Final Report Bses

SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT

JULY –AUGUST 2013

ON

1.AUTOMATION OF REPORTS AND SCORECARDS EXISTING ON

TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL SIDE OF BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION

BUSINESS

2. TO STUDY THE OVERALL FEASIBILITY AND APPROACH TOWARDS

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS

@

BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED

Submitted by:

Priyadarshini Kumari

MBA (Power Management)

III Semester, College Roll No-61

Sector-33, Faridabad – 121003, Haryana

DECLARATION

I, PRIYADARSHINI KUMARI, Roll No. 61 Class of 2012-14 of the MBA (Power Management) program from NPTI Faridabad hereby declare that the Summer Training Report entitled

1.AUTOMATION OF BUSINESS REPORTS AND SCORECARDS EXISTING ON COMMERCIAL & TECHNICAL SIDE OF BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS.

2. TO STUDY THE OVERALL FEASIBILITY & APPROACH TOWARDS SMART GRID APPLICATIONS.

is an original work and has not been submitted to any other Institute for the reward of any other Degree.

A seminar presentation of the report was made on

and the suggestions as approved by the faculty were duly incorporated.

Presentation In charge Internal Guide Signature of the candidate

Counter signed by Principal Director/Director

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to BSES RAJDHANI POWER LIMITED. for giving me the opportunity to undergo this project. I wish to express my sincere and grateful thanks to the people who helped and extended their support in this endeavour.

I would like to thank Mr. MUNISH SHARMA, for his support from time to time and for providing the necessary resources for the timely completion of the project.

I am also thankful to Mr. J.S.S.Rao Principle Director(CAMPS), Mrs. Manju Mam Director(CAMPS), Mrs. Indu Maheshwari ,Deputy Director (CAMPS), Mr. Rohit Verma ,Deputy Director (CAMPS), Mrs.Sugandha Aggrwal for giving valuable suggestions towards the project. Finally, I am highly obliged to Director (CAMPS), NPTI, who gave me the opportunity to do summer internship in a pioneer organization like BSES DELHI.

I take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Mrs. Daizy Ahuja, Mr. Kailash Kumar Bhatt & Mr. Sudhanshu Jha, for his scholarly guidance through the course of the project and without whose efforts, this project would not have been possible.

THANK YOU Priyadarshini kumari

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 This report presents the past and current status of the reports generated in BSES Rajdhani Power Limited and the work done on the Automation of these reports. Basically, the reports generated in any company should be on an Automated Plateform.

 I have done a detailed study on the formation of Dashboards and Scorecards which need to be automated to reduce the errors that are occurred in manually data entry in MS-Excel.

 I have done a detailed study on how the concept of Smart Grid emerged, how the transition of the traditional electric power grid to the modern Smart Grid took place and the benefits and opportunities upon the implementation of Smart Grid.

 I have also done a detailed study of the challenges faced for the implementation of the Smart Grid, the analysis of typical cost configurations for the implementation of Smart Grid and the enabling technologies & driving forces which made the deployment of Smart Grids possible.

 I have done a detailed study on the implementation processes of Smart Grid going on in various states of India.

 I have also listed out the vendors of the Smart Grid equipments and their respective offerings for the deployment of Smart Grid technologies.

 And I have also discussed the vision of Smart Grid and importance of its implementation for the Indian power sector and the linkage of the Smart Grid with R-APDRP.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

 ABR -- AVERAGE BILLING RATE

 AMI – ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE  AMPS -- ASSISTANT MANAGER POWER SUPPLY  BAM -- BILL AMENDMENT MODULE

 BD -- BREAKDOWN CONSTRAINTS

 BST -- BULK SUPPLY TARIFF  CO -- COMMERCIAL OFFICER  CCO -- CUSTOMER CARE OFFICER  CE -- COLLECTION EFFICIENCY  DR – DEMAND RESPONSE

 FD-INT -- FIXED DEPOSIT INTEREST

 GIS – GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM  G- SEC – GOVERNMENT SECURITY

 GCC – GOVERNMENT CONSUMER CATEGORY  GPS – GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

 HTLS – HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW SAG

 HVDS – HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

 ICD -- INTER COMPANY DEPOSIT

 IDC -- INTEREST ON DEBT COST

 IED – INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES  IEGC – INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE  IEX -- INDIAN EXCHANGE

 MLCC – MEDIUM LOAD CONSUMER CATEGORY  MF -- MULTIPLYING FACTOR

 MGI – MODERN GRID INITIATIVE  MOP – MINISTRY OF POWER  MTD -- MONTH TILL DATE  MISC -- MISCELLANEOUS

 NHAI -- NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY OF INDIA  PFC – POWER FINANCE CORPORATION

 PGCIL – POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA  PMU – PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT

 PXIL -- POWER EXCHANGE OF INDIA LIMITED  REC – RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE  RTTR – REAL TIME THERMAL RATING

 SAP – SYSTEM AND APPLICATION PROGRAMMING

 SCADA – SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION  SD -- SHUTDOWN CONSTRAINTS

 ST -- STREET LIGHT

 VSMC – VOLTAGE STABILITY MONITORING AND CONTROL  WAMS – WIDE AREA MONITORING SYSTEM

 YOY -- YEAR OVER YEAR  YTD -- YEAR TILL DATE  YTM – YEAR TILL MONTH

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1- Delhi Distribution Area...17

FIGURE 2- Consumer Profile ...21

FIGURE 3- Benefits of Automation Levels ...33

FIGURE 4- Comparison of a system with & without Automation...33

FIGURE 5- A Structure to Automate Reports in Excel...34

FIGURE 6- Automation Framework...36

FIGURE 7- Proposed Framework for Automation...37

FIGURE 8- Smart Grid Benefits...52

FIGURE 9- Technologies of Smart Grid...60

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 -- INTRODUCTION

1.5.1 History of Electricity in Delhi ...14

1.5.2 About BSES (Group Profile) ...14

1.5.3 BSES Delhi...16

1.5.4 BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL)...16

1.5.5 BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)...16

1.5.6 Geographical Reach...17

1.5.7 Business of the Organization...18

1.5.7.1 Delhi Supply Division...19

1.5.7.2 Operational Statistics...19

1.5.8 Classification of Supply...20

1.5.9 Customer Profile...20

CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT STRUCTURE

2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...23

CHAPTER 3 – AUTOMATION OF REPORTS ACROSS

BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS

3.2 SCORECARDS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL)...29

3.3 NEED FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS...31

3.4 BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION...31

3.5 TO AUTOMATE REPORTS IN EXCEL...34

3.6 PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATION...35

3.7 OVERVIEW FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS...37

3.8 CREATION OF DASHBOARD...38

3.9 FREEZING OF FORMAT AND OUTPUT SCREEN IN EXCEL...40

CHAPTER 4 – FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMART GRID

4.2 SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN GENERATION,TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SECTOR...47

4.3 SMART GRID CHARACTERISTICS AND BENEFITS...49

4.4 TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE FIELD OF SMART GRID...57

4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED WHILE DESIGNING SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY...60

4.6 BARRIERS TO SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA...64

4.7 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SMART GRID...65

4.8 SMART GRID PILOT PROJECTS RUNNING IN INDIA...68

4.9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ...77

4.10 INDIAN SMART GRID FORUM...78

CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSION AND THE WAY FORWARD

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS...81

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Automated Reports are often needed in the business world. In any business, the underlying business data is constantly changing as new products are sold , payments are received and new employees are hired. To enable managers to make informed decisions , business intelligence reports need to be available with data that is as current as possible. Additionally, with the business units spread across continents, automating the reporting process is even more important.

A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmissionlines for less power loss, as well as the capability of integrating renewableelectricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.”

A smart grid integrates new innovative tools and technologies with the T&D system that connects the entire grid all the way from generation to appliances and equipment inside consumer’s homes. A smart grid would create a digital energy system that will:

• Detect and address emerging problems on the system before they affect service, • Respond to local and system-wide inputs and have much more information about

broader system problems,

• Incorporate extensive measurements, rapid communications, centralized advanced diagnostics, and feedback control that quickly return the system to a stable state after interruptions or disturbances.

The evolution of smart grid can be mapped broadly in the following sequences – Manual Meter Reading → Automatic Meter Reading → Advanced Metering Infrastructure → Smart Meters → Smart Grid.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Electric power distribution system is an important part of electrical power systems in delivery of electricity to consumers. Electric power utilities worldwide are increasingly adopting the computer-aided monitoring, control and management of electric power distribution system to provide better services to electric consumers. Therefore, research and development activities worldwide are being carried out to automate the electric power distribution system utilizing recent advancement in the area of IT and data communication system. At present, power utilities have realized the need for full scale distribution automation to achieve on-line system information and remote control system. The main motivation for accepting the distribution automation in developing countries such as India is to improve operating efficiency of distribution system through the automation and smart grid technologies. Therefore, automation of reports and implementation of smart grid are very reliable steps to provide accurate power supply to each and every house.

The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four, general categories.

• Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.

• Enabling decentralized power generation so homes can be both an energy client and supplier (provide consumers with an interactive tool to manage energy usage, as net metering).

• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side to allow supplier selection (enables distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).

• Increase GDP by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs related to renewableenergy industry manufacturing, plug – in electric vehicles, solar panel and wind turbine generation, energy conservation construction.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objectives of the project are

:-- To Provide schedule of automation and facilitate the work break down in terms of all critical business reports and scorecards existing on commercial and technical side of the BSES Power Distribution Business.

 To Study about about the implementation of SMART GRID in power sector and to develop a broadview of the initiatives taken in the field of SMART GRID by different states in India.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1. To review the existing set of performance reports (across BRPL & BYPL) in terms of the domain, frequency, user group, etc.

2. To study various resources in terms of databases and systems providing input for such MIS.

3. To prepare broad schema for automation & convergence of existing platforms especially Monthly Scorecard & proposed Daily Dashboard.

4. To know about Pert chart with scheduled timelines.

5. To study about the SMART GRID features with special reference to implement in transmission and distribution sectors.

6. To develop a broad view about the different technologies used in SMART GRID field. 7. To develop a broad view about the initiatives taken in India and also the various Pilot Projects running in India.

8. To find suggestive measures to use SMART GRID in India on a large scale and to get maximum benefit out of it.

1.5 COMPANY PROFILE

1.5.1 History of Electricity in Delhi:

The history of electricity in Delhi dates back to 1905 when M/s John Flemming Company was awarded the license as per Indian Electricity Act, 1903, for generation and distribution of power in Delhi. Electricity those days was a luxury and the privilege of the high ranking British officials and a few rich people. It was a rare and costly commodity with a perception of being dangerous. Infact even rich Indian accepted this at a much later stage. M/s John Fleming Company was replaced by the Delhi Tramway and Lighting Company, which was subsequently renamed as Delhi Electricity Supply & Traction Company. In 1939, The Delhi Central Electric Power Authority (DCEPA) was formed to run the services. In 1951, the DCEPA was taken over by the Delhi State Electricity Board, constituted under Indian Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. In 1958, Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking came into existence and was once again converted to Delhi Vidyut Board in 1997. In July 2002, Delhi Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three distribution companies, a transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution companies have been handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.

1.5.2 About BSES:

BSES Limited is India's premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Formerly, known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited, it was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in the suburbs of Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted, reliable, and quality power to customers and provide value added services for the development of the power and infrastructure sectors.

BSES caters to the needs of 2.07 million consumers over an area of 384 sq. km. with a maximum system demand of approximately 1198 MVA. With 7 decades in the field of power distribution, the Electricity Supply Division of BSES has achieved the distinction of operating its distribution network with 99.98% on-line reliability and has a distribution loss of only 29.9%.

utilize trained manpower and expertise in the field of power, the company commenced contracting activities in 1966 by undertaking turnkey electrical contracts, thermal, hydro and gas turbine installations and commissioning contracts, transmission line projects etc.

BSES set up its own 500 MW Thermal Power Plant and the first 2 x 250 MW units of Dahanu Power Station were synchronized and began commercial operation during 1995-1996. A dedicated 220 kV double circuit transmission line network with three 220 / 33 kV receiving stations have been installed to evacuate the power to the distribution area of the Company. This demonstrates BSES’ in-house capabilities ranging from engineering, operation & maintenance of power plants and transmission and distribution systems.

BSES through international competitive bidding acquired an equity stake of 51% in three of the four Distribution Companies of Orissa. At present, BSES along with its subsidiaries provide electricity to more than 2.7 million consumers in an area covering about 1,23,000 sq. km with an estimated population of 34 million.

In July 2002, Delhi Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three distribution companies, a transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution companies have been handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.

As a part of its active support to the privatization process, BSES has recently acquired an equity stake of 51% in two of the three Distribution Companies of Delhi after unbundling and privatization of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board. The two distribution companies, BSES Rajdhani Power Limited covering South and West areas and BSES Yamuna Power Limited covering Central and East regions provide electricity to around 22 lakhs consumers spread across an area of 960 sq kms (approx).

BSES became part of the Reliance Group on January 18, 2003.

BSES will be renamed ‘Reliance Energy’ to reflect the change in ownership, and to leverage brand equity of Reliance.

Following the privatization of Delhi‟s power sector and unbundling of the Delhi Vidyut Board in July 2002, the business of power distribution was transferred to BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL). These two of the three successor entities distribute electricity to 22.6 lakh customers in two thirds of Delhi. The Company acquired assets, liabilities, proceedings and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board as per the terms and conditions contained in the Transfer Scheme.

1.5.4 BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL)

BRPL distributes power to an area spread over 750 sq. km with a population density of 1360 per sq km. Its‟ over 12.2 lakh customers are spread 19 districts across South and West areas including Alaknanda, Khanpur, Vasant Kunj, Saket, Nehru Place, Nizamuddin, Sarita Vihar, Hauz Khas, R K Puram, Janakpuri, Najafgargh, Nangloi, Mundka, Punjabi Bagh, Tagore Garden,Vikas Puri,Palam and Dwarka. Since taking over distribution, BSES‟ singular mission has been to provide reliable and quality electricity supply. BSES has invested over Rs 3500 crore on upgrading and augmenting the infrastructure which has resulted in a record reduction of AT&C losses. From a high of 63. % AT&C losses in BYPL area the losses have come down to 29.8% a record reduction around 33%.Similarly, in BRPL area AT&C losses have been reduced from 52.% to 27.% - a record reduction of 29%.

1.5.5 BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL)

BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230 per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road, Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and Karawal Nagar.

BYPL distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a population density of 4230 per sq km. Its 10.4lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across Central and East areas including Chandni Chowk, Daryaganj, Paharganj, Shankar Road, Patel Nagar, G T Road, Karkardooma, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar, Mayur Vihar, Yamuna Vihar, Nand Nagri and Karawal Nagar.

1.5.6 Geographical Reach Figure 1: Delhi Distribution Area

1.5.7 Business of the Organization

1.5.7.1 Delhi Supply Division: Caters to an area of 950 sq. Kms.

Supply Area covers South Delhi, East Delhi, West Delhi and Central Delhi.

Consumers include houses, residential complexes, high rise buildings, commercial Complex medium and large industrial houses, government establishment like Airport,Worship places, Milk Dairy, Mother Dairy and Municipal Hospitals, Sewerage projects etc.

Caters to more than 22 lakh consumers.

Provides highly reliable and continuous supply. All consumers are given metered supply only. Reliability 99.99 %

1.5.7.2 Operational Statistics

SN Particular Unit BYPL (East& Central) BRPL(South West) BSES Delhi 1. Area sq. km 200 750 950 2. Customer density Cons/sq km 4230 1360 1964 3. Total Registered Customers Lacs 10.4 12.2 22.6 4. Peak Demand MW 900 1420 2320 5. Consumption per year MU 5000 8000 13000

Supply area 960 sq. kms(approx)

No. of Consumers Above 22 lakhs

Population covered Above 80 lakhs

System peak 5320 MW(approx)

Power Transformer 6024 MVA

No. of Dist. substations 9338(approx)

Dist Transformer capacity 5178.411 MVA

Power Factor 0.99 66 kV Capacitors 459.91 MVAr 33 kV Capacitors 226.52 MVAr 11 kV Capacitors 852.97 MVAr LT Capacitors 297.20 MVAr HT Mains 6285 kms (approx) LT Mains 12240 kms(approx)

1.5.8 DELHI DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

• 66/33/11 kV Sub Transmission Network. • Receiving Stations.

• SALIENT FEATURES

1. Unit type system at 66/33/11 kV radial system 2. Open Ring type system at 11 kV Mesh Network.

3. Partial Ring type system at L T Secondary Distribution level. 4. Distribution system with overhead cum underground cable network.

1.5.9 CONSUMER PROFILE

Load Domestic Commercial Industrial Key Consumer

Cell Total

Company BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL BYPL BRPL

0-10 kw 751925 937092 228826 170057 35120 18171 1295 2555 1017166 1127875 11-44 kw 10729 40905 8358 14041 6593 6807 1377 3254 27057 65007 44-100 kw 87 96 195 230 407 587 2200 3721 2889 4634 >100 kw 0 0 0 0 0 0 348 1247 348 1247 Total 762741 978093 237379 184328 42120 25565 5220 10777 1047460 1198763

FIGURE 2 Consumer Profile 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 0 c o n s u m e r D O M E S T IC C O M M E R C IA L IN D U S T R IA L K E Y C O N S U M E R C E L L

CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT STRUCTURE

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Jayant Sinha (Associate Vice President, Spanco Ltd.) states IT has the potential to contribute significantly in the power reforms process, particularly in the areas of business process automation, revenue and commercial management, distribution system automation, CRM (Consumer Relationship Management), Smart Grid and AT&C (Aggregate Technical & Commercial) loss reduction. The power distribution utilities in India have initiating major reforms using IT as the key enabler for improving revenue collection, minimizing AT&C losses, proper energy accounting and efficient consumer services.

This report reviews research literature pertaining to trust in automated systems. Based on the review, we argue that trust in automation has many similarities with trust in the interpersonal domain, but also several unique dynamics and influences. Existing research has focused primarily on trust in automation that has an executive or control function, and to a lesser extent, has considered trust in automation that is designed to present information to operators (e.g. decision aids). We maintain that although there are many similarities between trust in automation and interpersonal trust, the dynamics of trust in automation also have some distinct qualities. Several models related to trust in automation have already been developed; in this report, a comprehensive -- although still preliminary -- model of trust in military automation is proposed. Several sets of factors are likely to impact on the development of trust in automation, including properties of the automation, properties of the operator, and properties of the context in which interaction with automation occurs. The consequences of trust in automation have yet to be fully explored. Based on this review, measures and methods to study trust in automation are considered, and a program of research to study trust in automated systems is described.

Creation of a Smart Grid provides utilities and their customers a significant improvement in power reliability and services. To date, Smart Grid has attracted various researchers from different perspectives. This paper presents a review of Smart Grid technologies and its characteristics. An extensive literature review is introduced. One can see variety of problems and

challenges in the field of Smart Grid. Hence, this paper can provide a help to find a new research point in this field.

2.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research work carried out for this project was more of descriptive in nature. Since this project is a study project, hence in this project the major task was collection of data, and analysing this data and also studying impact of Automation and Smart Grid in Distribution Sector.

• Study and analysis of reports of BSES(Delhi).

• Search for Data and reports available.

• Proper sorting and alignment of appropriate data and reports. • Collecting all the reports. • Prepare a framework for

Automation.

• Automate the reports. • Study about the Smart grid

implementation in Power Sector.

• Analyse the Smart Grid framework.

• Suggestions about the improved working of the Reports and Smart grid.

CHAPTER 3

PERFORMANCE REPORTS ACROSS

BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS

3.1 REPORTS PREPARED IN BSES (BRPL & BYPL)

A Report is any informational work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form.

Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience. Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields.

Previously, the format of the reports prepared in BSES was different than what it is present. The format of reports contain the following fields

:--1 . FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE 2. AT & C LOSSES

3. BILLING

4. COLLECTIONS

5. METER READING AND BILL DISTRIBUTION 6. CUSTOMER CARE

7. NEW CONNECTIONS

8. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE

These are the main reports that were included in the old format. These reports have many parameters. Some of the main parameters include

:--1. Short Load Consumer Category 2. Medium Load Consumer Category

3. Key Consumer Category 4. Sales

5. Purchase

6. Operating Costs

7. Bill Amendments Module 8. Collection Efficiency 9. Provisional Bills 10. Average Bills 11. Metering 12. Billing 13. Capex

Thus, here we come to know about the fact that all reports are prepared with the help of these parameters.

Now-a-days, the main reports that are prepared in BSES Power Distribution Business are :--1 . CASH FLOW REPORT

2. AGGREGATE TECHNICAL & COMMERCIAL LOSS REPORT 3. COLLECTION REPORT

4. TECHNICAL REPORT

5. POWER PURCHASE REPORT 7. BULK SUPPLY TARIFF REPORT

CASH FLOW REPORTS

Cash Flow Reports contain all the details about the receipts from operations, financing and investments along with the payments for operations, financing and Capex.

Cash Flow Reports are prepared on Monthly Basis. The main parameters of cash flow reports are :--1 . Collection from Operations

2. Collection from Financing 3. Collection from Investments

AGGREGATE TECHNICAL & COMMERCIAL LOSS REPORT

AT&C Loss Report contains the following parameters: --1. Energy Input

2. Energy Billed 3. Amount Billed 4. Amount Collected 5. Derivatives

6. AT&C Loss Comparison

COLLECTION REPORTS

Collection Reports contain the following parameters:--1. Daily Revenue Collection Summary

2. Target Versus Actual Comparison 3. Last 5 year Comparison

4. YOY Comparison

5. Segment wise Comparison

Collection Reports are prepared daily.

Collection Reports are calculated in terms of month till date and year till date.

TECHNICAL REPORTS

Technical Reports contain the following parameters :--1. Maximum Demand

2. Energy Consumption

3. Total units lost due to Outages 4. Total no current Complaints received 5. Total number of breakdown

POWER PURCHASE REPORT

Power Purchase Reports contain the following parameters:--1. Source-Wise power purchase

2. Trader-Wise power purchase 3. Energy MUs

4. Cost

5. Rate at Source 6. Percentage Share

The transactions involved in these reports are :-1. Bilateral

2. Exchange 3. Banking

4. UI (Unscheduled interchange)

BULK SUPPLY TARIFF REPORT

The Bulk Supply Tariff Reports contain the following parameters:--1. Long term power purchase

2. Bilateral short term power purchase

3. Short term power purchase through power exchange 4. Banking arrangement

5. Intra state power purchase 6. UI Purchase

7. UI sale

8. Open access charges

3.2 SCORECARDS PREPARED IN BSES POWER DISTRIBUTION

BUSINESS

There are two types of scorecards prepared in BSES :-1. Commercial Scorecards

2. Operations & maintenance Scorecards

The scorecard is a strategy performance management tool and a semi-standard structured reports supported by design methods and automation tools.

The scorecards are used by the managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staffs within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.

1 . COMMERCIAL SCORECARDS

Commercial scorecard deal with the performance cards like:--1. Total Score

2. AMPS(Assistant manager power supply) score 3. CO (Commercial Officer) Score

1. Division Rank 2. AMPS Rank 3. CO Rank 4. CCO Rank

2. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE SCORECARDS

O&M Scorecards deal with the performance card, ranking operational excellence , customer service and energy audit.

The main parameters used are:--1. T&D

2. Distributive Transformer Defective 3. R&M Expenses

4. % reduction in HT BDs 5. % reduction in LT BDs 6. Safety/Accident

7. Wrong closures

8. % HT Cable fault restoration in <24 hours 9. % LT Cable fault restoration in <24 hours

3.3 NEED FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS

Automated Reports are often needed in the business world.In any business, the underlying business data is constantly changing as new products are sold , payments are received and new employees are hired.To enable managers to make informed decisions , business intelligence reports need to be available with data that is as current as possible.Additionally ,with the

business units spread across continents, automating the reporting process is even more important.

3.4 BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION

1 . COST REDUCTION –

Every business faces global pressure to increase their performance.One approach is to reduce cost . Automation software is a better and more intelligent approach to cost containment and reduction. The greatest opportunity is to increase service to the customer(end user) while systematically reducing cost. Management often overlooks this potential for savings.Most modern servers have a low operating cost and the total cost of the ownership has been declining. 2. PRODUCTIVITY –

As an organization’s technology demands grow, productivity becomes a bigger

concern.Typically, as other business areas were given tools to increase their productivity and effectiveness, computer operations took a back seat.Job scheduling software increases batch throughput by automating the production batch schedule.In the early days, computer throughput was limited by how fast operators could reset switches on the console.The solution for today is not to allow the computer to remain idle while waiting for the operator to release the next

job.You save time and money by eliminating the lag time between jobs and minimizing operator intervention.

Day-to-day business is routinely conducted with online systems: order entry, reservations, assembly instructions, shipping orders—the list goes on. If the computer is not available, the

business suffers.High availability is clearly one of IT management’s primary goals.Here too,

automated operations can help. A disk drive may crash, but the situation becomes serious when there is not an adequate backup— or worse, the tape cannot be found.Automated save and recovery systems ensure protection from the potential disaster of disk loss, or inadvertent damage to system objects from human error.

4 . RELIABILITY –

Productivity is an obvious benefit of automation. However, reliability is the real gem that sparkles with automation. It is the cornerstone of any good computer operations department and without it you have confusion, chaos, and unhappy users.Automated operations ensure that jobs are not forgotten or run out of sequence, that prerequisite jobs are completed successfully, that the input data is correct, and that any special processing is performed.Automated operations can handle functions reliably and relieve operations personnel of tedious, boring manual tasks. 5 . PERFORMANCE –

Every company would like to have their enterprise perform like a thoroughbred.In reality, it is more likely to be overburdened with work.Even though advancements in computers make them faster and less expensive every year , the demands on them always catch up and eventually

exceed the level of capability that a company’s computer system possesses.That leaves a lot of

companies wanting to improve their system performance.Two options to improve performance are to upgrade hardware or purchase a newer system—both expensive choices. It’s also possible to tune a system for better performance, but this takes a highly skilled person who is not

normally available 24 hours a day.And, once a system is tuned for a specific workload, if the workload changes, the settings are no longer optimum.

FIGURE 3 – Benefits of Automation Levels

3.5 TO AUTOMATE REPORTS IN EXCEL

One of the many features of Microsoft Excel is its ability to automate reports.We can create interactive spreadsheets to simplify others' ability to enter data into its workbooks, and we can also automate the generation of its reports.Automation is the most popular way to gather and analyze both system configuration and system performance data with the help of excel. FIGURE 5 – A Structure Automate reports in Excel

Recent studies show that Excel is the reporting tool of choice for most enterprises. Excel’s ease

of use and its power and flexibility for analyzing and sharing information through the whole organization and beyond are what make it so widely preferred.

Automate full range of Excel reports. Companies can create a full range of reports, leveraging Excel automation capabilities, from detailed, operational reports for department heads to visually

rich executive dashboards for decision-makers. These Excel reports and dashboards provide the crucial details the company needs to react quickly in any situation. We can even automate Pivot Tables in Excel!

Avoid the problems of manual Excel reporting. With Excel Automation, we can significantly reduce the amount of time our organization collectively spends updating, fine-tuning and

distributing Excel reports. Data Cycle Reporting gives centralized and secure data access, complete Excel functionality and automated distribution of reports.

3.6 PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR AUTOMATION

The Proposed Framework for Automation has three layers. These Layers include

:--1 . Test Design Layer –Keywords, Test Suite, Test Cases, Test Data, Reusables, Object Map 2. Test Management and Execution Layer –Test Management , Driver Script, Script, Custom Scripts , Report and Logs

3. Functional Layer –Common Library, App Specific lib , Reporting Engine, Web Service Validation libs, Database Validation libs

FIGURE 7 – Proposed Framework for Automation

3.7 OVERVIEW FOR AUTOMATION OF REPORTS

STEP 1 – Go to Website of the Company Automation System.

STEP 2 – Under related information, click on Auto-Attendant Web-based Reports. STEP 3 – Enter Log-in ID and Password.

STEP 6 – Select your preference.

STEP 7—Click Request Automated Attendant Usage Report. STEP 8 – Click Open to view Report.

STEP 9 – Click Logout.

3.8 CREATION OF DASHBOARD

A Dashboard is an easy to read, often single page, real-time user interface, showing a graphical

presentation of the current status (snapshot) and historical trends of an organization’s key

performance indicators (KPIs) to enable instantaneous and informed decisions to be made at a glance.Dashboards typically are limited to show summaries, key trends, comparisons, and exceptions. Dashboards often provide at-a-glance views of KPIs (key performance indicators) relevant to a particular objective or business process (e.g. sales, marketing, human resources, or production).

ELEMENTS OF A GOOD DASHBOARD – 1. Simple, communicates easily.

2. Minimum distractions, it could cause confusion.

3. It supports organised business with meaning and useful data.

4. Applies human visual perception to visual presentation of information.

Dashboards are unique.The design of each dashboard is driven by the business and their needs and culture.What may work for one business may not work for another.There are general guidelines that are available when initially developing the tool or when looking to improve current performance metrics.Planning and researching a good design is crucial for dashboards. A good information design will clearly communicate key information to users and makes

supporting information easily accessible.Setting up our business dashboard can also be fun and worthwhile if done correctly.

Dashboards can be broken down according to role and are either strategic , analytical, operational, or informational . Strategic dashboards support managers at any level in an organization, and provide the quick overview that decision makers need to monitor the health and opportunities of the business. Dashboards of this type focus on high level measures of performance, and forecasts. Strategic dashboards benefit from static snapshots of data (daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly) that are not constantly changing from one moment to the next. Dashboards for analytical purposes often include more context, comparisons, and history, along with subtler performance evaluators. Analytical dashboards typically support interactions with the data, such as drilling down into the underlying details.Dashboards for monitoring operations are often designed differently from those that support strategic decision making or data analysis and often require monitoring of activities and events that are constantly changing and might require attention and response at a moment's notice.

DASHBOARD CREATION –

STEP 1- Identify key questions for each Stakeholder.

STEP 2—Determine what information is required to answer key questions.

STEP 3—Categorize metrics needed to populate information to answer key questions. STEP 4 – Locate Metric/Data in existing Reports.

STEP 5 – Formulate methods of capturing information not currently recorded. STEPS FOR CREATING AN INTERACTIVE DASHBOARD –

1.Choose the Data. 2.Choose the Layout. 3.Convert the Data.

6.Plan the interactivity.

7.Prepare the Data for the Interactive Dashboard. 8.Implement the Interactive Dashboard.

9.Launch the Interactive Dashboard.

Bses uses many types of Dashboards. These include Daily, Monthly, Business, Collection Division, Pendency, Matured, Collection, Demand,etc.

The keys to an effective dashboard initiative include proper definition of target audiences, well-designed metrics, simplicity, manageability and sustained leadership through a dashboard champion.Three keys for developing an effective Dashboard are

:-1.Proper metrics 2.Executive support 3.Simplicity

The major groups of people involved in the dashboardcreation task are: -1. End users

2. Business analysts 3. The Database team 4. The IT team

5.The Project Manager

3.9 FREEZING OF FORMATS AND OUTPUT SCREENS IN EXCEL

When we scroll too far to the right or down, we lose the headings that are located at the top and down the left side of the worksheet. Without the headings, its hard to keep track of which column or row of data we are looking at.To avoid this problem use the freeze panes feature in Microsoft Excel.It allows us to "freeze" certain areas or panes of the spreadsheet so that they remain visible at all times when scrolling to the right or down. Keeping headings on the screen makes it easier to read our data throughout the entire spreadsheet.

LOCK COLUMNS AND ROWS IN EXCEL WITH FREEZING PANES

FREEZE PANES USING THE ACTIVE CELL

When we activate Freeze Panes in Excel, all the rows above the active cell and all the columns to the left of the active cell become frozen.To freeze only those columns and rows we want to stay on screen, click on the cell to the right of the columns and just below the rows that we want to remain on screen. For example - to keep rows 1,2, and 3 on the screen and columns A and B, click in cell C4 with the mouse. Then choose Window > Freeze pane from the menu.

FREEZING THE PANES

 Click on cell D4 .

 Choose Window > Freeze Panes from the menu.

 A vertical black line will appear between columns C and D and a horizontal line between

rows 3 and 4.

 Rows 1 to 3 and columns A to C are the frozen areas of the screen.

CHECK THE RESULTS

Use the vertical scroll arrow in Excel to scroll down. Rows 1 to 3 should stay on screen, including the months of the year while the numbers 1 to 9 disappear off the spreadsheet page. Return to cell D4

Click on the Name Box above column A

Type D4 in the Name Box and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. The active cell becomes D4 once again.

Scroll Across

Use the horizontal scroll arrow to scroll to the right. Column A should stay on the screen, including the numbers, while the months of the year disappear off the spreadsheet page.

CHAPTER 4

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMART GRID

4.1 DEFINITION, BASICS & FEATURES

:--A Smart Grid can be defined as an interconnected system of information, communication technologies and control systems used to interact with automation and business processes across the entire power sector encompassing electricity generation, transmission, distribution and the consumer. The idea of a Smart Grid is to make the existing grid infrastructure as efficient and robust as possible, through the use of intelligence and automation, by encouraging active supply and demand-side participation and by promoting innovative business practices and regulatory environments that provide incentives for efficient production, transmission, distribution and consumption of electricity across the entire value chain. The urgency for Smart Grids in India emerges from the key challenges that the industry is currently facing. India operates the 3rd largest transmission and distribution network in the world, yet faces a number of challenges such as: inadequate access to electricity, supply shortfalls (peak and energy), huge network losses, poor quality and reliability and rampant, theft. The evolution towards Smart Grid would address these issues and transform the existing grid into a more efficient, reliable, safe and less

constrained grid that would help provide access to electricity to all.

The function of an Electrical grid is not a single entity but an aggregate of multiple networks and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators employing varying levels of communication and coordination, most of which is manually controlled. Smart grids increase the connectivity, automation and coordination between these suppliers, consumers and networks that perform either long distance transmission or local distribution tasks.

• Local networks traditionally moved power in one direction, "distributing" the bulk power to consumers and businesses via lines operating at 132kV and lower.

This paradigm is changing as businesses and homes begin generating more wind and solar electricity, enabling them to sell surplus energy back to their utilities. Modernization is

necessary for energy consumption efficiency, real time management of power flows and to provide the bi-directional metering needed to compensate local producers of power. Although transmission networks are already controlled in real time, many in the US and European countries are antiquated by world standards, and unable to handle modern challenges such as those posed by the intermittent nature of alternative electricity generation, or continentalscale bulk energy transmission.

HISTORY

Today's alternatingcurrent powergrid evolved after 1896, based in part on NikolaTesla's design published in 1888. Many implementation decisions that are still in use today were made for the first time using the limited emerging technology available 120 years ago. Specific obsolete power grid assumptions and features (like centralized unidirectional electric power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control) represent a vision of what was thought possible in the 19th century.

Over the past 50 years, electricity networks have not kept pace with modern challenges, such as:

• security threats, from either energy suppliers or cyber attack

• national goals to employ alternative power generation sources whose intermittent supply makes maintaining stable power significantly more complex

• conservation goals that seek to lessen peak demand surges during the day so that less energy is wasted in order to ensure adequate reserves

• high demand for an electricity supply that is uninterruptible

The term smart grid has been in use since at least 2005, when the article "Toward A Smart Grid", authored by S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg appeared in the

September/October issue of IEEE P&E Magazine .The term had been used previously and may date as far back as 1998.

Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, Automaticmeterreading was used for monitoring loads from large customers, and evolved into the AdvancedMeteringInfrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smartmeters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway to demandresponse-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home.

The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four, general categories.

• Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.

• Enabling decentralizedpowergeneration so homes can be both an energy client and supplier

(provide consumers with an interactive tool to manage energy usage, as netmetering).

• Flexibility of power consumption at the clients side to allow supplier selection (enables distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).

• Increase GDP by creating more new, green-collar energy jobs related to renewable energy industry manufacturing, plug-inelectricvehicles, solar panel and wind turbine generation, energy conservation construction.

The emerging vision of the smart grid encompasses a broad set of applications, including software, hardware, and technologies that enable utilities to integrate, interface with, and intelligently control innovations.

4.2 SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION IN GENERATION ,

TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION SECTOR

periods. Also, with the use of new and more advanced technologies, efficiency of thermal power plants has been improving and emission levels falling. Operational requirements related to scheduling and dispatch are driving the implementation of automation across the power system and for the Generators. All new plants now have sophisticated operational IT systems and the existing generation fleet is slowly upgrading to match. Renewable Energy (RE) based electricity generation has gained prominence over the years. Several fiscal and policy measures have been introduced to promote RE. On an average, over 3000MW of RE installed capacity has been added every year with major contribution from the wind energy segment. Solar energy is gaining momentum through the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) and state policies. Given the economics of coal and gas, fuel security issues and environmental concerns that are being faced, generation from renewable energy is increasingly assuming a central role in power-system design. Smart RE Control Centres which can forecast and monitor RE availability and potentially use energy storage to manage dispatch the of power to match grid conditions or manage demand through Demand Response (DR) programs to match capacity availability are expected to become critical to the future integration of RE in order to comply with the

requirements laid down by the Indian Electricity Grid Code.

POWER TRANSMISSION –

The transmission sector in India is moving towards higher voltage levels of 1200kV and is introducing a higher level of automation and grid intelligence. Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) has already installed Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) on a pilot basis in select regions and is now pursuing a plan to install PMUs nationwide. Significant technological advancements such as increasing the capacity of

transmission corridors through the use of Static VAR compensation and re-conductoring of lines using High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) wires are also being taken up. Managing these

systems will require real-time monitoring and control only possible with a robust state-of-the-art communication system. Power system operation is also under evaluation as a result of the disturbance in July 2012 and it is expected that policy reform will lead to more system control being given to the load dispatch centres and the phase out of the current.Unscheduled

published schedules. The UI mechanism is expected to be replaced by an ancillary services market, which would be managed by the power exchanges, thus further liberalizing power markets and providing greater transparency on costs and prices of services. Whilst in the

beginning generators are expected to provide these services, discussions are taking place to pave the way for Demand Response programmes and Energy Storage facilities also to

participate in the ancillary services market.

POWER DISTRIBUTION –

The electricity distribution sector in India is currently in the worst shape, plagued by high network and financial losses in almost all states. There is an urgent need to bring in new

technologies and systems to arrest these leaks. The Restructured A c c e l e r a t e d P owe r De v e l o pme n t P r o g r am ( R - A PDR P ) ( s e e : http://www.apdrp.gov.in/) introduced by the GoI was aimed at reducing the network losses to 15%. Part-A of the program is aimed at creating IT Infrastructure and automation systems within utility operations, which until its introduction was largely missing in most of the distribution utilities in the country. And part B is aimed at strengthening the physical network. The R-APDRP is still under implementation and completion is expected during the 12th Five Year Plan. Once completely implemented, the program would provide a strong foundation for evolution to Smart Grids in the power distribution segment. For the distribution sector, Smart Grids will mean the introduction of Demand Response programs, managing the expected introduction of electric vehicles and integrating distributed energy resources in a way that can help the DisComs balance local supply and demand and reduce peak time consumption. For this to happen, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) will be required as well as reliable communication infrastructure. Building to Grid (B2G) or development of

“Green Buildings” which can be incentivized to manage their consumption and even distributed

energy resources to match grids conditions will also play their part in helping DisComs to manage supply and demand.

Smart Grid benefits can be categorized into 5 types:

• Power reliability and power quality. The Smart Grid provides a reliable power supply

with fewer and briefer outages, “cleaner” power, and self-healing power systems, through the use of digital information, automated control, condition-based maintenance and autonomous systems.

• Safety and cyber security benefits. The Smart Grid continuously monitors itself to detect

unsafe or insecure situations that could detract from its high reliability and safe operation. Higher cyber security is built in to all systems and operations including physical plant monitoring, and privacy protection of all users and customers.

• Energy efficiency benefits. The Smart Grid is more efficient, providing reduced total energy

use, reduced peak demand, reduced energy losses, and the ability to induce end-user use reduction instead of new generation in power system operations.

• Environmental and conservation benefits. The Smart Grid is “green”. It helps reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants by reducing generation from inefficient gasoline- powered vehicles with plug-in electric vehicles.

• Direct financial benefits. The Smart Grid offers direct economic benefits. Operations costs

are reduced or avoided. Customers have pricing choices and access to energy information. Entrepreneurs accelerate technology introduction into the generation, distribution, storage, and coordination of energy.

Stakeholder Benefits

The benefits from the Smart Grid can be categorized by the three primary stakeholder groups:

• Consumers. Consumers can balance their energy consumption with the real time supply

of energy. Variable pricing will provide consumer incentives to install their own infrastructure that supports the Smart Grid. This infrastructure is necessary to not only take advantage of lower- priced energy in off-peak hours, but also to minimize consumption of higher-priced energy in peak conditions. Smart grid information infrastructure will support additional services not available today.

• Utilities. Utilities can provide more reliable energy, particularly during challenging

emergency conditions, while managing their costs more effectively through efficiency and information.

• Manufacturers. Manufacturers must produce and service the myriad components

that actually comprise the Smart Grid. The burst of innovation in products will propel producers to new business developments and existing business enhancements.

• Society. Society benefits from more reliable power for governmental services,

businesses, and consumers sensitive to power outage. Renewable energy, increased efficiencies, and PHEV support will reduce environmental costs, including carbon footprints.

A benefit to any one of these stakeholders can in turn benefit the others. Those benefits that reduce costs for utilities lower prices, or prevent price increases, to customers. Lower costs and decreased infrastructure requirements ameliorate social justice concerns around energy to society. Reduced costs increase economic activity which benefits society. Societal benefits of the Smart Grid can be indirect and hard to quantify, but cannot be overlooked.

Other stakeholders also benefit from the Smart Grid. Regulators can benefit from the transparency and audit-ability of Smart Grid information. Vendors and integrators benefit from business and product opportunities around Smart Grid components and systems.

Modern Grid Initiative Smart Grid

Characteristics

The MGI developed a list of seven behaviors that define the Smart Grid. Those working in each area of the Smart Grid can evaluate their work by reference to these behaviors. These behaviors match those defined by similar initiatives and workgroups.

The characteristics (or the behaviors) of the Smart Grid as defined by MGI are:

•Enable Active Participation by Consumers. The Smart Grid motivates and includes

customers, who are an integral part of the electric power system. The smart grid consumer is informed, modifying the way they use and purchase electricity. They have choices, incentives, and disincentives to modify their purchasing patterns and behavior. These choices help drive new technologies and markets.

• Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options. The Smart Grid accommodates all generation and storage options. It supports large, centralized power plants as well as Distributed Energy Resources (DER). DER may include system aggregators with an array of generation systems or a farmer with a windmill and some solar panels. The Smart Grid supports all generation options. The same is true of storage, and as storage technologies mature, they will be an integral part of the overall Smart Grid solution set.

• Enable New Products, Services, and Markets. The Smart Grid enables a market system

that provides cost-benefit tradeoffs to consumers by creating opportunities to bid for competing services. As much as possible, regulators, aggregators and operators, and consumers can modify the rules of business to create opportunity against market conditions. A flexible, rugged market infrastructure exists to ensure continuous electric service and reliability, while also providing profit or cost reduction opportunities for market participants. Innovative products and services provide 3rd party vendors opportunities to create market penetration opportunities and consumers with choices and clever tools for managing their electricity costs and usage.

• Provide Power Quality for the Digital Economy. The Smart Grid provides reliable power

that is relatively interruption-free. The power is “clean” and disturbances are minimal. Our global competitiveness demands relatively fault-free operation of the digital devices that power the productivity of our 21st century economy.

• Optimize Asset Utilization and Operate Efficiently. The Smart Grid optimizes assets

and operates efficiently. It applies current technologies to ensure the best use of assets. Assets operate and integrate well with other assets to maximize operational efficiency and reduce costs.

Routine maintenance and self-health regulating abilities allow assets to operate longer with less human interaction.

• Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances (Self-heal). The Smart Grid independently identifies and reacts to system disturbances and performs mitigation efforts to correct them. It incorporates an engineering design that enables problems to be isolated, analyzed, and restored with little or no human interaction. It performs continuous predictive analysis to detect existing and future problems and initiate corrective actions. It will react quickly to electricity losses and optimize restoration exercises.

Operate Resiliently to Attack and Natural Disaster. The Smart Grid resists attacks on both the physical infrastructure (substations, poles, transformers, etc.) and the cyber-structure (markets, systems, software, communications). Sensors, cameras, automated switches, and intelligence are built into the infrastructure to observe, react, and alert when threats are recognized within the system. The system is resilient and incorporates self-healing technologies to resist and react to natural disasters. Constant monitoring and self-testing are conducted against the system to mitigate malware and hackers.

4.4 SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES

The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas:

1. Integrated communications

Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), Geographic Information System(GIS),energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics. Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.

2. Sensing and measurement

Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, dynamic line rating (typically based on online readings by Distributedtemperaturesensing combined with Realtimethermalrating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digitalprotectiverelays.

SmartMeters

A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets (smartsocket) and other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of peak demand.

PMU –

High speed sensors called PMUs distributed throughout their network can be used to monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Phasors are representations of the waveforms of alternating current, which ideally in real-time, are identical everywhere on the network and conform to the most desirable shape. In the 1980s, it was realized that the clock pulses from global positioningsystem(GPS) satellites could be used for very precise time measurements in the grid. With large numbers of PMUs and the ability to compare shapes from alternating current readings everywhere on the grid, research suggests that automated systems will be able to revolutionize the management of power systems by responding to system conditions in a rapid, dynamic fashion.

A Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) is a network of PMUS that can provide real-time monitoring on a regional and national scale. Many in the power systems engineering community believe that the Northeastblackoutof2003 would have been contained to a much smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network was in place.

3. Advanced components

Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.

4. Advanced control

Power system automation enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key areas. Three technology categories for advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed computers), and operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc). Using artificialintelligence programming techniques, Fujian power grid in China created a wide area protection system that is rapidly able to accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it.

The Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity- based successivelinearprogramming method to reliably determine the optimal control solution.

5. Improved interfaces and decision support

Information systems that reduce complexity so that operators and managers have tools to effectively and efficiently operate a grid with an increasing number of variables. Technologies include visualization techniques that reduce large quantities of data into easily understood visual formats, software systems that provide multiple options when systems operator actions are required, and simulators for operational training and “what-if”analysis.

The deployment of these technology solutions is expected to create improvements in the six key value areas —

1.Reliability, 2.Economics, 3.Efficiency, 4.Environmental, 5.Safety, and 6.Security

FIGURE 9 – Technologies of Smart Grid

4.5 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACED WHILE DESIGNING SMART

GRID

The Smart Grid poses many procedural and technical challenges as we migrate from the current grid with its one-way power flows from central generation to dispersed loads, toward a new grid with two-way power flows, two-way and peer to peer customer interactions, and distributed generation. These challenges cannot be taken lightly – the Smart Grid will entail a fundamentally different paradigm for energy generation, delivery, and use.

Procedural Challenges

The procedural challenges to the migration to a smart grid are enormous, and all need to be met as the Smart Grid evolves:

• Broad Set of Stakeholders: The Smart Grid will affect every person and every business in

the United States. Although not every person will participate directly in the development of the Smart Grid, the need to understand and address the requirements of all these stakeholders will require significant efforts.

• Complexity of the Smart Grid: The Smart Grid is a vastly complex machine, with some

parts racing at the speed of light. Some aspects of the Smart Grid will be sensitive to human response and interaction, while others need instantaneous, automated responses. The smart grid will be driven by forces ranging from financial pressures to environmental requirements.

• Transition to Smart Grid: The transition to the Smart Grid will be lengthy. It is impossible

(and unwise) to advocate that all the existing equipment and systems to be ripped out and replaced at once. The smart grid supports gradual transition and long coexistence of diverse technologies, not only as we transition from the legacy systems and equipment of today, but as we move to those of tomorrow. We must design to avoid unnecessary expenses and unwarranted decreases in reliability, safety, or cyber security.

• Ensuring Cyber Security of Systems. Every aspect of the Smart Grid must be secure.

Cyber security technologies are not enough to achieve secure operations without policies, on-going risk assessment, and training. The development of these human-focused procedures takes time—and needs to take time—to ensure that they are done correctly.