Unit One
Chapter 1
What
Europeans
Found:
Pre-Columbian America
Origin - Where did the Indians come from?
•
Bering Strait Theory
•
Ice Age
Pre-Columbian America
•
Other European Theories
•
descendants of seafaring
Phoenicians, Chinese and
Egyptians.
•
one of the lost tribes of Israel.
•
Welshman
•
survivors of Plato’s lost city of
Pre-Columbian America
•
What America was like before the arrival
of the Europeans?
•
Population
•
90 – 112 million
•
600 languages
•
500 tribes
•
Central & S. America more advanced.
•
life was centered in small villages and cities.
•
largest populations along the coast and major
Pre-Columbian America
•
Culture – determined by method ofsurvival.
•
hunter gatherers - fishing•
agricultural – maize, potatoes &tomatoes.
•
mix of both•
physically mobile society•
preserved natural resources forfuture use.
Pre-Columbian America
•
Political – Government•
Great Council of the Iroquois Confederacy•
council of chiefs, chosen by older female members of the tribe.•
no power to make war.•
planned defense.Pre-Columbian America
•
Native American Beliefs
•
Northwest - Nez Perce - Coyote
•
Southwest - Hopi, Zuni, Pueblo
•
“sipapu”
•
close spiritual bond with all creations within their
universe.
•
The Creator, The Master of Life,
•
The Great Spirit – Wakan Tanka
•
Established a spiritual harmony with the land,
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
Causes:
•
Crusades
(1095 - 1291)
•
Pope Urban II
-
called on Christendom to take
Holy Land, Palestine, from the Turks.
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
Renaissance
(1300 - 1600)
•
Definition?
•
Origins?
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
Rise of Monarchs and
National States
•
Absolute Monarchs
•
encourage exploration
•
inspires new
technology & sailing
techniques.
•
Commercial
Early Explorers
•
Leif Ericson
•
“Vinland” (1000)
•
Iceland – Greenland
•
between New Found land, Canada &
Massachusetts.
Early Explorers
•
Marco Polo
(1271)
•
opened trade with the east.
•
led to Columbus’ search for an
Early Explorers
•
Prince Henry the Navigator
- Portugal
•
Eastern Passage to Asia
•
sought to undermine Muslim power on the Sea.
•
Renaissance – “new learning”, open to new
technology and methods of sailing.
•
established maritime school, pushed explorers
along the African coast line.
•
opened up new areas of trade slaves,
Early Explorers
•
Bartholomew Diaz (1488)• rounded the Cape of Good Hope, southern tip of Africa.
•
Vasco da Gama (1497 - 1498)• rounded the Cape of Good Hope and
• sailed to India.
• returned with a cargo of pepper and cinnamon,
AGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
European Advantages over theNative Americans
•
Weapons: firearms & gun powder more powerful than bows and arrows, bows and arrows more accurate.Native Americans did not have horses.
•
Agricultural: able to produceAGE OF EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY
•
Manufactured Goods•
variety•
able to barter with Indians•
Immunity: Native Americanssusceptible to European
diseases; small pox, measles
•
Political Organization - IndiansChristopher Columbus
•
Biography•
Born 1451, Genoa Italy•
Son of a textile merchant•
Fascinated by the Sea•
Sailor by age 22•
Learns winds and currents•
Becomes respected Sailor•
Sails all over easternAtlantic
Christopher Columbus
•
Settles in Lisbon, Portugal•
Dreams of the Westward Sail•
Motivated by reading Marco Polo•
Attempted by others but failed•
Distance / fear•
The Enterprise of the Indies•
Financing for westward sail•
Expensive but profitableChristopher
Columbus
•
Asked King John II•
Portugal•
Denied•
Felt Columbus was adreamer, chasing an idea known to be wrong.
•
Columbus was going to a place he already knew how to get to.Discovery of America (1492) –
First Voyage
•
Queen Isabella of Spain•
background•
married King Ferdinand of Aragon•
arranged marriage, combined kingdoms•
expelled Moors from Granada.•
commissioned the voyage to find awestern passage to India.
•
did so to counter PortugueseDiscovery of America
(1492) –
First Voyage
•
Departure: August 3, 1492 -
Santa
Maria, the Nina & Pinta
•
Goal of trip:
“Enterprise of the
Indies”
Discovery of America
(1492) –
First Voyage
•
October 12, 1492
- Bahaman Islands
•
“San Salvador” – Holy SaviorDiscovery of America
(1492) –
First Voyage
•
December 24, 1492 - Santa Maria sinks.•
established trading post - “Navidad”•
January 16, 1493 - leaves for Spain•
left 30 men on the island•
took several natives with him to show the Queen.•
March 15, 1493 - arrives in Spain•
Believes he has found island outposts of Asia, Japan and China.Discovery of
America
•
Other Voyages
•
Second Voyage
(1493 - 1494)
•
Antigua, St. Croix,
Virgin Is.
•
Navidad wiped out.
•
Founded Isabella
•
little gold was
found
•
demanded too
Discovery of America
•
Third and Fourth Voyages•
1498 - Southerly Route•
landed in Trinidad, “Three Mountains”•
landed on American continent – Venezuela•
Suffered from angrycolonists unable to find riches & poor
mismanagement
•
1502 - 1504: search for strait or passage.Outcome of Columbus
Discovery
•
Never found route to Asia
•
Never found treasure & riches
•
Initially viewed as a failure
•
Dies 1506
•
Body lost
•
Never knew the extent of his discovery.
•
Always convinced that he had opened the
Historical Debate; Columbus Hero or
Villain?
Hero
•
1. Discovered New World.•
2. Opened the W. Hemisphere towestern culture – Western culture superior.
•
3. Natives enslaved other tribes.•
4. intro. Tobacco•
5. converted natives, ended cannibalismVillain
•
1. Did not discover America, Invaded it.•
2. It was a Cultural encounter•
3. Opened AtlanticOcean to slave trade
•
4. Genocide•
5. enslaved natives.•
6. intro. Europeandiseases.
•
7. prejudice againstSpanish Colonization
•
Spanish Colonization
•
Reason
•
strengthen claims•
secure gold, silver and valuable agricultural produce.•
(sugar – indigo)Dividing the New
World
• Treaty of Tordesillas
1493
• Spain / Portugal
• Extended Papal line to the West
• Portugal gets Brazil
• Papal Line of Demarcation
• King John II –Portugal • Protests to Pope
• Portugal has rights to new land
• Pope Alexander VI decrees • Line Of Demarcation
• Spain to the West
• Portugal to the East
Why Called America?
•
America is named after
Amerigo
