Ecology Notes 2014.ppt

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Ecology

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Look at the Word “Ecology.”

•

Eco =

House

•

-ology =

Study of

•

Study of

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Ecology

•

Interaction of

organisms

with each

other, and

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Ecology and Human History

• _{Humans --- especially those in western} cultures --- didn’t really understand the concept of Ecology.

• _{Some ancients Greeks recognized} there was a connection between organisms in nature.

• _Herodontus

• _{Noticed crocodiles didn’t eat the sandpipers}

(birds) cleaning out of its.

• _{They must rely on each other to survive.}

(5)

Animals we killed

because we thought they

were evil.

• _{Honshu Wolf}

(6)

Animals we killed because we thought

they were controlled by witches.

(7)

Animals we killed off because we

thought they were a witch…

• _{Great Auk}

• _{Technically only one was killed}

because some people thought it was a witch.

• _{The rest were hunted for it}

(8)

However…

• _{Interconnectedness between…}

• _Animals • _Plants • _Bacteria • _Mushrooms • _Air • _Water

• _{Wouldn’t be fully appreciated for a} long time.

• _{Even now we don’t know}

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So in this unit we will learn about the

basics of Ecology which is…

•

Interaction of

organisms

with each

other, and

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First: What is the environment?

•

Environment

-•

All conditions

surrounding

an organism.

•

Can be broken

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1

st

Part: Biotic

•

Biotic: all living parts of the

environment.

• _Trees

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2

nd

Part:

•

Abiotic:

Nonliving parts of the

environment.

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Examples of the Interactions of Abiotic and

Biotic

• _{Tadpoles eat algae, frog eats insects, herons eat}

frogs

• _{Frog is affected by how much water is available,}

temperature and humidity.

• _{Organisms influence abiotic factors; tree canopy}

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Ecology

•

Interaction of

organisms with each

other and their

physical environment.

•

Scientists have

classified different

levels of organization.

•

Levels reflect

different types

(17)

1

stst

Level of Organization

•

Organism

:

An individual living

thing that is made of

cells, uses energy,

reproduces,

responds, grows, and

develops

(18)

2

ndnd

•

Population

:

A group of

organisms, all of

the same species,

which interbreed

and live in the

same place at the

same time.

(19)

3

rdrd

•

Biological

Community

:

All the populations

of different species

that live in the

same place at the

same time.

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4

thth

•

Ecosystem

:

_{Populations of}_{Populations of} plants and animals that interact

plants and animals that interact

with each other in a given area

with the abiotic components of

that area.

(terrestrial or

aquatic)

(21)

5

th

•

Biome

(22)

6

thth

•

Biosphere

:

The portion

of Earth that

supports life

.

(23)

The Biosphere

•

Life is found in air, on land, and in

fresh and salt water.

•

The

BIOSPHERE

is the portion of

Earth that supports living things.

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Energy, Producers, Consumers

•

Every organism

needs energy to

fuel life’s

processes.

•

Growth

•

Reproduction

•

Other metabolic

processes

•

No organism can

create energy.

Only animal that makes its own

energy…

Cyborg Bear with built in fusion

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Ultimate Source of Energy on the

Planet

•

Organisms use energy from

other sources.

•

Sunlight is the ultimate

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To be alive is to be part of a struggle for

energy.

•

Energy = Life

•

Many

strategies to

get this

energy.

•

Two basic

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Strategy 1:

Be an Autotroph

•

Harness

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Strategy 2: Be a

Heterotroph

•

Obtain energy

by eating other

organisms.

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Primary Producers

•

Autotrophs

•

First producers of

energy-rich

compounds

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Autotroph: Process I

•

Photosynthesis-using sunlight;

making oxygen,

removing carbon

dioxide

• _Plants-land

• _{Algae-freshwater and}

surface ocean

• _{Cyanobacteria-tidal flats}

(32)

Autotroph Process II

• _{Chemosynthesis-chemical}

energy is used to produce carbohydrates

• _{Deep ocean floor, harsh}

environments (volcano vents), hot springs.

Note

• _{Photosynthesis = ~99% of}

autotrophs

• _{Chemosynthesis = ~1% of}

autotrophs

• _{Organisms use one, not}

(33)

Consumers

•

Organisms that rely on other

organisms for energy, nutrients.

•

Animals, many bacteria

•

Usually involves ingesting an organism.

(34)

Type of Consumers

• _{Different types of consumers.} • _{Depends on where the food}

chain the organism is.

• _Primary • _Secondary • _Tertiary • _Quatinary

(35)



Primary consumer - Animals

that eat plants or other

producers



Herbivores – are able to digest

(36)

•

Secondary or tertiary

consumers

•

Carnivores

•

Organisms that get their

(37)

•

Omnivores

•

Animals that get their

energy from both

producers and consumers

are omnivores.

•

Eat plants but CANNOT

digest cellulose.

•

Can still eat and get some

nutrients from it.

(38)

Scavenger

• _Heterotroph

•

An animal that

feeds on carrion,

dead plant

material, or

refuse.

•

Food source must

(39)

Decomposers and Detritivores

• _Decomposer_–_{No Mouth} • _{Breaks down dead materials}

• _{Plant or Meats}

• _{releases nutrients that are used}

by primary producers

• _{Decomposers are recyclers}

• _{Without them the circle of life}

ends.

• _{No nutrients = no plants = no}

animals = no ANYTHING!!.

• _{Detrivore - Mouth} • _{organism that feeds}

on plant and animal

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Food Chain

•

Energy flow through an ecosystem.

•

One way stream-primary

•

Energy flows from producer to consumers.

•

Organisms transfer energy:

•

Eating

•

Being eaten

•

Absorbing

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KEY PIECES

•

One direction

•

Arrow Points to

where the

energy to

moving towards!

•

Multiple levels

•

Note:

•

The different

levels have

(45)

Arrow always points to the eater. (To

the organism obtaining the energy)

(46)

Food Webs

• _{Many animals eat more than one kind of food.} • _{A food web is:}

• _{many food chains linked together}

• _{shows a model of the feeding relationships of}

(47)

NOTE

• _{More Complex than a food chain}

• _{Many food chains linked.}

(48)

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Trophic Levels

• _{Each step in a food}

chain or a food web.

• _{Bottom level is always}

the first level.

• _Plants

• _{Primary Consumers}

• _{Things that eat plants.}

• _{Secondary Consumers}

• _{Eat primary consumers.}

• _{Tertiary Consumers}

(50)

Ecological (Trophic) Pyramids

• _{Show the relative amount of energy and matter}

contained within each trophic level

• _{Pyramids of energy} • _{Pyramids of biomass}

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Pyramid of Energy

• _{Only a small amount of energy passes between trophic}

each levels.

• _{Organisms expend energy in} • _Respiration

• _growth

• _reproduction

• _{A lot is also wasted and released as heat energy.}

• _{About 10% of the energy in one trophic level is passed}

to the next trophic level.

• _{Passed = Stored in the fat and muscles of}

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Pyramids of Biomass and Numbers

•

Biomass-the total amount of living tissue in

a trophic level.

•

Took all the organisms.

•

Put them in a ball

•

Dried that ball

•

That is total biomass

•

Population-relative number of organisms in

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•

Organisms have relationships

•

With other organisms

•

With the environment

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What is a niche?

•

Niche –

1.

the biotic and abiotic needs of a

organism

2.

How the organism gets those

needs.

•

Resources: food, water, space

•

Abiotic factors: weather, moisture

•

Biotic factors: reproduction, specific food

(58)

Amazonian Horned Frogs

• _Niche

• _{Amazon Rain Forest} • _Freshwater

• _{Stalks prey by hiding in}

leaves

• _{Then it “Chomps” them.} • _{This is how it survives}

(59)

•

One Animal = One Niche

•

Rarely do two organisms share

the same niche.

•

The better one would just win

(60)

•

Similar

organism can

coexist as long

as they have

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Competition

•

Two organisms compete for the same

resource.

•

Relationship: /

-• _{Both suffer as a result.}

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How do organism interactions shape ecological

communities?

•

Predation

•

One organism

captures and

feeds on another

•

Relationship : + /

-

•

Large impact on prey

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Predator-Prey

•

Predator - capturing, subduing

prey

•

Prey - avoiding, escaping, fighting

off predator

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How do organism interactions shape ecological

communities?

•

Symbiosis

•

Any relationship where species live

closely together

•

Mutualism – both benefit

•

+/+

•

Commensalism – one benefits, no

effect on the other

•

+ / …

•

Parasitism – one benefits, other is

harmed

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es – are able to digest

eating other

me