POISON CONTROL
Poison – is any substance which is solid, liquid or gas that tends to impair health or causes
death when introduced into the body or onto the skin surface.
Causes:
-Common in suicide attempts -Occasional accidental poisoning Common Household poisons: -Sleeping pills -Insecticide/pesticide -Kerosene -Strong acids/Detergents -Poisonous plants -Contaminated food/water -fume
Ways in which poisoning may occur: a. Ingested poisoning – by mouth
b. Inhaled poisoning – by breathing
c. Ingested poisoning – by animal bites, stings and syringes
d. Absorbed poisoning – by skin contact
A. Ingested poisoning – introduced into the digestive tract by way of the mouth
Suspect food poisoning if:
-ate food that did not taste right, spoiled, improperly prepared, contaminated, left at room temperature for a long time.
-several people who ate together become ill B. Inhaled poisoning
Signs and Symptoms: -History of inhaling poisons -Breathing difficulty
-Chest pain
-Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the throat
-Cyanosis
-Dizziness, headache
-Seizures, unresponsiveness First Aid:
1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and expose to fresh air immediately.
2. Monitor ABCs. – Airways, Breathing, Circulation
3. Seek medical attention.
C. Absorbed poison – is a poison that enters the body through the skin
Signs and Symptoms: -history of exposures
-liquid or powder on the skin -burns
-itching, irritation -redness, rash, blisters
First Aid:
1. Remove the clothing
2. Then with a dry cloth, blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off.
3. Wash with enough amount of water 4. Monitor vital signs
D. Injected poison – bite, sting or syringe 1. Insect bites :
Signs and Symptoms: -Stinger
-Pain -Swelling
-Possible allergic reaction First Aid:
1. Remove stinger 2. Wash wound 3. Cover wound 4. Apply cold pack
5. Watch for signs of allergic reaction 2. Spider bite / Scorpion sting
Signs and Symptoms: -Bite mark
-Swelling -Pain
-Nausea and vomiting
-Difficulty in breathing or swallowing First Aid:
1. Wash wound 2. Apply cold pack
3. Get medical care to receive antivenum
4. Call local 911 3. Snake bites
Signs and Symptoms: -Bite mark
-pain First Aid:
1. Wash wound
2. Keep bitten part still and lower than the heart
3. Call local 911 Human and Animal Bites
Signs and Symptoms: -Bite mark
-Bleeding First Aid:
1. If bleeding is minor – wash wound 2. Control bleeding
3. Apply antibiotic ointment 4. Cover the wound
5. Get medical attention 6. Call local 911.
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SNAKE
Venomous Non-venomous
HEAD Semi-triangular Oblongated
BODY Rectangular Circular
SKIN Rough Smooth
PUPIL Vertical Round
ATTACK Non-constrictor Constrictor
BITE MARKS Fang marks Horseshoe marks
General care for poisoning: 1. Survey the scene
2. Remove the victim from the source of poison
3. Do a primary survey
4. Care for any life threatening condition 5. If the victim is conscious, do a secondary
survey
6. Do not give the victim anything by mouth unless advised by medical professionals
Poison Control Centers – provide information on toxins, management of poisoning victims and antidotes Contact: 454-1078 / 5218450 loc. 2311 or 117 Classification of Drugs: 1. Alcohol 2. Narcotics
3. Cannabis Sativa (marijuana) 4. Depressants
5. Inhalants 6. Stimulants 7. Hallucinogens 8. Tranquilizers
Alcohol – refers to alcoholic beverages - Most common abused brand, “whiskey”, followed by “beer” Alcoholism – disease/disorder of behavior characterized by repeated drinking of alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic – person who indulges in heavy uncontrolled drinking to the detriment of the person’s health and personality.
Effects of Alcohol use:
1. Relaxation and loss of inhibitions 2. A sense of excitement
3. Disrupted motor activity, motor skills and coordination
4. Disturbance in bodily processes
5. Superficial blood vessels are dilated causing warm feeling
6. Deep intoxication can lead to coma and death
7. Consciousness begins to wane causing mental dullness
8. Loss of self-control resulting in violent behavior
FIRST AID TREATMENT
Alcohol intoxication can be treated as follows: 1. No need for FIRST AID TREATMENT:
- Sleeping quietly, normal color of the face, normal breathing, regular heartbeat
MEDICAL HELP NEEDED
- Signs of shock – cold and clammy skin
- Rapid and irregular pulse - Abnormal breathing - Unconscious
Always maintain an open airway
- Artificial respiration if necessary - Maintain normal body heat
4. Be careful – they may become violent and harm others
CANNABIS SATIVE (MARIJUANA)
-is an annual plant that grows wild in many temperate parts of the world
-consists of crushed cannabis leaves and its flowers
Effects of Marijuana:
1. Throat irritation and coughing 2. Increased heart beat and pulse rate 3. Reddening of the eyes, dizziness,
incoordination
4. Sleepiness and decreased physical activity
5. Can cause chronic bronchitis and asthma Psychological Effects:
1. Feeling of excitement
2. Distortion of time and space perception 3. Disturbance to brainwave activity
causing impairment of skills leading to abnormal behavior
STIMULANTS (UPPERS) Kinds of Stimulants:
1. Amphetamines – marketed as inhalers, injectables and tablets
- “ice” smokable form – seizures and paranoia
2. Cocaine – most potent – cocaine hydrochloride
-white crystalline powder (sniff or snort)
-“street” or “rocks” – larger pieces -“freebase” – purified, injected or smoked
-coco paste – crude product; kerosene “Shabu” or methamphetamine HCl
-most abused stimulant in the Philippines
-“poor man’s cocaine, ubas, S, siopao, sha & ice”
-white, odorless crystal or crystalline powder with bitter taste
-injected or inhaled “Ecstasy” (MDMA) – 3, 4
methylenedioxymethamphetamine -synthetic amphetamine
-street names- x, Rave, Love drug, LBD, libido, XTC, E, Eckie, Love Dove
-oral ingestion
EFFECTS OF STIMULANTS:
1. Relieve fatigue and gives feeling of well-being
2. Increase heart, breathing rates, and raise BP
3. Feeling of being stronger and more decisive
4. Extended wakefulness and increased mental alertness
5. May induce irritability, anxiety and fear 6. Loss of appetite, decreased body weight 7. Pregnant women – mental retardation to
unborn babies
8. Loss of sexual desire, lacks interest in work
9. “Schizophrenia” or split personality 10.Chronic user – memory loss
11.Chronic snorters – nose bleeding 12.Dirty needles – hepatitis B, blood
poisoning and AIDS
13.High doses can cause hyperactivity, combative behavior, stroke, collapse and death
14.Long term users – psychotic symptoms (loss touch with reality)
15.Frequent large doses – brain damage ABUSE OF STIMULANTS:
-inhalation, sniffing, snorting, or injection -abusers need a higher dosage to get “high” -tolerance and physical dependence usually set in after a few weeks
-withdrawal symptoms are depression and excessive period of sleep
-depression can lead to suicide STIMULANTS: FIRST AID
1. Try to protect the victim from injuring or harming himself and others
2. Keep an open airway and give artificial respiration, when needed
3. Maintain normal body temperature 4. Seek medical and psychiatric help DEPRESSANTS (DOWNERS)
-Drugs that slow down the body’s function -Small amounts promote: calmness and relaxation
-large amounts can cause confusion, delusions, loss of coordination, collapse, coma and death -barbiturates, sedatives and tranquilizers
Barbiturates – most frequent prescribed - Induce sleep and sedation
- Large doses can cause sleep after 20-60mins.
- Overdose may progress in stages of sedation, sleep and coma to death
- Combination with alcohol is lethal even in small amounts
First aid:
1. Keep an open airway, give artificial respiration if needed.
2. Maintain normal body temperature 3. Take victim to the nearest
doctor/hospital. INHALANTS
-are volatile substances derived from ether or chloroform
-“glue-sniffing” “sudden sniffing death” a. quick-drying glue or plastic cement like “rugby”
b. Pain remover & lacquer, “thinner” and “solvent”
c. Gasoline and gasoline based products d. Kerosene “gaas”
e. Nail polish and cuticle remover f. Lighter fluid
EFFECTS OF INHALANTS:
1. Unsteadiness and restlessness
2. Drunkenness with depression leading to unconsciousness
3. Irritability and highly agitated condition
4. Initial excitement thereby losing conditional control
5. Irritation of the throat and nasal passages
FIRST AID
1. If a person has a paper or plastic bag covering his entire head, remove it immediately
2. When breathing stops, give the victim artificial respiration
3. Get medical assistance as quickly as possible
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Mode of Transmission:
1. Direct contact transmission
- a person touches an infected person’s body fluids
2. Indirect contact transmission - a person touches objects
contaminated by the blood or body fluid of an infected person (soiled dressings, equipment and vehicle surfaces)
Airborne Transmission
- a person inhales infected droplets that have become airborne as an infected person coughs or sneezes 4. Vector Transmission
- occurs when an animal such as a dog or insect such as ticks transmits a pathogen through a bite
BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES: 1. Personal Hygiene
2. Protective Equipment
3. Equipment cleaning and disinfecting
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
DISEASE SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS MODE OF TRANSMISSION INFECTIOUS MATERIAL HIV – virus that
destroys the body’s ability to fight infection of which the resultant is – AIDS
Fever, night sweats, weight loss, chronic diarrhea, severe fatigue, shortness of breath, swollen lymph nodes, lesions
Direct and indirect contact
Blood, semen, vaginal fluid
HERPES – viral infection, vesicular eruptions of the skin and mucous
membranes
Lesions, general ill feeling, sore throat
Direct contact Broken skin, mucous membranes
MENINGITIS – inflammation of the brain or spinal cord caused by viral / bacterial infection
Respiratory illness, sore throat, nausea,
vomiting
Airborne, direct and
indirect contact Food and water, mucous
TB – respiratory disease caused by bacteria
Weight loss, night sweats, occasional fever, general ill feeling
Airborne Saliva, airborne
droplets
CHILD PROOFING
1. Do not leave infants/young children unattended. 2. Use a safety strap to fasten a child in a high chair 3. Do not let children play on curves or behind parked cars 4. Check child inside the crib often
6. Keep one hand on a child lying on a crib, on a scale, or on a table if you must look away 7. Place safety plugs on electrical outlets
8. Keep cords and electrical equipment out of the reach of children
9. Keep childproof caps on medicine container and household cleaner, store them in locked storage areas 10. Keep bathroom doors closed. Keep buckets empty and upside down
11. Do not prop baby bottles on a rolled towel or blanket 12. Keep plastic bags and wraps away from children
13. Use guardrails at the top and bottom of stairs to prevent small children from climbing up and down stairs FALLS
-common safety problems in health care facilities -high risk with age
-most falls are in ages 65-85 -evening
-major cause of fall—need to urinate FACTORS INCREASING THE RISKS OF FALLS 1. History of falls 2. Poor vision 3. Confusion 4. Disorientation – strange surroundings 5. Decrease mobility 6. Joint pain and stiffness 7. Muscle weakness
8. Decrease BP
9. Problems with balance 10. Poor judgment
11. Memory problems
12. Medications – side effects SAFETY MEASURES TO PREVENT FALLS AND OTHER HOME ACCIDENTS FOR THE ELDERLY
1. Good lighting in rooms, hallways and bathrooms 2. Light switches within easy reach and to find 3. Night lights in bedrooms, hallways and bathrooms 4. Handrails on both sides of stairs and in bathrooms
5. Safety rails and grab bars in showers, tubs and next to the toilet 6. Wall-to-wall carpeting or carpeting that is tacked down
7. One colored floor coverings; avoid bold designs 8. Non-glare, non-slip floor surfaces
9. Non-skid way, uncluttered floors 10. Floor tree of spills and excess furniture
11. Furniture arrangements that allow for easy movement 12. Avoid rearranging furniture
13. Chairs with armrests
14. Telephone and lamp at the bedside
15. Non-slip surfaces or non-slip bath mats in tubs and showers 16. Non-skid shoes and slippers
17. Clothing that fits properly
18. Glass and plastic items are inspected before use
19. Electric equipment must function properly. Frayed cords and overloaded electrical outlets can cause electrical shock that may result in death or fire
SIDE EFFECTS OF MEDICATION: 1. Low BP
2. Drowsiness 3. Fainting 4. Dizziness
5. Poor muscle coordination 6. Unsteadiness
7. Frequent urination
8. Confusion and disorientation
ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR PERSONS AT HOME OF FALLING: 1. Call-bells – answered promptly
- Within person’s reach - Taught how to use - Encourage to ask for help
2. Frequent checks are made on person’s with poor judgment or memory
3. Family and friends are asked to visit during busy times; during evening and night shifts 4. Companion provided
5. Bed close to the floor
6. Bed pan, urinal offered at regular times
7. Distraction techniques: TV, radio, soft music, soft lights, warm drink, back massage to calm 8. Check room after visitors left.