8.1.5 Exporting and Importing of Projects . . . 69
8.1.6 External References . . . 69
8.2 Creating New Grids . . . 69
9 Network Graphics (Single Line Diagrams) 71 9.1 Introduction . . . 71
9.2 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor . . . 71
9.2.1 Adding New Power System Elements . . . 71
9.2.2 Drawing Nodes . . . 73
9.2.3 Drawing Branch Elements . . . 73
9.2.4 Marking and Editing Power System Elements . . . 74
9.2.5 Interconnecting Power Subsystems . . . 76
9.2.6 Working with Substations in the Graphical Editor . . . 77
9.2.7 Working with Composite Branches in the Graphical Editor . . . 81
9.2.8 Working with Single and Two Phase Elements . . . 81
9.3 Defining and Working with Lines and Cables . . . 82
9.3.1 Defining a Line (ElmLne) . . . 83
9.3.2 Defining Line Sections . . . 84
9.3.3 Example Cable System . . . 84
9.3.4 Example Line Couplings . . . 86
9.4 Neutral winding connection in network diagrams . . . 87
9.5 Graphic Windows and Database Objects . . . 90
CONTENTS
9.5.2 Active Graphics, Graphics Board and Study Cases . . . 91
9.5.3 Single Line Graphics and Data Objects . . . 92
9.5.4 Editing and Selecting Objects . . . 93
9.5.5 Creating a New Project . . . 94
9.5.6 Creating New Graphic Windows . . . 94
9.5.7 Basic Functionality . . . 95
9.5.8 Page Tab . . . 95
9.5.9 Drawing Toolboxes . . . 95
9.5.10 Active Grid Folder (Target Folder) . . . 96
9.6 Drawing Diagrams with Existing Network Elements . . . 96
9.6.1 Drawing Existing Busbars . . . 97
9.6.2 Drawing Existing Lines, Switches, and Transformers . . . 98
9.6.3 Building Single Line Diagrams from Imported Data . . . 98
9.7 Graphic Commands, Options, and Settings . . . 99
9.7.1 Zoom, Pan, and Select Commands . . . 100
9.7.2 Page, Graphic, and Print Options . . . 102
9.7.3 Graphic Options . . . 104
9.7.4 Layers . . . 106
9.7.5 Element Options . . . 110
9.7.6 Graphic Attributes and Options . . . 113
9.7.7 Node Default Options . . . 117
9.8 Editing and Changing Symbols of Elements . . . 117
9.9 Results Boxes, Text Boxes and Labels . . . 118
9.9.1 Results Boxes . . . 118
9.9.2 Text Boxes . . . 120
9.9.3 Labels . . . 120
9.9.4 Free Text Labels . . . 120
9.10 Annotation Layer . . . 121
9.11 Annotation of protection device . . . 123
9.12 Geographical Diagrams . . . 124
10 Data Manager 127 10.1 Introduction . . . 127
10.2 Using the Data Manager . . . 127
10.2.1 Navigating the Database Tree . . . 129
10.2.2 Adding New Items . . . 130
10.2.3 Deleting an Item . . . 131
10.2.4 Cut, Copy, Paste and Move Objects . . . 132
10.2.5 The Data Manager Message Bar . . . 133
10.2.6 Additional Features . . . 133
10.3 Defining Network Models with the Data Manager . . . 134
10.3.1 Defining New Network Components in the Data Manager . . . 134
10.3.2 Connecting Network Components in the Data Manager . . . 134
10.3.3 Defining Substations in the Data Manager . . . 134
10.3.4 Defining Composite Branches in the Data Manager . . . 135
10.3.5 Defining Sites in the Data Manager . . . 136
10.3.6 Editing Network Components using the Data Manager . . . 136
10.4 Searching for Objects in the Data Manager . . . 137
10.4.1 Sorting Objects . . . 137
10.4.2 Searching by Name . . . 137
10.4.3 Using Filters for Search . . . 138
10.5 Editing Data Objects in the Data Manager . . . 140
10.5.1 Editing in Object Mode . . . 141
10.5.2 Editing in "Detail" Mode . . . 142
10.5.3 Copy and Paste while Editing . . . 144
10.6 The Flexible Data Page Tab in the Data Manager . . . 145
10.6.1 Customizing the Flexible Data Page . . . 145
10.7 The Input Window in the Data Manager . . . 147
10.7.1 Input Window Commands . . . 147
10.8 Save and Restore Parts of the Database . . . 148
10.8.1 Notes . . . 149
10.9 Spreadsheet Format Data Import/Export . . . 149
10.9.1 Export to Spreadsheet Programs (e. g. MS EXCEL) . . . 149
10.9.2 Import from Spreadsheet Programs (e. g. MS EXCEL) . . . 151
CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction . . . 157
11.2 Creating and Using Study Cases . . . 158
11.3 Summary Grid . . . 159
11.4 Study Time . . . 159
11.5 The Study Case Edit Dialogue . . . 160
11.6 Variation Configuration . . . 161
11.7 Operation Scenarios . . . 161
11.8 Commands . . . 161
11.9 Events . . . 162
11.9.1 Dispatch Event . . . 163
11.9.2 External Measurement Event . . . 163
11.9.3 Intercircuit Fault Events . . . 163
11.9.4 Events of Loads . . . 163 11.9.5 Message Event . . . 163 11.9.6 Outage of Element . . . 163 11.9.7 Parameter Events . . . 164 11.9.8 Save Results . . . 164 11.9.9 Short-Circuit Events . . . 164 11.9.10 Stop Events . . . 164 11.9.11 Switch Events . . . 164
11.9.12 Synchronous Machine Event . . . 165
11.9.13 Tap Event . . . 165 11.10 Simulation Scan . . . 165 11.11 Results Objects . . . 165 11.12 Variable Sets . . . 167 11.13 Triggers . . . 167 11.14 Graphic Board . . . 168 12 Project Library 169 12.1 Introduction . . . 169
12.2 Equipment Type Library . . . 169
12.3 Operational Library . . . 171
12.3.2 Demand Transfers . . . 173
12.3.3 Fault Cases and Fault Groups . . . 173
12.3.4 Capability Curves (Mvar Limit Curves) for Generators . . . 177
12.3.5 Planned Outages . . . 178 12.3.6 Running Arrangements . . . 180 12.3.7 Thermal Ratings . . . 183 12.4 Templates Library . . . 184 12.4.1 General Templates . . . 185 12.4.2 Substation Templates . . . 185 12.4.3 Busbar Templates . . . 185
12.4.4 Composite Branch Templates . . . 185
12.4.5 Example Generator Template . . . 186
12.4.6 Example Busbar Template . . . 186
13 Grouping Objects 189 13.1 Areas . . . 189
13.2 Virtual Power Plants . . . 189
13.2.1 Defining and Editing a New Virtual Power Plant . . . 190
13.2.2 Applying a Virtual Power Plant . . . 191
13.2.3 Inserting a Generator into a Virtual Power Plant and Defining its Virtual Power Plant Properties . . . 191 13.3 Boundaries . . . 192 13.4 Circuits (ElmCircuit) . . . 193 13.5 Feeders . . . 194 13.6 Operators . . . 196 13.7 Owners . . . 197 13.8 Paths . . . 197 13.9 Routes . . . 198 13.10 Zones . . . 198 14 Operation Scenarios 199 14.1 Introduction . . . 199
14.2 Operation Scenarios Background . . . 199
CONTENTS
14.3.1 How to create an Operation Scenario . . . 201
14.3.2 How to save an Operation Scenario . . . 202
14.3.3 How to activate an existing Operation Scenario . . . 203
14.3.4 How to deactivate an Operation Scenario . . . 203
14.3.5 How to identify operational data parameters . . . 204
14.4 Administering Operation Scenarios . . . 205
14.4.1 How to view objects missing from the Operation Scenario data . . . 205
14.4.2 How to compare the data in two operation scenarios . . . 205
14.4.3 How to view the non-default Running Arrangements . . . 206
14.4.4 How to transfer data from one Operation Scenario to another . . . 206
14.4.5 How to update the default data with operation scenario data . . . 207
14.4.6 How exclude a grid from the Operation Scenario data . . . 207
14.4.7 How to create a time based Operation Scenario . . . 207
14.5 Advanced Configuration of Operation Scenarios . . . 209
14.5.1 How to change the automatic save settings for Operation Scenarios . . . 209
14.5.2 How to modify the data stored in Operation Scenarios . . . 209
15 Network Variations and Expansion Stages 211 15.1 Introduction . . . 211
15.2 Variations . . . 212
15.3 Expansion Stages . . . 213
15.4 The Study Time . . . 213
15.5 The Recording Expansion Stage . . . 214
15.6 The Variation Scheduler . . . 214
15.7 Variation and Expansion Stage Example . . . 215
15.8 Variation and Expansion Stage Housekeeping . . . 216
15.8.1 Applying Changes from Expansion Stages . . . 216
15.8.2 Consolidating Variations . . . 216
15.8.3 Splitting Expansion Stages . . . 217
15.8.4 Comparing Variations and Expansion Stages . . . 217
15.8.5 Colouring Variations the Single Line Graphic . . . 218
15.8.6 Variation Conflicts . . . 218
15.9 Compatibility with Previous PowerFactory
Releases . . . 220
15.9.1 General . . . 220
15.9.2 Converting System Stages . . . 220
16 Parameter Characteristics, Load States, and Tariffs 225 16.1 Introduction . . . 225 16.2 Parameter Characteristics . . . 225 16.2.1 Time Characteristics . . . 228 16.2.2 Profile Characteristics . . . 230 16.2.3 Scalar Characteristics . . . 230 16.2.4 Vector Characteristics . . . 231
16.2.5 Matrix Parameter Characteristics . . . 232
16.2.6 Parameter Characteristics from Files . . . 233
16.2.7 Characteristic References . . . 233
16.2.8 Edit Characteristic Dialogue . . . 233
16.2.9 Browser in ’Scales’ mode . . . 234
16.2.10 Example Application of Characteristics . . . 235
16.3 Load States . . . 238
16.3.1 Creating Load States . . . 238
16.3.2 Viewing Existing Load States . . . 238
16.3.3 Load State Object Properties . . . 239
16.3.4 Example Load States . . . 239
16.4 Load Distribution States . . . 241
16.4.1 Creating Load Distribution States . . . 241
16.4.2 Viewing Existing Load Distribution States . . . 242
16.4.3 Load Distribution State Object Properties . . . 242
16.4.4 Example Load Distribution States . . . 242
16.5 Tariffs . . . 244
16.5.1 Defining Time Tariffs . . . 244
16.5.2 Defining Energy Tariffs . . . 245
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction . . . 247
17.2 Results, Graphs and Documentation . . . 247
17.2.1 Editing Result Boxes . . . 247
17.2.2 Output of Device Data . . . 250
17.2.3 Output of Results . . . 252
17.2.4 Result Objects . . . 253
17.3 Comparisons Between Calculations . . . 256
17.3.1 Editing a Set Of Comparison Cases . . . 257
17.3.2 Update Database . . . 257
17.4 Variable Selection . . . 258
17.4.1 The Variable Selection Monitor Dialogue . . . 258
17.4.2 Searching the Variables to Monitor . . . 260
17.4.3 Examples of Variable Selection . . . 261
17.4.4 Selecting the Bus to be Monitored . . . 265
17.5 Virtual Instruments . . . 266
17.5.1 Virtual Instrument Panels . . . 268
17.5.2 Plots . . . 273
17.5.3 Calculated Results . . . 282
17.5.4 The Vector Diagram . . . 284
17.5.5 The Voltage Profile Plot . . . 286
17.5.6 Schematic Visualization . . . 289
17.5.7 The Waveform Plot . . . 290
17.5.8 The Curve-Input Command . . . 292
17.5.9 Embedded Graphic Windows . . . 295
17.5.10 Tools for Virtual Instruments . . . 296
17.5.11 User-Defined Styles . . . 305
18 Data Management 309 18.1 Introduction . . . 309
18.2 Project Versions . . . 309
18.2.1 What is a Version? . . . 309
18.2.2 How to Create a Version . . . 310
18.2.4 How to Check if a Version is the base for a derived Project . . . 312
18.2.5 How to Delete a Version . . . 313
18.3 Derived Projects . . . 313
18.3.1 Derived Projects Background . . . 313
18.3.2 How to Create a Derived Project . . . 315
18.4 Comparing and Merging Projects . . . 316
18.4.1 Compare and Merge Tool Background . . . 316
18.4.2 How to Merge or Compare two projects using the Compare and Merge Tool . . . 317
18.4.3 How to Merge or Compare three projects using the Compare and Merge Tool . . 318
18.4.4 Compare and Merge Tool Advanced Options . . . 319
18.4.5 Compare and Merge Tool ’diff browser’ . . . 320
18.5 How to update a Project . . . 325
18.5.1 Updating a Derived Project from a new Version . . . 325
18.5.2 Updating a base project from a Derived Project . . . 327
18.5.3 Tips for working with the Compare and Merge Tool . . . 327
18.6 Sharing Projects . . . 327
18.7 Database archiving . . . 328
19 The DIgSILENT Programming Language - DPL 329 19.1 Introduction . . . 329
19.2 The Principle Structure of a DPL Command . . . 330
19.3 The DPL Command Object . . . 331
19.3.1 Creating a new DPL Command . . . 331
19.3.2 Defining a DPL Commands Set . . . 332
19.3.3 Executing a DPL Command . . . 332
19.3.4 DPL Advanced Options . . . 332
19.3.5 DPL Script Page . . . 333
19.4 The DPL Script Editor . . . 333
19.5 The DPL Script Language . . . 333
19.5.1 Variable Definitions . . . 334
19.5.2 Constant parameters . . . 334
19.5.3 Assignments and Expressions . . . 335
CONTENTS
19.5.5 Program Flow Instructions . . . 336
19.5.6 Input and Output . . . 338
19.6 Access to Other Objects . . . 339
19.6.1 Object Variables and Methods . . . 339
19.7 Access to Locally Stored Objects . . . 340
19.8 Accessing the General Selection . . . 340
19.9 Accessing External Objects . . . 341
19.10 Remote Scripts and DPL Command Libraries . . . 342
19.10.1 Subroutines and Calling Conventions . . . 344
19.11 DPL Functions and Subroutines . . . 345
20 PowerFactory Interfaces 347 20.1 Introduction . . . 347
20.2 DGS Interface . . . 347
20.2.1 DGS Interface Typical Applications . . . 348
20.2.2 DGS Structure (Database Schemas and File Formats) . . . 349
20.2.3 DGS Import . . . 349
20.2.4 DGS Export . . . 351
20.3 PSS/E File Interface . . . 352
20.3.1 Importing PSS/E Steady-State Data . . . 352
20.3.2 Import of PSS/E file (Dynamic Data) . . . 355
20.3.3 Exporting a project to a PSS/E file . . . 357
20.4 NEPLAN Interface . . . 358
20.4.1 Importing NEPLAN Data . . . 359
20.5 INTEGRAL Interface . . . 361
20.5.1 Importing Integral Data . . . 361
20.6 UCTE-DEF Interface . . . 361
20.6.1 Importing UCTE-DEF Data . . . 361
20.6.2 Exporting UCTE-DEF Data . . . 363
20.7 CIM Interface . . . 364
20.7.1 Importing CIM Data . . . 364
20.7.2 Exporting CIM Data . . . 365
20.9 OPC Interface . . . 366
20.9.1 OPC Interface Typical Applications . . . 367
20.10 StationWare Interface . . . 368 20.10.1 About StationWare . . . 368 20.10.2 Component Architecture . . . 369 20.10.3 Fundamental Concepts . . . 370 20.10.4 Configuration . . . 374 20.10.5 Getting Started . . . 375 20.10.6 Reference . . . 384 20.10.7 Technical Reference . . . 390
20.11 API (Application Programming Interface) . . . 394
20.12 Python . . . 394
20.12.1 Introduction . . . 394
20.12.2 Installation of a Python Interpreter . . . 395
20.12.3 The Python PowerFactory Module . . . 395
20.12.4 The Python Command Object (ComPython) . . . 396
20.12.5 Running PowerFactory in Engine Mode . . . 399
20.12.6 Debugging Python Scripts . . . 400
20.12.7 Example of a Python Script . . . 401
IV
Power System Analysis Functions
403
21 Load Flow Analysis 405 21.1 Introduction . . . 40521.2 Technical Background . . . 409
21.2.1 Network Representation and Calculation Methods . . . 409
21.2.2 Active and Reactive Power Control . . . 412
21.2.3 Advanced Load Options . . . 416
21.2.4 Temperature Dependency of Lines and Cables . . . 420
21.3 Executing Load Flow Calculations . . . 422
21.3.1 Basic Options . . . 423
21.3.2 Active Power Control . . . 424
CONTENTS
21.3.4 Iteration Control . . . 429
21.3.5 Outputs . . . 430
21.3.6 Low Voltage Analysis . . . 431
21.3.7 Advanced Simulation Options . . . 432
21.4 Result Analysis . . . 432
21.4.1 Viewing Results in the Single Line Diagram . . . 433
21.4.2 Flexible Data Page . . . 433
21.4.3 Predefined Report Formats (ASCII Reports) . . . 434
21.4.4 Diagram Colouring . . . 434
21.4.5 Load Flow Sign Convention . . . 435
21.5 Troubleshooting Load Flow Calculation Problems . . . 435
21.5.1 General Troubleshooting . . . 435
21.5.2 Data Model Problem . . . 436
21.5.3 Some Load Flow Calculation Messages . . . 437
21.5.4 Too many Inner Loop Iterations . . . 438
21.5.5 Too Many Outer Loop Iterations . . . 439
21.6 Load Flow Sensitivities . . . 441
21.6.1 Load Flow Sensitivities Options . . . 442
21.6.2 Load Flow Sensitivities Execution and Results . . . 443
21.6.3 Technical Background . . . 443
22 Short-Circuit Analysis 447 22.1 Introduction . . . 447
22.2 Technical Background . . . 448
22.2.1 The IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method . . . 451
22.2.2 The ANSI Method . . . 455
22.2.3 The Complete Method . . . 457
22.2.4 The IEC 61363 Method . . . 459
22.2.5 The IEC 61660 (DC) Method . . . 460
22.2.6 The ANSI/IEEE 946 (DC) Method . . . 462
22.3 Executing Short-Circuit Calculations . . . 462
22.3.1 Toolbar/Main Menu Execution . . . 462
22.3.3 Faults on Busbars/Terminals . . . 463
22.3.4 Faults on Lines and Branches . . . 464
22.3.5 Multiple Faults Calculation . . . 465
22.4 Short-Circuit Calculation Options . . . 467
22.4.1 Basic Options (All Methods) . . . 467
22.4.2 Verification (Except for IEC 61363, IEC 61660 and ANSI/IEEE 946) . . . 470
22.4.3 Basic Options (IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method) . . . 471
22.4.4 Advanced Options (IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method) . . . 472
22.4.5 Basic Options (ANSI C37 Method) . . . 474
22.4.6 Advanced Options (ANSI C37 Method) . . . 476
22.4.7 Basic Options (Complete Method) . . . 477
22.4.8 Advanced Options (Complete Method) . . . 478
22.4.9 Basic Options (IEC 61363) . . . 480
22.4.10 Advanced Options (IEC 61363) . . . 481
22.4.11 Basic Options (IEC 61660 Method) . . . 481
22.4.12 Advanced Options (IEC 61660 Method) . . . 482
22.4.13 Basic Options (ANSI/IEEE 946 Method) . . . 482
22.4.14 Advanced Options (ANSI/IEEE 946 Method) . . . 483
22.5 Result Analysis . . . 483
22.5.1 Viewing Results in the Single Line Diagram . . . 483
22.5.2 Flexible Data Page . . . 484
22.5.3 Predefined Report Formats (ASCII Reports) . . . 484
22.5.4 Diagram Colouring . . . 485
23 Power Quality and Harmonics Analysis 487 23.1 Introduction . . . 487
23.2 Harmonic Load Flow . . . 488
23.2.1 Basic Options . . . 488 23.2.2 IEC 61000-3-6 . . . 490 23.2.3 Advanced Options . . . 490 23.3 Frequency Sweep . . . 490 23.3.1 Basic Options . . . 491 23.3.2 Advanced Options . . . 491
CONTENTS
23.4 Filter Analysis . . . 492
23.5 Modelling Harmonic Sources . . . 494
23.5.1 Definition of Harmonic Injections . . . 494
23.5.2 Assignment of Harmonic Injections . . . 501
23.5.3 Harmonic Distortion Results . . . 502
23.5.4 Frequency Dependent Parameters . . . 503
23.5.5 Waveform Plot . . . 506
23.6 Flicker Analysis (IEC 61400-21) . . . 507
23.6.1 Continuous Operation . . . 508
23.6.2 Switching Operations . . . 508
23.6.3 Flicker Contribution of Wind Turbine Generator Models . . . 509
23.6.4 Definition of Flicker Coefficients . . . 509
23.6.5 Assignment of Flicker Coefficients . . . 510
23.6.6 Flicker Result Variables . . . 511
23.7 Short-Circuit Power Sk . . . 511
23.7.1 Balanced Harmonic Load Flow . . . 512
23.7.2 Unbalanced Harmonic Load Flow . . . 512
23.7.3 Sk Result Variables . . . 512
23.7.4 Short-Circuit Power of the External Grid . . . 513
23.8 Connection Request . . . 513
23.8.1 Connection Request Assessment: D-A-CH-CZ . . . 513
23.8.2 Connection Request Element . . . 514
23.8.3 Connection Request Assessment Report . . . 516
23.9 Definition of Result Variables . . . 517
23.9.1 Definition of Variable Sets . . . 517
23.9.2 Selection of Result Variables within a Variable Set . . . 518
24 Flickermeter 521 24.1 Introduction . . . 521
24.2 Flickermeter (IEC 61000-4-15) . . . 521
24.2.1 Calculation of Short-Term Flicker . . . 521
24.2.2 Calculation of Long-Term Flicker . . . 522
24.3.1 Flickermeter Command . . . 522 24.3.2 Data Source . . . 523 24.3.3 Signal Settings . . . 523 24.3.4 Advanced Options . . . 524 24.3.5 Input File Types . . . 525
25 Quasi-Dynamic Simulation 531
25.1 Introduction . . . 531 25.2 Technical background . . . 532 25.3 How to complete a
Quasi-Dynamic Simulation . . . 533 25.3.1 Defining the variables for monitoring in the Quasi dynamic simulation . . . 533 25.3.2 Running the Quasi dynamic simulation . . . 534 25.3.3 Considering maintenance outages . . . 535 25.4 Analysing the Quasi-dynamic
simulation results . . . 535 25.4.1 Plotting . . . 535 25.4.2 Quasi-Dynamic simulation reports . . . 536 25.4.3 Statistical summary of monitored variables . . . 536
26 Stability and EMT Simulations 539
26.1 Introduction . . . 539 26.2 Calculation Methods . . . 541 26.2.1 Balanced RMS Simulation . . . 541 26.2.2 Three-Phase RMS Simulation . . . 541 26.2.3 Three-Phase EMT Simulation . . . 542 26.3 Setting Up a Simulation . . . 542 26.3.1 Basic Options . . . 543 26.3.2 Step Sizes . . . 544 26.3.3 Step Size Adaptation . . . 545 26.3.4 Advanced Options . . . 545 26.3.5 Noise Generation . . . 548 26.3.6 Advanced Simulation Options - Load Flow . . . 548 26.4 Result Objects . . . 549
CONTENTS 26.4.1 Saving Results from Previous Simulations . . . 551 26.5 Simulation Scan . . . 552 26.5.1 Frequency Scan Module . . . 552 26.5.2 Loss of Synchronism Scan Module . . . 552 26.5.3 Variables Scan Module . . . 552 26.5.4 Voltage Scan Module . . . 553 26.5.5 Simulation scan example . . . 553 26.6 Events (IntEvt) . . . 554 26.7 Running a Simulation . . . 556 26.8 Models for Stability Analysis . . . 557 26.9 System Modelling Approach . . . 558 26.9.1 The Composite Model . . . 563 26.9.2 The Composite Frame . . . 566 26.9.3 The Common Model . . . 570 26.10 The Composite Block Definition . . . 575 26.10.1 Drawing Composite Block Diagrams and Composite . . . 577 26.11 User Defined (DSL) Models . . . 582 26.11.1 Modelling and Simulation Tools . . . 584 26.11.2 DSL Implementation: an Introduction . . . 585 26.11.3 Defining DSL Models . . . 589 26.12 The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) . . . 592 26.12.1 Terms and Abbreviations . . . 593 26.12.2 General DSL Syntax . . . 593 26.12.3 DSL Variables . . . 594 26.12.4 DSL Structure . . . 594 26.12.5 Definition Code . . . 594 26.12.6 Initial Conditions . . . 595 26.12.7 Equation Code . . . 598 26.12.8 Equation Statement . . . 598 26.12.9 DSL Macros . . . 599 26.12.10Events and Messages . . . 600 26.12.11Example of a Complete DSL Model . . . 601
26.13 DSL Reference . . . 602 26.13.1 DSL Standard Functions . . . 602 26.13.2 DSL Special Functions . . . 603 26.14 MATLAB Interface . . . 607 26.14.1 Example Implementation of Voltage Controller . . . 608 26.14.2 Additional notes . . . 615
27 Modal Analysis / Eigenvalue Calculation 617
27.1 Introduction . . . 617 27.2 Theory of Modal Analysis . . . 617 27.3 How to Complete a Modal Analysis . . . 620 27.3.1 Completing a Modal Analysis with the Default Options . . . 620 27.3.2 Explanation of Modal Analysis Command Basic
Options (ComMod) . . . 621 27.3.3 QZ method . . . 621 27.3.4 Selective Modal Analysis . . . 622 27.3.5 Advanced Options . . . 623 27.3.6 Output Options . . . 625 27.4 Viewing Modal Analysis Results . . . 625 27.4.1 Viewing Modal Analysis Reports in the Output Window . . . 626 27.4.2 Viewing Modal Analysis Results using the built-in Plots . . . 629 27.4.3 Viewing Modal Analysis Results using the Modal Data Browser . . . 635 27.4.4 Viewing Results in the Data Manager Window . . . 637 27.5 Troubleshooting Modal Analysis Calculation Problems . . . 639 27.5.1 The Arnoldi/Lanczos Method is slow . . . 639
28 Model Parameter Identification 641
28.1 Introduction . . . 641 28.2 Target Functions and Composite Frames . . . 642 28.2.1 The Measurement File Slot . . . 643 28.2.2 Power System Element Slot . . . 643 28.2.3 Comparison Slot . . . 643 28.3 Creating The Composite Identification Model . . . 644 28.3.1 The Comparison Object . . . 645
CONTENTS 28.4 Performing a Parameter Identification . . . 646 28.5 Identifying Primary Appliances . . . 648
29 Contingency Analysis 651
29.1 Introduction . . . 651 29.2 Technical Background . . . 651 29.2.1 Single Time Phase Contingency Analysis . . . 654 29.2.2 Multiple Time Phases Contingency Analysis . . . 654 29.2.3 Time Sweep Option (Single Time Phase) . . . 655 29.2.4 Consideration of Predefined Switching Rules . . . 655 29.2.5 Parallel Computing Option (Single Time Phase) . . . 655 29.3 Executing Contingency Analyses . . . 655 29.4 The Single Time Phase Contingency Analysis Command . . . 657 29.4.1 Basic Options . . . 658 29.4.2 Effectiveness . . . 660 29.4.3 Multiple Time Phases . . . 660 29.4.4 Time Sweep . . . 662 29.4.5 Advanced Options . . . 663 29.4.6 Parallel Computing . . . 664 29.4.7 Calculating an Individual Contingency . . . 666 29.4.8 Representing Contingency Situations
Contingency Cases . . . 666 29.5 The Multiple Time Phases Contingency Analysis Command . . . 668 29.5.1 Basic Options . . . 669 29.5.2 Effectiveness . . . 669 29.5.3 Multiple Time Phases . . . 669 29.5.4 Time Sweep . . . 671 29.5.5 Advanced Options . . . 671 29.5.6 Parallel Computing . . . 671 29.5.7 Defining Time Phases for Contingency Analyses . . . 671 29.5.8 Representing Contingency Situations with Post - Fault Actions . . . 673 29.6 Creating Contingency Cases Using Fault
29.6.1 Browsing Fault Cases and Fault Groups . . . 675 29.6.2 Defining a Fault Case . . . 675 29.6.3 Defining a Fault Group . . . 676 29.7 Creating Contingency Cases Using the
Contingency Definition Command . . . 677 29.8 Comparing Contingency Results . . . 679 29.9 Result Analysis . . . 681 29.9.1 Predefined Report Formats (Tabular and ASCII Reports) . . . 681
30 Reliability Assessment 685
30.1 Introduction . . . 685 30.2 Probabilistic Reliability Assessment
Technical Background . . . 687 30.2.1 Reliability Assessment Procedure . . . 688 30.2.2 Stochastic Models . . . 689 30.2.3 Calculated Results for Reliability Assessment . . . 690 30.2.4 System State Enumeration in Reliability Assessment . . . 695 30.3 Setting up the Network Model for Reliability Assessment . . . 696 30.3.1 How to Define Stochastic Failure and Repair models . . . 697 30.3.2 How to Create Feeders for Reliability Calculation . . . 701 30.3.3 Configuring Switches for the Reliability Calculation . . . 701 30.3.4 Load Modelling for Reliability Assessment . . . 702 30.3.5 Modelling Load Interruption Costs . . . 703 30.3.6 System Demand and Load States (ComLoadstate) . . . 704 30.3.7 Fault Clearance Based on Protection Device Location . . . 704 30.3.8 How to Consider Planned Maintenance . . . 704 30.3.9 Specifying Individual Component Constraints . . . 705 30.4 Running The Reliability Assessment Calculation . . . 705 30.4.1 How to run the Reliability Assessment . . . 705 30.4.2 Viewing the Load Point Indices . . . 711 30.4.3 Viewing the System Reliability Indices (Spreadsheet format) . . . 712 30.4.4 Printing ASCII Reliability Reports . . . 713 30.4.5 Using the Colouring modes to aid Reliability Analysis . . . 713
CONTENTS 30.4.6 Using the Contribution to Reliability Indices Script . . . 714
31 Optimal Power Restoration 717
31.1 Failure Effect Analysis . . . 717 31.2 Animated Tracing of Individual Cases . . . 722 31.3 Optimal RCS Placement . . . 722 31.3.1 Basic Options Page . . . 723 31.3.2 Output Page . . . 724 31.3.3 Advanced Options Page . . . 724 31.3.4 Example Optimal RCS Calculation . . . 724 31.4 Optimal Manual Restoration . . . 725 31.4.1 OMR Calculation Prerequisites . . . 726 31.4.2 Basic Options Page . . . 726 31.4.3 Advanced Options Page . . . 727 31.4.4 Definition of the objective function . . . 729 31.4.5 Example of an Optimal Manual Restoration Calculation . . . 730
32 Generation Adequacy Analysis 733
32.1 Introduction . . . 733 32.2 Technical Background . . . 733 32.3 Database Objects and Models . . . 736 32.3.1 Stochastic Model for Generation Object (StoGen) . . . 736 32.3.2 Power Curve Type (TypPowercurve) . . . 737 32.3.3 Meteorological Station (ElmMeteostat) . . . 737 32.4 Assignment of Stochastic Model for Generation Object . . . 738 32.4.1 Definition of a Stochastic Multi-State Model . . . 738 32.4.2 Stochastic Wind Model . . . 740 32.4.3 Time Series Characteristic for Wind Generation . . . 740 32.4.4 Demand definition . . . 742 32.4.5 Generation Adequacy Analysis Toolbar . . . 743 32.4.6 Generation Adequacy Initialisation Command
(ComGenrelinc) . . . 743 32.4.7 Run Generation Adequacy Command (ComGenrel) . . . 746 32.5 Generation Adequacy Results . . . 747
32.5.1 Draws (Iterations) Plots . . . 747 32.5.2 Distribution (Cumulative Probability) Plots . . . 748 32.5.3 Convergence Plots . . . 751 32.5.4 Summary of variables calculated during the Generation Adequacy Analysis . . . 753
33 Optimal Power Flow 755
33.1 Introduction . . . 755 33.2 AC Optimization (Interior Point Method) . . . 755 33.2.1 Basic Options . . . 755 33.2.2 Initialization . . . 769 33.2.3 Advanced Options . . . 770 33.2.4 Iteration Control . . . 770 33.2.5 Output . . . 772 33.3 DC Optimization (Linear Programming) . . . 773 33.3.1 Basic Options . . . 774 33.3.2 Initialization . . . 778 33.3.3 Advanced Options . . . 779 33.3.4 Iteration Control . . . 780 33.4 Contingency Constrained DC Optimization (LP Method) . . . 781 33.4.1 Basic Options . . . 782 33.4.2 Initialization . . . 788 33.4.3 Advanced Options . . . 788 33.4.4 Iteration Control . . . 788 33.4.5 Output . . . 788 34 Techno-Economical Calculation 791 34.1 Introduction . . . 791 34.2 Requirements for Calculation . . . 792 34.3 Calculation Options . . . 792 34.3.1 Basic Options Page . . . 792 34.3.2 Costs Page . . . 793 34.3.3 Output Page . . . 794 34.4 Example Calculation . . . 794
CONTENTS
35 Distribution Network Tools 799
35.1 Introduction . . . 799 35.2 Voltage Sag . . . 799 35.2.1 Calculation Options . . . 800 35.2.2 How to Perform a Voltage Sag Table Assessment . . . 801 35.2.3 Voltage Sag Table Assessment Results . . . 802 35.3 Voltage Profile Optimization . . . 804 35.3.1 Optimization Procedure . . . 805 35.3.2 Basic Options Page . . . 807 35.3.3 Output Page . . . 808 35.3.4 Advanced Options Page . . . 808 35.3.5 Results of Voltage Profile Optimization . . . 808 35.4 Tie Open Point Optimization . . . 809 35.4.1 Tie Open Point Optimization Background . . . 809 35.4.2 How to run a Tie Open Point Optimization . . . 810 35.5 Backbone Calculation . . . 813 35.5.1 Basic Options Page . . . 814 35.5.2 Scoring Settings Page . . . 815 35.5.3 Tracing Backbones . . . 816 35.5.4 Example Backbone Calculation . . . 816 35.6 Optimal Capacitor Placement . . . 817 35.6.1 OCP Objective Function . . . 818 35.6.2 OCP Optimization Procedure . . . 820 35.6.3 Basic Options Page . . . 820 35.6.4 Available Capacitors Page . . . 822 35.6.5 Load Characteristics Page . . . 823 35.6.6 Advanced Options Page . . . 824 35.6.7 Results . . . 825
36 Cable Sizing 827
36.1 Introduction . . . 827 36.2 Calculation Options . . . 829 36.2.1 Basic Options Page . . . 829
36.2.2 Constraints Page . . . 831 36.2.3 Output Page . . . 832 36.2.4 Advanced Options Page . . . 834 36.2.5 Type Parameters . . . 837 36.3 Cable Sizing Line Parameters . . . 838 36.3.1 Cable Sizing Line Type Parameters . . . 838 36.3.2 Cable Sizing Line Element Parameters . . . 839 36.4 System Technology Check . . . 839 36.5 Predefined Laying Methods . . . 840 36.5.1 NF C 15-100 (Tableau 52C) . . . 840 36.5.2 NF C 13-200 (Tableau 52E) . . . 844
37 Motor Starting 849
37.1 Introduction . . . 849 37.2 How to define a motor . . . 849 37.2.1 How to define a motor Type and starting methodology . . . 849 37.2.2 How to define a motor driven machine . . . 851 37.3 How to run a Motor Starting simulation . . . 852 37.3.1 Basic Options Page . . . 852 37.3.2 Output Page . . . 854 37.3.3 Motor Starting simulation results . . . 855 37.3.4 Motor Starting Example . . . 856
38 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis 859
38.1 Introduction . . . 859 38.2 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Background . . . 859 38.2.1 General . . . 859 38.2.2 Data Inputs . . . 860 38.3 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Calculation Options . . . 861 38.3.1 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Basic Options Page . . . 861 38.3.2 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Advanced Options Page . . . 862 38.4 Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Results . . . 863 38.4.1 Viewing Results in the Single Line Graphic . . . 863
CONTENTS 38.4.2 Arc-Flash Reports Dialogue . . . 863 38.4.3 Arc-Flash Labels . . . 863 38.5 Example Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Calculation . . . 864
39 Protection 867
39.1 Introduction . . . 867 39.1.1 The modelling structure . . . 867 39.1.2 The relay frame . . . 868 39.1.3 The relay type . . . 869 39.1.4 The relay element . . . 870 39.2 How to define a protection
scheme in PowerFactory . . . 871 39.2.1 Overview . . . 871 39.2.2 Adding protective devices to the network model . . . 871 39.2.3 Protection single line diagrams . . . 875 39.2.4 Locating protection devices within
the network model . . . 876 39.3 Setup of an overcurrent
protection scheme . . . 877 39.3.1 Overcurrent relay model setup - basic data page . . . 877 39.3.2 Overcurrent relay model setup - max/min fault
currents tab . . . 879 39.3.3 Configuring the current transformer . . . 880 39.3.4 Configuring the voltage transformer . . . 883 39.3.5 How to add a fuse to the network model . . . 887 39.3.6 Basic relay blocks for overcurrent relays . . . 889 39.4 The time-overcurrent plot . . . 896 39.4.1 How to create a time-overcurrent plot . . . 897 39.4.2 Understanding the time-overcurrent plot . . . 898 39.4.3 Showing the calculation results on the time-overcurrent plot . . . 898 39.4.4 Displaying the grading margins . . . 899 39.4.5 Adding a user defined permanent current line to the time-overcurrent plot . . . . 900 39.4.6 Configuring the auto generated protection diagram . . . 900 39.4.7 Overcurrent plot options . . . 900
39.4.8 Altering protection device characteristic settings from the time-overcurrent plot . 902 39.4.9 How to split the relay/fuse characteristic . . . 902 39.4.10 Equipment damage curves . . . 905 39.5 Setup and analysis of a distance
protection scheme . . . 917 39.5.1 Distance relay model setup - basic data page . . . 918 39.5.2 Primary or secondary Ohm selection for distance relay parameters . . . 918 39.5.3 Basic relay blocks used for distance protection . . . 918 39.6 The impedance plot (R-X diagram) . . . 928 39.6.1 How to create an R-X diagram . . . 928 39.6.2 Understanding the R-X diagram . . . 929 39.6.3 Configuring the R-X plot . . . 930 39.6.4 Modifying the relay settings and branch elements from the R-X plot . . . 934 39.7 The time-distance plot . . . 934 39.8 Distance protection coordination assistant . . . 939 39.8.1 Distance protection coordination assistant - technical background . . . 939 39.8.2 Worked example of the distance protection coordination assistant . . . 942 39.8.3 Prerequisites for using the distance protection coordination tool . . . 945 39.8.4 How to run the distance protection coordination calculation . . . 945 39.8.5 Distance protection coordination options . . . 945 39.8.6 How to output results from the protection coordination assistant . . . 947 39.9 Accessing results . . . 949 39.9.1 Tabular protection setting report . . . 950 39.9.2 Results in single line graphic . . . 953 39.10 Short circuit trace . . . 954 39.10.1 Short Circuit Trace Handling . . . 956 39.11 Building a basic overcurrent relay model . . . 957 39.12 Appendix - other commonly used relay blocks . . . 966 39.12.1 The frequency measurement block . . . 966 39.12.2 The frequency block . . . 967 39.12.3 The under-/overvoltage block . . . 967
CONTENTS 40.1 Introduction . . . 969 40.2 Technical Background . . . 969 40.2.1 Network Reduction for Load Flow . . . 969 40.2.2 Network Reduction for Short-Circuit . . . 970 40.3 How to Complete a Network Reduction . . . 970 40.3.1 How to Backup the Project (optional) . . . 970 40.3.2 How to run the Network Reduction tool . . . 971 40.3.3 Expected Output of the Network Reduction . . . 971 40.4 Network Reduction Command . . . 973 40.4.1 Basic Options . . . 973 40.4.2 Outputs . . . 975 40.4.3 Advanced Options . . . 975 40.5 Network Reduction Example . . . 976 40.6 Tips for using the Network Reduction Tool . . . 979 40.6.1 Station Controller Busbar is Reduced . . . 979 40.6.2 Network Reduction doesn’t Reduce Isolated Areas . . . 980 40.6.3 The Reference Machine is not Reduced . . . 980
41 State Estimation 981
41.1 Introduction . . . 981 41.2 Objective Function . . . 982 41.3 Components of the PowerFactory State Estimator . . . 982 41.3.1 Plausibility Check . . . 983 41.3.2 Observability Analysis . . . 984 41.3.3 State Estimation (Non-Linear Optimization) . . . 985 41.4 State Estimator Data Input . . . 985 41.4.1 Measurements . . . 986 41.4.2 Activating the State Estimator Display Option . . . 990 41.4.3 Editing the Element Data . . . 991 41.5 Running SE . . . 993 41.5.1 Basic Setup Options . . . 994 41.5.2 Advanced Setup Options for the Plausibility Check . . . 997 41.5.3 Advanced Setup Options for the Observability Check . . . 997
41.5.4 Advanced Setup Options for Bad Data Detection . . . 997 41.5.5 Advanced Setup Options for Iteration Control . . . 998 41.6 Results . . . 999 41.6.1 Output Window Report . . . 999 41.6.2 External Measurements . . . 1000 41.6.3 Estimated States . . . 1002 41.6.4 Colour Representation . . . 1003
V
Appendix
1005
A Glossary 1007 B Hotkeys Reference 1013 B.1 Calculation Hotkeys . . . 1013 B.2 Graphic Windows Hotkeys . . . 1013 B.3 Data Manager Hotkeys . . . 1015 B.4 Dialogue Hotkeys . . . 1017 B.5 Output Window Hotkeys . . . 1017 B.6 Editor Hotkeys . . . 1019C Technical References of Models 1023
C.1 Branch Elements . . . 1024 C.1.1 2-Winding Transformer (ElmTr2) . . . 1024 C.1.2 3-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3) . . . 1024 C.1.3 Autoransformers . . . 1025 C.1.4 Booster Transformer (ElmTrb) . . . 1025 C.1.5 Overhead Lines Systems . . . 1025 C.1.6 Cables Systems . . . 1027 C.1.7 Series Capacitances (ElmScap) . . . 1028 C.1.8 Series Reactance (ElmSfilt) . . . 1028 C.1.9 Series Filter (ElmSind) . . . 1028 C.1.10 Common Impedance (ElmZpu) . . . 1028 C.2 Generators and Loads . . . 1028 C.2.1 Asynchronous Machine (ElmAsm) . . . 1028
CONTENTS C.2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Machine (ElmAsmsc) . . . 1028 C.2.3 Static Generator (ElmGenstat) . . . 1029 C.2.4 PV System (ElmPvsys) . . . 1029 C.2.5 Synchronous Machine (ElmSym) . . . 1029 C.2.6 Loads (ElmLod) . . . 1030 C.2.7 Low Voltage Load (ElmLodlv) . . . 1030 C.2.8 Partial Loads (ElmLodlvp) . . . 1030 C.2.9 Motor Driven Machine (ElmMdm__X) . . . 1030 C.3 Power Electronic Devices . . . 1030 C.3.1 PWM AC/DC Converter . . . 1030 C.3.2 Rectifier/Inverter . . . 1031 C.3.3 Soft Starter (ElmVar) . . . 1031 C.3.4 DC/DC Converter (ElmDcdc) . . . 1031 C.4 Reactive Power Compensation . . . 1031 C.4.1 Neutral Earthing Element (ElmNec) . . . 1031 C.4.2 Shunt/Filter Element (ElmShnt) . . . 1031 C.4.3 Static Var System (ElmSvs) . . . 1032 C.5 Controllers . . . 1032 C.5.1 Station Controller (ElmStactrl) . . . 1032 C.5.2 Power Frequency Control (ElmSecctrl) . . . 1032 C.6 Sources . . . 1032 C.6.1 AC Voltage Source (ElmVac) . . . 1032 C.6.2 DC Voltage Source (ElmVdc) . . . 1032 C.6.3 AC Current Source (ElmIac) . . . 1032 C.6.4 DC Current Source (ElmDci) . . . 1033 C.6.5 Impulse Source (ElmImpulse) . . . 1033 C.6.6 DC Battery (ElmBattery) . . . 1033 C.6.7 DC Machine (ElmDcm) . . . 1033 C.6.8 External Network (ElmXnet) . . . 1033 C.6.9 Fourier Source (ElmFsrc) . . . 1033 C.7 Measurement Devices . . . 1034 C.7.1 Current Measurement (StaImea) . . . 1034
C.7.2 Power Measurement (StaPqmea) . . . 1034 C.7.3 Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) . . . 1034 C.7.4 Phase Measurement Device (Phase Locked Loop, ElmPhi__pll) . . . 1034 C.7.5 Measurement File (ElmFile) . . . 1034 C.8 Digital Devices . . . 1034 C.8.1 Digital Clock (ElmClock) . . . 1034 C.8.2 Digital Register (ElmReg) . . . 1034 C.8.3 Sample and Hold Model (ElmSamp) . . . 1035 C.8.4 Trigger Model (ElmTrigger) . . . 1035 C.9 Analysis Functions . . . 1035 C.9.1 Fast Fourier Transform (ElmFft)) . . . 1035 C.10 Miscellaneous . . . 1035 C.10.1 Surge Arrester (StaSua) . . . 1035
D DPL Reference 1037
D.1 Class Index . . . 1037 D.2 DPL Methods and Functions . . . 1047 D.3 General Functions and Methods . . . 1058 D.3.1 Object . . . 1058 D.3.2 General Set . . . 1084 D.3.3 String . . . 1095 D.3.4 Time and Date . . . 1103 D.3.5 Output Window . . . 1107 D.3.6 File . . . 1113 D.3.7 Miscellaneous . . . 1116 D.4 Project Structure . . . 1126 D.4.1 Functions . . . 1126 D.4.2 Project Methods (IntPrj) . . . 1134 D.4.3 Project Version Methods (IntVersion) . . . 1137 D.4.4 Project Folder Methods (IntPrjfolder) . . . 1139 D.4.5 StudyCaseMethods . . . 1140 D.4.6 Variant Methods (IntVariant) . . . 1143 D.4.7 Variation Methods . . . 1144
CONTENTS D.4.8 Scenario Methods (IntScenario) . . . 1146 D.5 Reporting and Graphical Representation . . . 1148 D.5.1 Functions . . . 1148 D.5.2 Virtual Instrument Methods: SetVipage . . . 1149 D.5.3 Virtual Instrument Methods: VisPlot/VisPlot2 Methods . . . 1159 D.5.4 Virtual Instrument Methods:VisFft Methods . . . 1178 D.5.5 Virtual Instrument Methods: IntPlot Methods . . . 1179 D.5.6 Graphic Board Methods (SetDesktop) . . . 1183 D.5.7 Text Box Methods (SetLevelvis) . . . 1190 D.5.8 Table Report Methods (ComTablereport) . . . 1193 D.6 Data Container . . . 1208 D.6.1 SetFilt Methods . . . 1208 D.6.2 SetSelect Methods . . . 1209 D.6.3 Feeder (SetFeeder) Methods . . . 1216 D.6.4 Path (SetPath) Methods . . . 1217 D.6.5 IntDplmap Methods . . . 1220 D.6.6 IntDplvector Methods . . . 1227 D.7 PowerFactory Commands . . . 1231 D.7.1 General Functions and Methods . . . 1231 D.7.2 Load Flow Calculation (ComLdf) Methods . . . 1234 D.7.3 Short-Circuit Calculation (ComShc) . . . 1235 D.7.4 Time-Domain Simulation . . . 1236 D.7.5 Result Export (ComRes) Methods . . . 1237 D.7.6 Contingency Case (ComOutage) Methods . . . 1238 D.7.7 Contingency Analysis (ComSimoutage) Methods . . . 1240 D.7.8 Contingency Definition (ComNmink) Methods . . . 1242 D.7.9 Reliability Assessment (ComRel3) Methods . . . 1244 D.7.10 DPL Command (ComDpl) Methods . . . 1247 D.7.11 ComImport Methods . . . 1247 D.7.12 ComMerge Methods . . . 1248 D.7.13 ComLink Methods . . . 1254 D.7.14 ComUcteexp Methods . . . 1255
D.8 Elements . . . 1256 D.8.1 Grid (ElmNet) . . . 1256 D.8.2 Asynchronous Machine (ElmAsm) . . . 1257 D.8.3 Double Fed Induction Machine (ElmAsmsc) . . . 1258 D.8.4 Feeder (ElmFeeder) . . . 1259 D.8.5 Boundary (ElmBoundary) . . . 1263 D.8.6 Cubicles (StaCubic) . . . 1264 D.8.7 Composite Model (ElmComp) . . . 1267 D.8.8 Breaker/Switch (ElmCoup) . . . 1267 D.8.9 Line (ElmLne) . . . 1270 D.8.10 Result Object (ElmRes) . . . 1276 D.8.11 Station Control (ElmStactrl) . . . 1288 D.8.12 Substation (ElmSubstat) . . . 1290 D.8.13 Synchronous Machine (ElmSym) . . . 1296 D.8.14 Terminal (ElmTerm) . . . 1299 D.8.15 Tower (ElmTow) . . . 1302 D.8.16 Transformer (ElmTr2 / ElmTr3) . . . 1304 D.8.17 Zone (ElmZone) . . . 1305 D.8.18 Switch (StaSwitch) . . . 1307 D.8.19 Bay (ElmBay) . . . 1309 D.9 Types . . . 1310 D.9.1 Induction Machine Type (TypAsm) . . . 1310 D.9.2 Induction Machine Type (TypAsmo) . . . 1310 D.9.3 Line Type (TypLne) . . . 1310 D.10 Additional Objects (Int*) . . . 1312 D.10.1 IntEvt Methods . . . 1312 D.10.2 IntForm Methods . . . 1312 D.10.3 IntMat Methods . . . 1314 D.10.4 IntMon Methods . . . 1320 D.10.5 IntThrating Methods . . . 1322 D.10.6 IntUser Methods . . . 1323 D.10.7 IntUserman Methods . . . 1324
CONTENTS D.10.8 IntVec Methods . . . 1327 D.11 DDE Functions . . . 1329 D.12 DPL Extension for MS Office . . . 1330 D.12.1 Functions for MS Excel . . . 1330 D.12.2 MS Excel Examples . . . 1343 D.12.3 Functions for MS Access . . . 1346 D.12.4 MS Access Examples . . . 1349
E The DIgSILENT Output Language 1355
E.1 Format string, Variable names and text Lines . . . 1356 E.2 Placeholders . . . 1356 E.3 Variables, Units and Names . . . 1357 E.4 Colour . . . 1359 E.5 Advanced Syntax Elements . . . 1359 E.6 Line Types and Page Breaks . . . 1360 E.7 Predefined Text Macros . . . 1360 E.8 Object Iterations, Loops, Filters and Includes . . . 1361
F Element Symbol Definition 1363
F.1 Introduction . . . 1363 F.2 General Symbol Definition . . . 1363 F.3 Geometrical Description . . . 1364 F.4 Including Graphic Files as Symbols . . . 1366
G Standard Functions DPL and DSL 1367
Bibliography 1369
Part I
Chapter 1
About this Guide
1.1
Introduction
This User Manual is intended to be a reference for users of the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. This chapter provides general information about the contents and the used conventions of this documenta-tion.
1.2
Contents of the User Manual
The first section of the User Manual provides General Information, including an overview of PowerFac-tory software, a description of the basic program settings, and a description of the PowerFacPowerFac-tory data model. The next sections describe PowerFactory administration, handling, and power system analysis functions. In the Power System Analysis Functions section, each chapter deals with a different calcula-tion, presenting the most relevant theoretical aspects, the PowerFactory approach, and the correspond-ing interface. Additional tools such as the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL), the reporting
functions, and communication interfaces with other programs are presented in the appendices. The online version of this manual includes additional sections dedicated to the mathematical description of models and their parameters, referred to as Technical References. To facilitate their portability, visual-ization, and printing, the papers are attached to the online help as PDF documents. They are opened by clicking on the indicated links within the manual. References forDIgSILENT Programming Language
functions are also included as appendices of the online manual. It is recommended that new users com-mence by reading Chapter4(PowerFactory Overview), and completing the PowerFactoryTutorials.
1.3
Used Conventions
Conventions to describe user actions are as follows:
Buttons and Keys Dialogue buttons and keyboard keys are referred to with bold and underline text
formatting. For example, press theOK button in the PowerFactory dialogue, or press CTRL+B on
the keyboard.
Menus and Icons Menus and icons are usually referenced using Italics. For example, press the User
Settings icon , or select Tools → User Settings. . .
Other Items "Speech marks" are used to indicate data to be entered by the user, and also to refer to
Chapter 2
Contact
For further information about the company DIgSILENT , our products and services please visit our web site, or contact us at:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-StraSSe 9 72810 Gomaringen / Germany www.digsilent.de
2.1
Direct Technical Support
DIgSILENT experts offer direct assistance to PowerFactory users with valid maintenance agreements via telephone or online via support queries raised on the customer portal.
To register for the on-line portal, select Help → Register. . . or go to directly to the registration page (link below). Log-in details will be provided by email shortly thereafter.
To log-in to the portal, enter the email (or Login) and Password provided. When raising a new support query, please include the PowerFactory version and build number in your submission, which can be found by selecting Help → About PowerFactory . . . from the main menu. Note that including relevant *.dz or *.pfd file(s) may assist with our investigation into your query. The customer portal is shown in Figure2.1.1.
Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-50 (German)
+49-(0)7072-9168-51 (English)
Figure 2.1.1: DIgSILENT customer portal
2.2
General Information
For general information about DIgSILENT or your PowerFactory license, please contact us via:
Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-0 Fax: +49-(0)7072-9168-88 E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 3
Documentation and Help System
DIgSILENT PowerFactory is provided with a complete help package to support users at all levels of expertise. Documents with the basic information of the program and its functionality are combined with references to advanced simulation features, mathematical descriptions of the models and of course application examples.
PowerFactory offers the following help resources:
• Installation Manual: PowerFactory installation guide, describes the procedures followed to install
and set the program. It is available in the PowerFactory installation CD and from the DIgSILENT Customer Portal under ’Download’. Also in this manual is described how to configure Power-Factory for local caching of projects when an external server connection is unavailable (Offline Mode). It is available from the DIgSILENT Customer Portal. The Offline mode guide is available in section5.4: Offline Mode User Guide.
• Tutorial: Basic Information for new users and hands-on tutorial. Access via Help menu (CHM file)
of PowerFactory , and the DIgSILENT customer portal (PDF file) by searching for ’Tutorial’ on the ’Knowledge’ section.
• User Manual: This document. Access via Help menu of PowerFactory. Current and previous
manuals (PDF files) can also be found on the DIgSILENT Customer Portal by search for ’Manual’ on the ’Knowledge’ section.
• Technical References: Description of the models implemented in PowerFactory for the different
power systems components. The technical reference documents are attached to the online help (AppendixC: Technical References of Models).
• Context Sensitive Help: Pressing the key F1 while working with PowerFactory will lead you
di-rectly to the related topic inside the User Manual.
• PowerFactory Examples: The window PowerFactory Examples provides a list of application
ex-amples of PowerFactory calculation functions. Every example comes with an explaining document which can be opened by pressing the corresponding document button. Additional videos are avail-able for demonstrating the software handling and its functionalities.
The PowerFactory Examples window will “pop up" automatically every time the software is open, this could be deactivated by unchecking the Show at Startup checkbox. PowerFactory Examples are also accessible on the main menu, by selecting File → Examples. . . .
• Release Notes: For all new versions and updates of the program Release Notes are provided,
which document the implemented changes. They are available from the DIgSILENT Customer Portal under ’Download’, and on the DIgSILENT webpage.
• FAQs: Users with a valid maintenance agreement can access the FAQ section, on the DIgSILENT
regarding specific applications of PowerFactory. See Chapter 2: Contact, for Customer Portal log-in and registration details.
• Technical Support: See Chapter2: Contact • Portal log-in and Registration:
http://www.digsilent.de/index.php/support.html • Website: www.digsilent.de
Chapter 4
PowerFactory Overview
The calculation program PowerFactory , as written by DIgSILENT , is a computer aided engineering tool for the analysis of transmission, distribution, and industrial electrical power systems. It has been designed as an advanced integrated and interactive software package dedicated to electrical power system and control analysis in order to achieve the main objectives of planning and operation optimiza-tion.
“DIgSILENT " is an acronym for “DIgital SImuLation of Electrical NeTworks". DIgSILENT Version 7 was
the world’s first power system analysis software with an integrated graphical single-line interface. That interactive single-line diagram included drawing functions, editing capabilities and all relevant static and dynamic calculation features.
PowerFactory was designed and developed by qualified engineers and programmers with many years of experience in both electrical power system analysis and programming fields. The accuracy and validity of results obtained with PowerFactory has been confirmed in a large number of implementations, by organizations involved in planning and operation of power systems throughout the world.
To address users power system analysis requirements, PowerFactory was designed as an integrated engineering tool to provide a comprehensive suite of power system analysis functions within a single executable program. Key features include:
1. PowerFactory core functions: definition, modification and organization of cases; core numerical routines; output and documentation functions.
2. Integrated interactive single line graphic and data case handling. 3. Power system element and base case database.
4. Integrated calculation functions (e.g. line and machine parameter calculation based on geometri-cal or nameplate information).
5. Power system network configuration with interactive or on-line SCADA access. 6. Generic interface for computer-based mapping systems.
Use of a single database, with the required data for all equipment within a power system (e.g. line data, generator data, protection data, harmonic data, controller data), means that PowerFactory can easily execute all power simulation functions within a single program environment - functions such as load-flow, short-circuit calculation, harmonic analysis, protection coordination, stability calculation, and modal analysis.
Although PowerFactory includes some sophisticated power system analysis functions, the intuitive user interface makes it possible for new users to very quickly perform common activities such as load-flow and short-circuit calculations.
The functionality purchased by a user is configured in a matrix, where the licensed calculation functions, together with the maximum number of busses, are listed as coordinates. The user may, as required, configure the interface as well as some functions according to their requirements.
Depending on user requirements, a specific PowerFactory license may or may not include all the func-tions described in this manual. As requirements dictate, additional functionality can be added to a license. These functions can be used within the same program interface with the same network data. Only additional data, as may be required by an added calculation function, need be added.
4.1
General Concept
The general PowerFactory program design concept is summarized as follows:
Functional Integration
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software is implemented as a single executable program, and is fully compatible with Windows XP/Vista and Windows 7. The programming method employed allows for fast selection of different calculation functions. There is no need to reload modules and up-date or transfer data and results between different program applications. As an example, the Load Flow, Short-Circuit, and Harmonic Load Flow analysis tools can be executed sequentially without resetting the program, enabling additional software modules and engines, or reading and converting external data files.
Vertical Integration
DIgSILENT PowerFactory software has adopted a unique vertically integrated model concept that allows models to be shared for all analysis functions. Furthermore, studies relating to “Genera-tion", “Transmission", “Distribu“Genera-tion", and “Industrial" analysis can all be completed within Power-Factory . Separate software engines are not required to analyze separate aspects of the power system, or to complete different types of analysis, as DIgSILENT PowerFactory can accommo-date everything within one integrated program and one integrated database.
Database Integration
Single Database Concepts:DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides optimal organization of data and
definitions required to perform various calculations, memorization of settings or software op-eration options. The PowerFactory database environment fully integrates all data required for defining Study Cases, Operation Scenarios, Single Line Graphics, textual and graphical Results, calculation options, and user-defined models, etc. Everything required to model and simulate the power system is integrated into a single database which can be configured for single and/or multiple users.
Project Management: All data that defines a power system model is stored in “Project" folders
within the database. Inside a “Project" folder, “Study Cases" are used to define different studies of the system considering the complete network, parts of the network, or Variations on its cur-rent state. This “project and study case" approach is used to define and manage power system studies in a unique application of the object-oriented software principle. DIgSILENT PowerFac-tory has taken an innovative approach and introduced a structure that is easy to use, avoids data redundancy, and simplifies the task of data management and validation for users and or-ganizations. Additionally, the application of Study Cases and project Variations in PowerFactory facilitates efficient and reliable reproduction of study results.
Multi-User Operation: Multiple users each holding their own projects or working with data
shared from other users are supported by a “Multi-user" database operation. In this case the def-inition of access rights, user accounting and groups for data sharing are managed by a database Administrator.
avail-4.2. DATABASE, OBJECTS, AND CLASSES able. To address this, PowerFactory provides functionality to work in Offline Mode. The required project data is cached to the user’s local machine, which can then later be synchronized to the server database. Offline Mode functionality includes the ability to lock and unlock projects, edit projects as read-only, and limit the database size on the computer(s) working in offline mode.
Customization
By default, “Beginner" and “Default" user profiles are available in PowerFactory . Profiles can be selected from the main menu under Tools → Profiles. The “Beginner" profile limits the icons displayed on the main toolbar to those typically used by new users, such as load-flow and short-circuit commands. The database Administrator can create and customize user profiles, in partic-ular:
• Customize the element dialogue pages that are displayed.
• Customize element dialogue parameters. Parameters can be Hidden (not shown) or Disabled (shown but not editable).
• Fully configure Main Toolbar and Drawing Toolbar menus, including definition of custom DPL Commands and Templates with user-defined icons.
• Customize Main Menu, Data Manager, and context-sensitive menu commands.
Chapter6: User Accounts, User Groups, and Profiles (Section6.5Creating Profiles) details the customization procedure.
Note: When right-clicking with the mouse button, the available menu options depend on the location of
the mouse pointer. For example, if a load is selected, the menu options are those appropriate for loads, whereas when the mouse pointer is over the Output Window, the menu options are those appropriate for the Output Window. These menus are collectively referred to as ’Context sensitive menu’s’.
4.2
Database, Objects, and Classes
PowerFactory uses a hierarchical, object-oriented database. All the data, which represents power sys-tem Elements, Single Line Graphics, Study Cases, syssys-tem Operation Scenarios, calculation commands, program Settings etc., are stored as objects inside a hierarchical set of folders. The folders are arranged in order to facilitate the definition of the studies and optimize the use of the tools provided by the pro-gram.
The objects are grouped according to the kind of element that they represent. These groups are known as “Classes" within the PowerFactory environment. For example, an object that represents a synchronous generator in a power system belongs to a Class called ElmSym, and an object storing the settings for a load flow calculation belongs to a Class called ComLdf. Object Classes are analogous to computer file extensions. Each object belongs to a Class and each Class has a specific set of pa-rameters that defines the objects it represents. As explained in Section4.8(User Interface), the edit dialogues are the interfaces between the user and an object; the parameters defining the object are accessed through this dialogue. This means that there is an edit dialogue for each class of objects.
Note: Everything in PowerFactory is an object, all the objects belong to a Class and are stored
4.3
PowerFactory Simulation Functions
PowerFactory incorporates a comprehensive list of simulation functions, described in detail in Volume II of the manual, including the following:
• Load Flow Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC networks (Chapter21: Load Flow Analysis).
• Low Voltage Network Analysis (Section21.2.3: Advanced Load Options).
• Short-Circuit Analysis, for meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC networks (Chapter22: Short-Circuit Analysis).
• Harmonic Analysis (Chapter23: Harmonics Analysis).
• RMS Simulation (time-domain simulation for stability analysis, Chapter 26: Stability and EMT Simulations).
• EMT Simulation (time-domain simulation of electromagnetic transients, Chapter26: Stability and EMT Simulations).
• Eigenvalue Analysis (Chapter27: Modal Analysis / Eigenvalue Calculation). • Model Parameter Identification (Chapter28: Model Parameter Identification). • Contingency Analysis (Chapter29: Contingency Analysis).
• Reliability Analysis (Chapter30: Reliability Assessment).
• Generation Adequacy Analysis (Chapter32: Generation Adequacy Analysis). • Optimal Power Flow (Chapter33: Optimal Power Flow).
• Distribution Network Optimization (Chapter35: Distribution Network Tools). • Protection Analysis (Chapter39: Protection).
• Network Reduction (Chapter40: Network Reduction). • State Estimation (Chapter41: State Estimation).
4.4
General Design of PowerFactory
PowerFactory is primarily intended to be used and operated in a graphical environment. That is, data is entered by drawing the network Elements, and then editing and assigning data to these objects. Data is accessed from the graphics page by double-clicking on an object. An input dialogue is displayed and the user may then edit the data for that object.
Figure4.4.1shows the PowerFactory Graphical User Interface (GUI) when a project is active. The GUI is discussed in further detail in Section4.8
4.4. GENERAL DESIGN OF POWERFACTORY
Figure 4.4.1: PowerFactory Main Window
All data entered for objects is hierarchically structured in folders for ease of navigation. To view the data and its organization, a “Data Manager" is used. Figure4.4.2 shows the Data Manager window. The Data Manager is similar in appearance and functionality to a Windows Explorer window.
Within the Data Manager, information is grouped based on two main criterion: 1. Data that pertains directly to the system under study, that is, electrical data.
2. Study management data, for example, which graphics should be displayed, what options have been chosen for a Load Flow, which Areas of the network should be considered for calculation, etc.
Note that most user-actions can be performed in both the Single Line Graphic and the Data Manager. For example, a new terminal can be added directly to the Single Line Graphic, or alternatively created in the Data Manager. In the latter case, the terminal could be shown in the Single Line Graphic by “drawing existing net elements", by “dragging and dropping" from the Data Manager, or by creating a new Graphical Net Object in the Data Manger (advanced).
4.5
Type and Element Data
Since power systems are constructed using standardized materials and components, it is convenient to divide electrical data into two sets, namely “Type" data and “Element" data sets.
• Characteristic electrical parameters, such as the reactance per km of a line, or the rated voltage of a transformer are referred to as Type data. Type objects are generally stored in the Global Library or Project Library, and are shown in red. For instance, a Line Type object, TypLne ( ).
• Data relating to a particular instance of equipment, such as the length of a line, the derating factor of a cable, the name of a load, the connecting node of a generator, or the tap position of a transformer are referred to as Element data. Element objects are generally stored in the Network Data folder, and are shown in green. For instance, a Line Element object, ElmLne ( ).
Consider the following example:
• A cable has a Type reactance of “X" Ohms/ km, say 0.1 Ohms/ km.
• A cable section of length “L" is used for a particular installation, say 600 m, or 0.6 km. • This section (Element) therefore has an reactance of X * L Ohms, or 0.06 Ohms.
Note that Element parameters can be modified using Operation Scenarios (which store sets of network operational data), and Parameter Characteristics (which can be used to modify parameters based on the Study Case Time, or other user-defined trigger).
4.6
Data Arrangement
The PowerFactory database supports multiple users (as mentioned in4.1) and each user can manage multiple projects. “User Account" folders with access privileges only for their owners (and other users
with shared rights) must then be used. User accounts are of course in a higher level than projects. Figure4.6.1shows a snapshot from a database as seen by the user in a Data Manager window, where there is a User Account for “User", and one project titled “Project". The main folders used to arrange data in PowerFactory are summarized below: